农地流转对农地与劳动力资源利用效率的影响——基于甘肃省农户调查数据的实证研究
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摘要
本研究采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)分别就农地流转对农地、农业劳动力、非农劳动力和总劳动力资源利用效率的影响进行了分析。结果表明,农户的农地转入和转出行为都能有效提高总劳动力资源利用效率,而农地转出行为在一定程度上降低了农地资源利用效率。农地转入户的总劳动力和农业劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高2026.153元/人和4844.289元/人,两组农户间的农地资源利用效率差异不显著;农地转出户的总劳动力和非农劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高3315.577元/人和2581.883元/人,其农地资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户低466.488元/亩。因此,农地流转不一定会提高农地资源利用效率,但有利于促进农村劳动力专业化,从而提高农村总劳动力资源利用效率。
Inadequate farmland resources and reducing agricultural labors resulting from urbanization are main factors restricting the agricultural development of China. Farmland transfer is one of the most important ways to enlarge farmland scale, improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers' income in China. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of farmland transfer on the use efficiencies of farmland and labor resources, especially under the background of rapid development of farmland rental markets. To solve the selection bias problem of survey data, the propensity score matching(PSM) method was employed to estimate the effects of renting-in land and renting-out land on farmland, agricultural labor, offfarm labor and total labor use efficiencies. The results showed that, farmland transfer significantly improved the total labor use efficiency of households renting-in land and rentingout land, while renting-out land significantly reduced farmland use efficiency. Renting-in land significantly increased the agricultural labor use efficiency and total labor use efficiency by4844.289 yuan per labor and 2026.153 yuan per labor, respectively, but it had no significant effect on farmland use efficiency. Renting-out land significantly increased the off-farm labor use efficiency and total labor use efficiency by 2581.883 yuan per labor and 3315.577 yuan per labor, respectively, but it significantly decreased the farmland use efficiency by 466.488 yuan per mu. Therefore, farmland transfer is not necessary to improve farmland use efficiency, while it is beneficial to specialization of agricultural labors and off-farm labors, and consequently improve labor use efficiency. The farmland transfer policy in China should continue to give great benefit to improving rural labor use efficiency, and some other ways such as breeding new crop varieties and reducing input costs should focus on improving the output of farmland.
Inadequate farmland resources and reducing agricultural labors resulting from urbanization are main factors restricting the agricultural development of China. Farmland transfer is one of the most important ways to enlarge farmland scale, improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers' income in China. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of farmland transfer on the use efficiencies of farmland and labor resources, especially under the background of rapid development of farmland rental markets. To solve the selection bias problem of survey data, the propensity score matching(PSM) method was employed to estimate the effects of renting-in land and renting-out land on farmland, agricultural labor, offfarm labor and total labor use efficiencies. The results showed that, farmland transfer significantly improved the total labor use efficiency of households renting-in land and rentingout land, while renting-out land significantly reduced farmland use efficiency. Renting-in land significantly increased the agricultural labor use efficiency and total labor use efficiency by4844.289 yuan per labor and 2026.153 yuan per labor, respectively, but it had no significant effect on farmland use efficiency. Renting-out land significantly increased the off-farm labor use efficiency and total labor use efficiency by 2581.883 yuan per labor and 3315.577 yuan per labor, respectively, but it significantly decreased the farmland use efficiency by 466.488 yuan per mu. Therefore, farmland transfer is not necessary to improve farmland use efficiency, while it is beneficial to specialization of agricultural labors and off-farm labors, and consequently improve labor use efficiency. The farmland transfer policy in China should continue to give great benefit to improving rural labor use efficiency, and some other ways such as breeding new crop varieties and reducing input costs should focus on improving the output of farmland.
引文
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[7] YAO Y. The development of the land lease market in rural China. Land Economics, 2000, 76(2):252-266.
[8] JIN S Q, DEININGER K. Land rental markets in the process of rural structural transformation:Productivity and equity impacts from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2009, 37:629-646.
[9] ZHANG Y J, WANG X B, GLAUBEN T, et al. The impact of land relocation on technical efficiency:Evidence from China. Agricultural Economics, 2011, 42:495-507.
[10] GAO L L, HUANG J K, ROZELLE S. Rental markets for cultivated land and agricultural investments in China. Agricultural Economics, 2012, 43:391-403.
