基于PSR模型的云贵高原湿地生态系统健康评价
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摘要
威宁草海湿地生态系统健康对我国云贵高原生态安全格局建设具有重要意义。为了保护高原湿地威宁草海的基本生态系统服务功能,促进其生态系统健康发展,通过对威宁草海湿地的生态系统健康进行评价,为湿地生态恢复和环境保护提供决策支持。利用PSR(Pressure-State-Response)模型框架,从压力(P)、状态(S)和响应(R)3个方面建立评价指标体系,采用熵权法和模糊数学法建立评价模型,把草海湿地生态系统健康分为"很健康、健康、较健康、不健康、疾病"5个等级。结果表明,威宁草海湿地生态系统健康属于"不健康"等级,隶属度值为0.2934、0.3415、0.2061、0.1077、0.0513;其中,压力要素为"疾病"等级,隶属度值为0.4323、0.2862、0.1768、0.0241、0.0806;状态和响应要素均为"不健康"等级,状态要素隶属度值为0.2202、0.3174、0.2361、0.1128、0.1135,响应要素隶属度值为0.1534、0.4273、0.2307、0.0866、0.1020。压力要素的影响因素主要包括人口过多、环保压力大、化肥施用强度大、农药施用多;状态要素的影响因素主要包括湿地流域保水能力差、水量稳定性低、植被覆盖率不高、水土流失严重、土地生产力下降;响应要素的影响因素主要包括地保护意识不强、环保投入少、污水处理率低、物质生活指数不高。在草海生态系统建设过程中,应控制人口增长、减少农药和化肥施用量、提高植被覆盖率、治理水土流失。
The Caohai Lake wetland in Weining County has played an important role in maintaining the ecology of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China. In this study, an ecosystem health evaluation system for the Caohai Lake wetland was developed, aiming to protect the basic service function of the ecosystem, promote its sustainable development and provide scientific evidence for decision making on the protection and restoration of plateau ecology. Development of the health assessment system for Caohai Lake wetland was based on the pressure-state-response(PSR) model, which includes a pressure subsystem(P), a state subsystem(S) and a response subsystem(R) with a total of 19 indicators. Weighting for each of the 19 indicators was determined by the entropy evaluation method. A five-level ecosystem health ranking was developed with ranking levels of(1) very healthy,(2) healthy,(3) sub-healthy,(4) unhealthy and(5) very unhealthy. The evaluation of Caohai Lake wetland in Weining province was carried out using the health assessment index and fuzzy mathematics. Generally, the Caohai Lake wetland ecosystem was in an unhealthy state, and the membership values of the five rankings were, in order, 0.2923, 0.3415, 0.2061, 0.1077, 0.0513. In terms of the three subsystems, the pressure subsystem was in a very unhealthy status and the state and response subsystems were unhealthy, with corresponding values of 0.4323, 0.2862, 0.1768, 0.0241, 0.0806 for the pressure subsystem, 0.2202, 0.3174, 0.2361, 0.1108, 0.1135 for state subsystem, and 0.1534, 0.4273, 0.2307, 0.0866, 0.1020 for the response subsystem. The primary pressure elements were overpopulation and high intensity utilization of fertilizers and pesticides. The primary factors limiting the state elements in the wetland basin included poor water conservation, low water stability, low vegetation cover, serious soil erosion and declining land productivity. The primary factors limiting the response elements included insufficient awareness of land protection, low investment in environmental protection, low sewage treatment rate and low material life index. Therefore, it is necessary to control population growth, reduce pesticide and chemical fertilizer use, increase vegetation coverage, control soil erosion, and emphasize environmental protection while the grassland ecosystem is being restored.
