生物炭添加对猪粪菌渣堆肥过程中Cu、Zn的钝化作用
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摘要
为探讨生物炭对猪粪堆肥过程中重金属钝化效果的影响,利用强制通风静态堆肥技术研究不同生物炭添加量对猪粪菌渣好氧堆肥发酵效果及重金属Cu、Zn形态的影响。结果表明:与未添加生物炭堆肥处理相比,添加生物炭处理提高堆肥pH值0.2～0.3个单位,至堆肥结束时提高堆肥含水率15.6%～20.0%。添加生物炭改善了通气条件、pH、含水率等堆肥性质,加速了堆肥进程,其中6%和9%生物炭添加处理高温持续期显著高于未添加生物炭处理。堆肥处理后,猪粪、菌渣等混合物料中交换态Cu、Zn含量分别下降了4.25%～12.06%和2.83%～20.87%;堆肥处理能促进堆肥中Zn、Cu的形态向活性低的方向转化,降低重金属的生物有效性。堆肥物料中适量添加花生壳生物炭可提高对重金属Cu、Zn的钝化作用,其中6%生物炭添加处理对重金属Cu、Zn的钝化效果最好,分别为18.84%和11.55%。适量添加生物炭可加速猪粪菌渣堆肥进程和降低堆肥中Cu、Zn有效性,其中以6%生物炭添加量的钝化效果最好。
With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China, the proportion of large-scale farms is increasing. Simultaneously, animal manure has largely been produced. Reusing animal manure as a resource and reducing its environmental adverse impact, are problems that need to be solved urgently. To explore the influence of biochar on the passivation effect of heavy metals during manure composting process, a series of composting tests were conducted to study the effect of different biochar applications on the status of heavy metals by using static forced-air composting boxes. The results showed that compared with the traditional compost control, the pH values of the composts with different biochar application increased by 0.2 to 0.3 pH units, and that the moisture contents of them increased by 15.6% to 20.0% at the end of the composting. It indicated that the addition of biochar improved the physiochemical characteristics of mixtures, such as the ventilation conditions, pH and the moisture content, and accelerated the composting process. The high-temperature durations of the treatments with 6% and 9% biochar application by weight were significantly higher than that of the treatment without biochar application. After aerobic composting with biochar, the concentrations of exchangeable Cu and Zn in the mixtures of pig manure and mushroom residues decreased by 4.25% to 12.06% and 2.83% to 20.87%, respectively. Moderate rate of biochar application could improve the passivation effect on Cu and Zn. The best estimated passivation effects on Cu and Zn were 18.84% and 11.55%,respectively, with 6% biochar application.These results suggest that the appropriate application of biochar can accelerate the composting process of pig manure and mushroom residues and reduce the effectiveness of Cu and Zn in composts.
With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China, the proportion of large-scale farms is increasing. Simultaneously, animal manure has largely been produced. Reusing animal manure as a resource and reducing its environmental adverse impact, are problems that need to be solved urgently. To explore the influence of biochar on the passivation effect of heavy metals during manure composting process, a series of composting tests were conducted to study the effect of different biochar applications on the status of heavy metals by using static forced-air composting boxes. The results showed that compared with the traditional compost control, the pH values of the composts with different biochar application increased by 0.2 to 0.3 pH units, and that the moisture contents of them increased by 15.6% to 20.0% at the end of the composting. It indicated that the addition of biochar improved the physiochemical characteristics of mixtures, such as the ventilation conditions, pH and the moisture content, and accelerated the composting process. The high-temperature durations of the treatments with 6% and 9% biochar application by weight were significantly higher than that of the treatment without biochar application. After aerobic composting with biochar, the concentrations of exchangeable Cu and Zn in the mixtures of pig manure and mushroom residues decreased by 4.25% to 12.06% and 2.83% to 20.87%, respectively. Moderate rate of biochar application could improve the passivation effect on Cu and Zn. The best estimated passivation effects on Cu and Zn were 18.84% and 11.55%,respectively, with 6% biochar application.These results suggest that the appropriate application of biochar can accelerate the composting process of pig manure and mushroom residues and reduce the effectiveness of Cu and Zn in composts.