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[12]徐旭,蒋文华,应风其.我国农村土地流转的动因分析.管理世界, 2002,(9):144-145.[XU X, JIANG W H, YING F Q. Analysis of the drivers of China's farmland transfer. Management World, 2009,(9):144-145.]
[13]杨少垒.土地承包经营权流转的动力机制研究.经济与管理研究, 2009,(6):100-103, 107.[YANG S L. Analysis of driving mechanism of farmland transfer. Research on Economics Management, 2009,(6):100-103, 107.]
[14] FENG S Y. Land rental, off-farm employment and technical efficiency of farm households in Jiangxi province, China.NJAS, 2008, 55:363-378.
[15] WANG J Y, CHEN K Z, GUPTA S D, et al. Is small still beautiful:A comparative study of rice farm size and productivity in China and India. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2015, 7:484-509.
[16] RADA N, WANG C G, QIN L J. Subsidy or market reform:Rethinking China's farm consolidation strategy. Food Policy, 2015, 57:93-103.
[17]戚焦耳,郭贯成,陈永生.农地流转对农业生产效率的影响研究:基于DEA-Tobit模型的分析.资源科学, 2015, 37(9):1816-1824.[QI J E, GUO G C, CHEN Y S. The impact of farmland transfer on agricultural production efficiency based on the DEA-Tobit model. Resources Science, 2015, 37(9):1816-1824.]
[18]钱龙,洪名勇.非农就业、土地流转与农业生产效率变化:基于CFPS的实证分析.中国农村经济, 2016,(12):2-16.[QIAN L, HONG M Y. Off-farm employ, land transfer, and changes of agricultural production efficiency:An empirical analysis based on CFPS. Chinese Rural Economy, 2016,(12):2-16.]
[19]张建,诸培新.不同农地流转模式对农业生产效率的影响分析:以江苏省四县为例.资源科学, 2017, 39(4):629-640.[ZHANG J, ZHU P X. The effect of different farmland transfer patterns on household agricultural productivity based on surveys of for counties in Jiangsu province. Resources Science, 2017, 39(4):629-640.]
[20]姚洋.土地、制度和农业发展.北京:北京大学出版社, 2004.[YAO Y. Farmland, Institution, and Development of Agriculture. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2004.]
[21]黄延廷.中国农地规模化的路径:基于农场经营规模与农业生产效率、农地配置状态的关系的假说.农村经济,2010,(11):25-28.[HUANG Y T. The path of China's large size farm:Hypothesis based on relationship of large scale farm and agricultural production efficiency as well as farmland allocation status. Rural Economics, 2010,(11):25-28.]
[22]朱建军,郭霞,常向阳.农地流转对土地生产率影响的对比分析.农业技术经济, 2011,(4):78-84.[ZHU J J, GUO X,CHANG X Y. Comparative analysis of impacts of farmland rental on farmland production efficiency. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2011,(4):78-84.]
[23]马雪娟.精准施策我省土地流转活力显现:“十二五”以来全省农村土地流转工作综述.甘肃农民报:农牧特刊,2016年11月29日.[MA X J. Farmland transfer shows great vitality in Gansu province with implementing policies precisely:A work summary for the whole province since the"Twelfth Five-Year Plan". Gansu Farmers Newspaper:Special issue for Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, November 29th, 2016.]
[24]甘肃省统计局.甘肃发展年鉴2013.北京:中国统计出版社, 2013.[Statistics Bureau of Gansu Province. Gansu Development Yearbook 2013. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2013.]
[25] MENDOLA M. Agricultural technology adoption and poverty reduction:A propensity-score matching analysis for rural Bangladesh. Food Policy, 2007, 32:372-393.
[26] BLUNDELL R, COSTA D. Evaluation methods for non-experimental data. Fiscal Studies, 2000, 21(4):427-468.
[27] CALIENDO M, KOPEINIG S. Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2008, 22(1):31-72.
[28] CARTER M R, YAO Y. Local versus global separability in agricultural household models:The factor price equalization effect of land transfer rights. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2002, 84:702-715.
[29] CONNING J H, ROBINSON J A. Property rights and the political organization of agriculture. Journal of Development Economics, 2007, 82:416-447.