The Caohai Lake wetland in Weining County has played an important role in maintaining the ecology of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau of China. In this study, an ecosystem health evaluation system for the Caohai Lake wetland was developed, aiming to protect the basic service function of the ecosystem, promote its sustainable development and provide scientific evidence for decision making on the protection and restoration of plateau ecology. Development of the health assessment system for Caohai Lake wetland was based on the pressure-state-response(PSR) model, which includes a pressure subsystem(P), a state subsystem(S) and a response subsystem(R) with a total of 19 indicators. Weighting for each of the 19 indicators was determined by the entropy evaluation method. A five-level ecosystem health ranking was developed with ranking levels of(1) very healthy,(2) healthy,(3) sub-healthy,(4) unhealthy and(5) very unhealthy. The evaluation of Caohai Lake wetland in Weining province was carried out using the health assessment index and fuzzy mathematics. Generally, the Caohai Lake wetland ecosystem was in an unhealthy state, and the membership values of the five rankings were, in order, 0.2923, 0.3415, 0.2061, 0.1077, 0.0513. In terms of the three subsystems, the pressure subsystem was in a very unhealthy status and the state and response subsystems were unhealthy, with corresponding values of 0.4323, 0.2862, 0.1768, 0.0241, 0.0806 for the pressure subsystem, 0.2202, 0.3174, 0.2361, 0.1108, 0.1135 for state subsystem, and 0.1534, 0.4273, 0.2307, 0.0866, 0.1020 for the response subsystem. The primary pressure elements were overpopulation and high intensity utilization of fertilizers and pesticides. The primary factors limiting the state elements in the wetland basin included poor water conservation, low water stability, low vegetation cover, serious soil erosion and declining land productivity. The primary factors limiting the response elements included insufficient awareness of land protection, low investment in environmental protection, low sewage treatment rate and low material life index. Therefore, it is necessary to control population growth, reduce pesticide and chemical fertilizer use, increase vegetation coverage, control soil erosion, and emphasize environmental protection while the grassland ecosystem is being restored.
引文
邓渠成,尹娟,许桂苹,等.2019.基于三角模糊数-贝叶斯方法的九洲江水环境质量评价[J].水生态学杂志,40 (2):14-19.
段素明,黄先飞,胡继伟,等.2013.贵州草海湿地植物根际沉积物磷素形态特征[J].环境科学研究,26(7):743-749.
官冬杰,苏维词,2006.城市生态系统健康评价方法及其应用研究[J].环境科学学报,26(10):1716-1722.
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秦趣,张美竹,杨洪,2015.基于模糊物元模型的威宁草海湿地生态环境质量评价[J].节水灌溉,40(2):54-57.
秦趣,陈忠全,姚世美,2018.威宁草海湿地生态安全评价研究[J].水生态学杂志,38(2):27-33.
王斌,郭胜华,张震,等,2012.华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系构建研究[J].中国环境监测,28(4):29-32.
王莹,郑丽波,俞立中,等,2010.基于神经元网络模型的崇明东滩湿地生态系统健康评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,19(7):776-781.
徐浩田,周林飞,成遣,2017.基于PSR模型的凌河口湿地生态系统健康评价与预警研究[J].生态学报,37(24):8264-8274.
张凤太,苏维词,周继霞.2008.基于熵权灰色关联分析的城市生态安全评价[J].生态学杂志,27(7):1249 -1254.
朱爽,林黎阳,吴衍,等,2016.基于物元可拓法的湿地生态系统健康评价—以衡水湖国家湿地自然保护区为例[J].安全与环境学报,16 (1):348-353.
Carey R O,Migliaccio K W,Li Y,et al,2011.Land use disturbance indicators and water quality variability in the Biscayne Bay Watershed,Florida[J].Ecological Indicators,11(5):1093-1104.
Costanza R,Groot R D,Sutton P,et al,2014.Changes in the global value of ecosystem services[J].Global Environmenal Change,26(1):152-158.
Fr Anco D,Luiselli L,2014.Shared ecological knowledge and wetland values:a case study[J].Land Use Policy,41(11):526-532.
Lane C R,D′Amico E,Autrey B,2012.Isolated Wetlands of the South-eastern United States:Abundance and Expected Condition[J].Wetlands,(4):753-767.
Mclaughlin D L,Cohen M J,2013.Realizing ecosystem services:wetland hydrologic function along a gradient of ecosystem condition[J].Ecological Applications,23(7):1619-1631.
Miller S J,Wardrop D H,Mahaney W M,et al,2006.A plant-based index of biological integrity (IBI) for headwater wetlands in central Pennsylvania[J].Ecological Indicators,66(2):290-312.
QU G P,2002.The problems of ecological environmental have become a popular subject of country safety[J].Environmental Conservation,5(5):3-4.
Reiss K C,Brown M T,2007.Evaluation of Florida Palustrine Wet-lands:Application of USEPA Levels 1,2,and 3 Assessment Methods[J].Ecohealth,44(2):206-218.
Somphinith M,Roberto S C,Mukand S B,et al,2012.Assessment of wetland ecosystem health in Lower Songkhram,Thailand[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,(3):238-246.