引文
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[2]全国每年38亿吨畜禽废弃物综合利用率只有6成[J].家禽科学,2018(3):5.The comprehensive utilization rate of 3.8 billion tons of livestock and poultry waste per year in China is only 60%[J].Poultry Science,2018(3):5.
[3]黄治平,徐斌,张克强,等.连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):239-244.HUANG Zhi-ping,XU Bin,ZHANG Ke-qiang,et al.Accumulation of heavy metals in the four years'continual swine manure-applied greenhouse soils[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2007,23(11):239-244.
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[5]姜继韶,黄懿梅,黄华,等.猪粪秸秆高温堆肥过程中碳氮转化特征与堆肥周期探讨[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(11):2511-2517.JIANG Ji-shao,HUANG Yi-mei,HUANG Hua,et al.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics and stabilization time of a swine manure-straw compost[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(11):2511-2517.
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[8]李文姣,张丽,刘东方,等.不同钝化剂对猪粪中重金属Cu Zn Mn钝化效果的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(6):1262-1269.LI Wen-jiao,ZHANG Li,LIU Dong-fang,et al.Impact of different passivating agents on heavy metals Cu,Zn and Mn in pig manure[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(6):1262-1269.
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[11]Hu A L,Chen Y,Wu W.Impacts upon soil quality and plant growth of bamboo charcoal addition to composted sludge[J].Environmental Technology,2012,33(1):61-68.
[12]周楫,余亚伟,蒋越,等.生物炭对污泥堆肥及其利用过程重CuZn金属有效态的影响[J/OL].环境科学,2019(2):1-9.ZHOU Ji,YU Ya-wei,JIANG Yue,et al.Effect of biochar on available heavy metals during sewage sludge composting and land application of compost[J/OL].Environmental Science,2019(2):1-9.
[13]Zhou H B,Meng H B,Zhao L X,et al.Effect of biochar and humic acid on the copper,lead,and cadmium passivation during composting[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,258:279-286.
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[15]张朝阳,彭平安,宋建中,等.改进BCR法分析国家土壤标准物质中重金属化学形态[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(11):1881-1884.ZHANG Chao-yang,PENG Ping-an,SONG Jian-zhong,et al.Utilization of modified BCR procedure for the chemical speciation of heavy metals in Chinese soil reference material[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(11):1881-1884.
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[18]Zhang L,Sun X Y.Changes in physical,chemical,and microbiological properties during the two-stage co-composting of green waste with spent mushroom compost and biochar[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,171(11):274-284.
[19]Liu W,Wang S T,Zhang J,et al.Biochar influences the microbial community structure during tomato stalk composting with chicken manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,154(2):148-154.
[20]Jindo K,Suto K,Matsumoto K,et al.Chemical and biochemical characterization of biochar-blended composts prepared from poultry manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,110(4):396-404.
[21]张继宁,吕凡,何品晶,等.木炭对污泥堆肥有机质减量和腐熟度的影响[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(4):577-581.ZHANG Ji-ning,LüFan,HE Pin-jing,et al.Impact of wood biochar on organics degradation and maturity of sewage sludge[J].Journal of Tongji University,2014,42(4):577-581.
[22]Chen Y X,Huang X D,Han Z Y,et al.Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar on nitrogen conservation and heavy metals immobility during pig manure composting[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(9):1177-1181.
[23]李映廷.低碳氮比下生物质炭对高温好氧堆肥的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2012:18.LI Ying-ting.The influence of biomass carbon to low C/N in high tem-1183perature aerobic composting[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2012:18.
[24]Steiner C,Das K C,Melear N,et al.Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(4):1236-1242.
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