不同覆盖方式对红壤坡耕地氮磷流失的影响
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摘要
环洞庭湖坡耕地氮磷流失是湖泊水体富营养化的重要原因.以环洞庭湖红壤坡耕地玉米为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,研究常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+秸杆覆盖3 000 kg/hm~2(A)、常规施肥+秸杆覆盖6 000 kg/hm~2(B)、常规施肥+地膜覆盖(C)对玉米生长和面源氮磷流失的影响.结果表明,不同覆盖方式能够有效减少地表径流量和泥沙流失量,其中径流量较CK减少了18.7%～25.3%,而泥沙流失量减少了11.3%～24.5%.覆盖处理A、B、C氮总流失量分别降低33.6%、41.9%、48.3%;磷总流失量,覆盖处理A、C分别降低15.4%、21.6%,而覆盖处理B与CK相近.秸秆与地膜覆盖有利于玉米增产,秸秆与地膜覆盖不仅一定程度提高氮磷化肥肥效和肥料利用率,而且能减少农业面源污染.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in slope farmland around Dongting Lake is an important reason for eutrophication of lake water.Taking corn on red soil slop around Dongting Lake as the object of the study,through field plot experiment,the effects of conventional fertilization(CK),conventional fertilization + straw mulching 3 000 kg/hm~2(A),conventional fertilization + straw mulching 6 000 kg/hm~2(B),conventional fertilization + plastic film mulching(C) on the growth of corn and the loss of nonpoint nitrogen and phosphorus were studied.The results showed that different mulching methods could effectively reduce surface runoff and sediment loss,of which the runoff was 18.7%～25.3% lower than CK while the sediment loss was 11.3%～24.5% lower.The total nitrogen loss of A,B and C was reduced by 33.6%,41.9% and 48.3% respectively.The total phosphorus loss was reduced by 15.4% and 21.6% respectively in the mulching treatment A and C,while the mulching treatment B was similar to CK.Straw and plastic mulching were beneficial to increase maize yield.Straw and plastic mulching could not only improve N,P fertilizer efficiency and fertilizer utilization rate,but also reduce agricultural nonpoint pollution.
Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in slope farmland around Dongting Lake is an important reason for eutrophication of lake water.Taking corn on red soil slop around Dongting Lake as the object of the study,through field plot experiment,the effects of conventional fertilization(CK),conventional fertilization + straw mulching 3 000 kg/hm~2(A),conventional fertilization + straw mulching 6 000 kg/hm~2(B),conventional fertilization + plastic film mulching(C) on the growth of corn and the loss of nonpoint nitrogen and phosphorus were studied.The results showed that different mulching methods could effectively reduce surface runoff and sediment loss,of which the runoff was 18.7%～25.3% lower than CK while the sediment loss was 11.3%～24.5% lower.The total nitrogen loss of A,B and C was reduced by 33.6%,41.9% and 48.3% respectively.The total phosphorus loss was reduced by 15.4% and 21.6% respectively in the mulching treatment A and C,while the mulching treatment B was similar to CK.Straw and plastic mulching were beneficial to increase maize yield.Straw and plastic mulching could not only improve N,P fertilizer efficiency and fertilizer utilization rate,but also reduce agricultural nonpoint pollution.
引文
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[12] 何刚,王朝辉,李富翠,等.地表覆盖对旱地小麦氮磷钾需求及生理效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(9):1 657-1 671.He G,Wang Z H,Li F C,et al.Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium requirement and their physiological efficiency for winter wheat affected by soil surface managements in dryland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(9):1 657-1 671.
[13] 林超文,陈一兵,黄晶晶,等.不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(10):2 241-2 249.Lin C W,Chen Y B,Huang J J,et al.Effect of different cultivation methods and rain intensity on soil nutrient loss from a purple soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(10):2 241-2 249.
[2] 全为民,严力蛟.农业面源污染对水体富营养化的影响及其防治措施[J].生态学报,2002,22(3):291-299.Quan W M,Yan L J.Effects of agricultural non-point source pollution on eutrophication of water body and its control measure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(3):291-299.
[3] 白永会,查轩,查瑞波,等.秸秆覆盖红壤径流养分流失效益及径流剪切力影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):94-99.Bai Y H,Zha X,Zha R B,et al.Effects of straw mulching on soil erosion benefits and runoff shear force under simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(6):94-99.
[4] Hallsted A L,Coles E H.A preliminary report of the relation between yield of winter wheat and moisture in the soil at seeding time[J].Journal of Agricultural Research,1930,41(6):467-477.
[5] 朱奇宏,彭佩钦,黄道友,等.洞庭湖区不同利用方式下耕作土壤的磷素状况[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(1):13-17.Zhu Q H,Peng P Q,Huang D Y,et al.Phosphorus status of farmland under different utilized modes in Dongting Lake region[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2007(1):13-17.
[6] 黄伟生,彭佩钦,黄道友,等.洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式耕作土壤氮素含量与循环[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(4):49-52.Huang W S,Peng P Q,Huang D Y,et al.Nitrogen cycle and content in plowable soil layer under different land-use types in Dongting Lake region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Ag riculture,2007,15(4):49-52.
[7] 司友斌,王慎强,陈怀满.农田氮、磷的流失与水体富营养化[J].土壤,2000(4):188-193.Si Y B,Wang S Q,Chen H Q.Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland and eutrophication of water[J].Soils,2000(4):188-193.
[8] 杨林章,孙波.中国农田生态系统养分循环与平衡及其管理[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.Yang L Z,Sun B.Nutrient cycle and balance and management of farmland ecosystem in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[9] 毛海兰,付鑫,赵丹丹,等.秸秆与地膜覆盖条件下旱作玉米田土壤氮组分生长季动态[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(4):246-254.Mao H L,Fu X,Zhao D D,et al.Seasonal dynamics of soil nitrogen fractions in dryland spring maize field under straw and plastic film mulching[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(4):246-254.
[10] Devkota M,Martius C,Lamers J P A,et al.Combining permanent beds and residue retention with nitrogen fertilization improves crop yields and water productivity in irrigated arid lands under cotton,wheat and maize[J].Field Crops Research,2013,149:105-114.
[11] 陈小莉,李世清,王瑞军,等.半干旱区施氮和灌溉条件下覆膜对春玉米产量及氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(4):652-658.Chen X L,Li S Q,Wang R J,et al.Effect of film mulching on yield and nitrogen balance of spring maize under different nitrogen and irrigation treatments in semi-arid region[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(4):652-658.
[12] 何刚,王朝辉,李富翠,等.地表覆盖对旱地小麦氮磷钾需求及生理效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(9):1 657-1 671.He G,Wang Z H,Li F C,et al.Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium requirement and their physiological efficiency for winter wheat affected by soil surface managements in dryland[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(9):1 657-1 671.
[13] 林超文,陈一兵,黄晶晶,等.不同耕作方式和雨强对紫色土养分流失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(10):2 241-2 249.Lin C W,Chen Y B,Huang J J,et al.Effect of different cultivation methods and rain intensity on soil nutrient loss from a purple soil[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(10):2 241-2 249.
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