Whigham D F,Jacobs A D,Weller D E,et al,2014.Combining HGM and EMAP procedures to assess wetlands at the watershed scale——status of flats and non-tidal riverine wetlands in the Nanticoke Riverwatershed,Delaware and Maryland(USA)[J].Wetlands,27(3):462-478.
段素明,黄先飞,胡继伟,等.2013.贵州草海湿地植物根际沉积物磷素形态特征[J].环境科学研究,26(7):743-749.
官冬杰,苏维词,2006.城市生态系统健康评价方法及其应用研究[J].环境科学学报,26(10):1716-1722.
蒋卫国,潘英姿,侯鹏,等.2009.洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康综合评价[J].地理研究,28(6):1665-1672.
黎平,2014.贵州:自然天成公园省[J].森林与人类,34(5):165-166.
林和山,陈本清,许德伟,等.2012.基于PSR模型的滨海湿地生态系统健康评价—以辽河三角洲滨海湿地为例[J].台湾海峡,31(3):420-429.
彭益书,付培,杨瑞东,2014.草海湿地生态系统健康评价[J].地球与环境,42(1):68-81.
秦趣,崔小平,代稳,2014a.基于未确知测度的城市生态系统健康评价[J].环境工程,32(8):114-117.
秦趣,代稳,刘兴荣,2014b.乌蒙山区城市人工湿地生态系统健康评价—以六盘水明湖国家湿地公园为例[J].水生态学杂志,34(5):43-46.
秦趣,代稳,杨琴,2014c.基于熵权模糊综合评价法的城市生态系统安全研究[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),50(2):110-114.
秦趣,张美竹,杨洪,2015.基于模糊物元模型的威宁草海湿地生态环境质量评价[J].节水灌溉,40(2):54-57.
秦趣,陈忠全,姚世美,2018.威宁草海湿地生态安全评价研究[J].水生态学杂志,38(2):27-33.
王斌,郭胜华,张震,等,2012.华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系构建研究[J].中国环境监测,28(4):29-32.
王莹,郑丽波,俞立中,等,2010.基于神经元网络模型的崇明东滩湿地生态系统健康评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,19(7):776-781.
徐浩田,周林飞,成遣,2017.基于PSR模型的凌河口湿地生态系统健康评价与预警研究[J].生态学报,37(24):8264-8274.
张凤太,苏维词,周继霞.2008.基于熵权灰色关联分析的城市生态安全评价[J].生态学杂志,27(7):1249 -1254.
朱爽,林黎阳,吴衍,等,2016.基于物元可拓法的湿地生态系统健康评价—以衡水湖国家湿地自然保护区为例[J].安全与环境学报,16 (1):348-353.
Carey R O,Migliaccio K W,Li Y,et al,2011.Land use disturbance indicators and water quality variability in the Biscayne Bay Watershed,Florida[J].Ecological Indicators,11(5):1093-1104.
Costanza R,Groot R D,Sutton P,et al,2014.Changes in the global value of ecosystem services[J].Global Environmenal Change,26(1):152-158.
Fr Anco D,Luiselli L,2014.Shared ecological knowledge and wetland values:a case study[J].Land Use Policy,41(11):526-532.
Lane C R,D′Amico E,Autrey B,2012.Isolated Wetlands of the South-eastern United States:Abundance and Expected Condition[J].Wetlands,(4):753-767.
Mclaughlin D L,Cohen M J,2013.Realizing ecosystem services:wetland hydrologic function along a gradient of ecosystem condition[J].Ecological Applications,23(7):1619-1631.
Miller S J,Wardrop D H,Mahaney W M,et al,2006.A plant-based index of biological integrity (IBI) for headwater wetlands in central Pennsylvania[J].Ecological Indicators,66(2):290-312.
QU G P,2002.The problems of ecological environmental have become a popular subject of country safety[J].Environmental Conservation,5(5):3-4.
Reiss K C,Brown M T,2007.Evaluation of Florida Palustrine Wet-lands:Application of USEPA Levels 1,2,and 3 Assessment Methods[J].Ecohealth,44(2):206-218.
Somphinith M,Roberto S C,Mukand S B,et al,2012.Assessment of wetland ecosystem health in Lower Songkhram,Thailand[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,(3):238-246.
Whigham D F,Jacobs A D,Weller D E,et al,2014.Combining HGM and EMAP procedures to assess wetlands at the watershed scale——status of flats and non-tidal riverine wetlands in the Nanticoke Riverwatershed,Delaware and Maryland(USA)[J].Wetlands,27(3):462-478.
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