[30] HECKMAN J J, ICHIMURA H, TODD P E. Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator:Evidence from evaluating a job training programme. The Review of Economic Studies, 1997, 64(4):605-654.
[31] HAVILAND A, ROSENBAUM P R, NAGIN D S, et al. Combining group-based trajectory modeling and propensity score matching for casual inferences in nonexperimental longitudinal data. Developmental Psychology, 2008, 44(2):422-436.
[32] LAMB R L. Inverse productivity:Land quality, labor markets, and measurement error. Journal of Development Economics, 2003, 71(1):71-95.
[33] CARLETTO C, SAVASTANO S, ZEZZA A. Fact or artifact:The impact of measurement errors on the farm size-productivity relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 2013, 103:254-261.
[34]李谷成,冯中朝,范霞丽.小农户真的更加具有效率吗:来自湖北省的经验证据.经济学:季刊, 2009, 9(1):95-124.[LI G C, FENG Z C, FAN X L. Is the small-sized rural household more efficient:The empirical evidence from Hubei province. China Economic Quarterly, 2009, 9(1):95-124.]
[35]孙屹,杨俊孝,刘凯辉.农户农地流转的土地生产效率影响因素实证研究:以新疆天山北坡经济带玛纳斯县为例.干旱区研究, 2014, 31(6):1170-1175.[SUN Y, YANG J X, LIU K H. Empirical studies on land productivity under the effects of farmland transfer:A case study of Manas county in the northern slope economic zone of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Arid Zone Research, 2014, 31(6):1170-1175.]
[36] FENG S Y, HEERINK N. Are farm households'land renting and migration decisions inter-related in rural China?.NJAS, 2008, 55(4):345-362.
[37] HUANG J K, GAO L L, ROZELLE S. The effect of off-farm employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in farmland in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2012, 4(1):5-17.
[38] CHE Y. Off-farm employments and land rental behavior:Evidence from rural China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2016, 8(1):37-54.
[39]陈美球,肖鹤亮,何维佳,等.耕地流转农户行为影响因素的实证分析:基于江西省1396户农户耕地流转行为现状的调研.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(3):369-374.[CHEN M Q, XIAO H L, HE W J, et al. An empirical study on factors affecting the households'behavior in cultivated land transfer. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(3):369-374.]
[40]吕晓,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.中国农地细碎化问题研究进展.自然资源学报, 2011, 26(3):530-540.[LYU X, HUANG X J, ZHONG T Y, et al. Review on the research of farmland fragmentation in China. Journal of Natural Resources,2011, 26(3):530-540.]
[41] KUNG J K. Off-farm labor markets and the emergence of land rental markets in rural China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2002, 30:395-414.
[42] ROSENBAUM P R, RUBIN D B. Constructing a control-group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. The American Statistician, 1985, 39(1):33-38.
[43] D'AGOSTINO RB. Tutorial in biostatistics propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Statistics in Medicine, 1998, 17:2265-2281.
[44] OAKES J M, KAUFMAN J S. Methods in Social Epidemiology. San Francisco, CA, US:John Wiley&Sons, 2017.
[2] ZHANG F S, CUI Z L, ZHANG W F. Managing nutrient for both food security and environmental sustainability in China:An experiment for the world. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 2014, 1(1):53-61.
[3]盖庆恩,朱喜,史清华.劳动力转移对中国农业生产的影响.经济学:季刊, 2014, 13(3):1147-1170.[GAI Q E, ZHU X, SHI Q H. Labor's migration and Chinese agricultural production. China Economic Quarterly, 2014, 13(3):1147-1170.]
[4] LIU Y, WANG C G, TANG Z, et al. Farmland rental and productivity of wheat and maize:An empirical study in Gansu,China. Sustainability, 2017, 9:1678. Doi:10.3390/su9101678.
[5]王景新.中国农村土地制度变迁30年:回眸与展望.现代经济探讨, 2008,(6):5-11.[WANG J X. China's land institutional changes in recent 30 years:Review and preview. Modern Economic Research, 2008,(6):5-11.]
