微生物介导的硝酸盐还原耦合亚铁氧化成矿研究进展
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摘要
铁氧化微生物驱动的亚铁氧化过程是铁循环的重要组成部分。在中性厌氧环境中,硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化微生物可通过还原硝酸盐耦合氧化亚铁的过程影响污染物的降解及重金属的迁移转化等,对环境保护具有重要意义。文章主要综述了近年来有关硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化微生物驱动的不同形态亚铁氧化的成矿过程,成矿机制及其对微生物和环境的影响等。在亚铁氧化成矿的过程中,有机配体态和固态亚铁的氧化成矿主要发生在细胞表面,而小分子的无机溶解态亚铁还可继续进入细胞周质甚至细胞内膜氧化成矿。不同的培养条件(如缓冲液)和微生物种类也会影响成矿过程的反应速率从而影响矿物的结晶度。根据成矿的氧化剂不同,将成矿机制分为硝酸盐还原产物亚硝酸盐与亚铁反应的化学成矿机制与微生物利用铁氧化酶直接氧化亚铁的生物成矿机制。此外,硝酸盐还原耦合亚铁氧化成矿过程中所产生的细胞表面结壳现象,影响了不同微生物的新陈代谢过程,甚至会导致细胞死亡。而对于环境中的污染物,成矿过程可吸附和共沉淀多种重金属,从而降低重金属的污染,为治理环境污染提供了新思路。文章还分别对如何进行成矿过程的微观机制及其贡献的评估研究,以及如何更有效地利用成矿过程于环境污染治理中等问题进行了讨论和展望。
As an important process of the global iron cycle, the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation process driven by the NO_3--reducing Fe(Ⅱ)-oxidizing(NRFO) bacteria has a far-reaching significance for the environmental protection due to its ability of coupling organic pollutant degradation and heavy metal transformation under neutral and anoxic conditions. This review summarized the recent research on the Fe(Ⅲ) mineral production processes driven by NRFO bacteria in the presence of different Fe(Ⅱ) species,including its production mechanism and impacts on the bacteria and environment. In the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation process, Fe(Ⅲ) mineral produced on the cell surface for the organic complexed Fe(Ⅱ) and solid state Fe(Ⅱ), while the inorganic Fe(Ⅱ) with low molecular may enter the periplasm and cytoplasm, resulting in the intracellular mineralization. Moreover, different culturing conditions(e.g.buffer) and types of microorganisms influenced the mineralization rates, and subsequently affected the crystallinity of the secondary minerals. According to the different oxidants of Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation to produce Fe(Ⅲ) minerals, there are two mineralization mechanisms in the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation processes driven by NRFO, including chemical mineralization process via oxidation by the nitrite produced by microbial nitrate reduction and the biological mineralization process via oxidation by the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidoreductase in the NRFO. In addition, the cell encrustation occurred in the mineralization process can restrain the metabolism of bacteria, and even cause the death of cells. However, the produced Fe(Ⅲ) minerals can be used as effective adsorbents for heavy metals, and thus reducing the environmental toxicity, which offer a new strategy for environmental protection. The review also introduced some questions on how to study the mineralization process from a molecular level and disclose their different mineralization mechanisms,and look into the future on how it works more effectively in the natural environments.
As an important process of the global iron cycle, the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation process driven by the NO_3--reducing Fe(Ⅱ)-oxidizing(NRFO) bacteria has a far-reaching significance for the environmental protection due to its ability of coupling organic pollutant degradation and heavy metal transformation under neutral and anoxic conditions. This review summarized the recent research on the Fe(Ⅲ) mineral production processes driven by NRFO bacteria in the presence of different Fe(Ⅱ) species,including its production mechanism and impacts on the bacteria and environment. In the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation process, Fe(Ⅲ) mineral produced on the cell surface for the organic complexed Fe(Ⅱ) and solid state Fe(Ⅱ), while the inorganic Fe(Ⅱ) with low molecular may enter the periplasm and cytoplasm, resulting in the intracellular mineralization. Moreover, different culturing conditions(e.g.buffer) and types of microorganisms influenced the mineralization rates, and subsequently affected the crystallinity of the secondary minerals. According to the different oxidants of Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation to produce Fe(Ⅲ) minerals, there are two mineralization mechanisms in the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidation processes driven by NRFO, including chemical mineralization process via oxidation by the nitrite produced by microbial nitrate reduction and the biological mineralization process via oxidation by the Fe(Ⅱ) oxidoreductase in the NRFO. In addition, the cell encrustation occurred in the mineralization process can restrain the metabolism of bacteria, and even cause the death of cells. However, the produced Fe(Ⅲ) minerals can be used as effective adsorbents for heavy metals, and thus reducing the environmental toxicity, which offer a new strategy for environmental protection. The review also introduced some questions on how to study the mineralization process from a molecular level and disclose their different mineralization mechanisms,and look into the future on how it works more effectively in the natural environments.
引文
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KARIMIAN N,JOHNSTON S G,BURTON E D,2018.Iron and sulfur cycling in acid sulfate soil wetlands under dynamic redox conditions:Areview[J].Chemosphere,197:803-816.
KLUEGLEIN N,PICARDAL F,ZEDDA M,et al.,2015.Oxidation of Fe(Ⅱ)-EDTA by nitrite and by two nitrate-reducing Fe(Ⅱ)-oxidizing Acidovorax strains[J].Geobiology,13(2):198-207.
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