[6]黄季焜,郜亮亮,冀县卿,等.中国的农地制度、农地流转和农地投资.上海:格致出版社, 2012.[HUANG J K, GAO L L, JI X Q, et al. China's Farmland Tenure, Farmland Transfer, and Farmland Investment. Shanghai:Truth&Wisdom Press, 2012.]
[7] YAO Y. The development of the land lease market in rural China. Land Economics, 2000, 76(2):252-266.
[8] JIN S Q, DEININGER K. Land rental markets in the process of rural structural transformation:Productivity and equity impacts from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2009, 37:629-646.
[9] ZHANG Y J, WANG X B, GLAUBEN T, et al. The impact of land relocation on technical efficiency:Evidence from China. Agricultural Economics, 2011, 42:495-507.
[10] GAO L L, HUANG J K, ROZELLE S. Rental markets for cultivated land and agricultural investments in China. Agricultural Economics, 2012, 43:391-403.
[11]黄洪坚.人地矛盾与农地流转.广东农业科学, 2009,(12):318-320.[HUANG H J. Man and land contradiction and transfer of rural land. Guangdong Agricultural Science, 2009,(12):318-320.]
[12]徐旭,蒋文华,应风其.我国农村土地流转的动因分析.管理世界, 2002,(9):144-145.[XU X, JIANG W H, YING F Q. Analysis of the drivers of China's farmland transfer. Management World, 2009,(9):144-145.]
[13]杨少垒.土地承包经营权流转的动力机制研究.经济与管理研究, 2009,(6):100-103, 107.[YANG S L. Analysis of driving mechanism of farmland transfer. Research on Economics Management, 2009,(6):100-103, 107.]
[14] FENG S Y. Land rental, off-farm employment and technical efficiency of farm households in Jiangxi province, China.NJAS, 2008, 55:363-378.
[15] WANG J Y, CHEN K Z, GUPTA S D, et al. Is small still beautiful:A comparative study of rice farm size and productivity in China and India. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2015, 7:484-509.
[16] RADA N, WANG C G, QIN L J. Subsidy or market reform:Rethinking China's farm consolidation strategy. Food Policy, 2015, 57:93-103.
[17]戚焦耳,郭贯成,陈永生.农地流转对农业生产效率的影响研究:基于DEA-Tobit模型的分析.资源科学, 2015, 37(9):1816-1824.[QI J E, GUO G C, CHEN Y S. The impact of farmland transfer on agricultural production efficiency based on the DEA-Tobit model. Resources Science, 2015, 37(9):1816-1824.]
[18]钱龙,洪名勇.非农就业、土地流转与农业生产效率变化:基于CFPS的实证分析.中国农村经济, 2016,(12):2-16.[QIAN L, HONG M Y. Off-farm employ, land transfer, and changes of agricultural production efficiency:An empirical analysis based on CFPS. Chinese Rural Economy, 2016,(12):2-16.]
[19]张建,诸培新.不同农地流转模式对农业生产效率的影响分析:以江苏省四县为例.资源科学, 2017, 39(4):629-640.[ZHANG J, ZHU P X. The effect of different farmland transfer patterns on household agricultural productivity based on surveys of for counties in Jiangsu province. Resources Science, 2017, 39(4):629-640.]
[20]姚洋.土地、制度和农业发展.北京:北京大学出版社, 2004.[YAO Y. Farmland, Institution, and Development of Agriculture. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2004.]
[21]黄延廷.中国农地规模化的路径:基于农场经营规模与农业生产效率、农地配置状态的关系的假说.农村经济,2010,(11):25-28.[HUANG Y T. The path of China's large size farm:Hypothesis based on relationship of large scale farm and agricultural production efficiency as well as farmland allocation status. Rural Economics, 2010,(11):25-28.]
[22]朱建军,郭霞,常向阳.农地流转对土地生产率影响的对比分析.农业技术经济, 2011,(4):78-84.[ZHU J J, GUO X,CHANG X Y. Comparative analysis of impacts of farmland rental on farmland production efficiency. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2011,(4):78-84.]
[23]马雪娟.精准施策我省土地流转活力显现:“十二五”以来全省农村土地流转工作综述.甘肃农民报:农牧特刊,2016年11月29日.[MA X J. Farmland transfer shows great vitality in Gansu province with implementing policies precisely:A work summary for the whole province since the"Twelfth Five-Year Plan". Gansu Farmers Newspaper:Special issue for Agricultural and Animal Husbandry, November 29th, 2016.]
[24]甘肃省统计局.甘肃发展年鉴2013.北京:中国统计出版社, 2013.[Statistics Bureau of Gansu Province. Gansu Development Yearbook 2013. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2013.]
[25] MENDOLA M. Agricultural technology adoption and poverty reduction:A propensity-score matching analysis for rural Bangladesh. Food Policy, 2007, 32:372-393.
[26] BLUNDELL R, COSTA D. Evaluation methods for non-experimental data. Fiscal Studies, 2000, 21(4):427-468.
[27] CALIENDO M, KOPEINIG S. Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of Economic Surveys, 2008, 22(1):31-72.
[28] CARTER M R, YAO Y. Local versus global separability in agricultural household models:The factor price equalization effect of land transfer rights. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2002, 84:702-715.
[29] CONNING J H, ROBINSON J A. Property rights and the political organization of agriculture. Journal of Development Economics, 2007, 82:416-447.
[30] HECKMAN J J, ICHIMURA H, TODD P E. Matching as an econometric evaluation estimator:Evidence from evaluating a job training programme. The Review of Economic Studies, 1997, 64(4):605-654.
[31] HAVILAND A, ROSENBAUM P R, NAGIN D S, et al. Combining group-based trajectory modeling and propensity score matching for casual inferences in nonexperimental longitudinal data. Developmental Psychology, 2008, 44(2):422-436.
[32] LAMB R L. Inverse productivity:Land quality, labor markets, and measurement error. Journal of Development Economics, 2003, 71(1):71-95.
[33] CARLETTO C, SAVASTANO S, ZEZZA A. Fact or artifact:The impact of measurement errors on the farm size-productivity relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 2013, 103:254-261.
[34]李谷成,冯中朝,范霞丽.小农户真的更加具有效率吗:来自湖北省的经验证据.经济学:季刊, 2009, 9(1):95-124.[LI G C, FENG Z C, FAN X L. Is the small-sized rural household more efficient:The empirical evidence from Hubei province. China Economic Quarterly, 2009, 9(1):95-124.]
[35]孙屹,杨俊孝,刘凯辉.农户农地流转的土地生产效率影响因素实证研究:以新疆天山北坡经济带玛纳斯县为例.干旱区研究, 2014, 31(6):1170-1175.[SUN Y, YANG J X, LIU K H. Empirical studies on land productivity under the effects of farmland transfer:A case study of Manas county in the northern slope economic zone of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Arid Zone Research, 2014, 31(6):1170-1175.]
[36] FENG S Y, HEERINK N. Are farm households'land renting and migration decisions inter-related in rural China?.NJAS, 2008, 55(4):345-362.
[37] HUANG J K, GAO L L, ROZELLE S. The effect of off-farm employment on the decisions of households to rent out and rent in farmland in China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2012, 4(1):5-17.
[38] CHE Y. Off-farm employments and land rental behavior:Evidence from rural China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2016, 8(1):37-54.
[39]陈美球,肖鹤亮,何维佳,等.耕地流转农户行为影响因素的实证分析:基于江西省1396户农户耕地流转行为现状的调研.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(3):369-374.[CHEN M Q, XIAO H L, HE W J, et al. An empirical study on factors affecting the households'behavior in cultivated land transfer. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(3):369-374.]
[40]吕晓,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.中国农地细碎化问题研究进展.自然资源学报, 2011, 26(3):530-540.[LYU X, HUANG X J, ZHONG T Y, et al. Review on the research of farmland fragmentation in China. Journal of Natural Resources,2011, 26(3):530-540.]
[41] KUNG J K. Off-farm labor markets and the emergence of land rental markets in rural China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2002, 30:395-414.
[42] ROSENBAUM P R, RUBIN D B. Constructing a control-group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. The American Statistician, 1985, 39(1):33-38.
[43] D'AGOSTINO RB. Tutorial in biostatistics propensity score methods for bias reduction in the comparison of a treatment to a non-randomized control group. Statistics in Medicine, 1998, 17:2265-2281.
[44] OAKES J M, KAUFMAN J S. Methods in Social Epidemiology. San Francisco, CA, US:John Wiley&Sons, 2017.
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