1983—2017年宁夏盐池县生态治理政策的类型与变化——基于政策工具视角
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摘要
政策工具是政府实施政策的手段。结合盐池县1983—2017年出台的生态治理政策,运用内容分析法,从政策工具视角,对盐池县生态治理政策的类型与变化进行了分析,并深入探讨其原因。结果表明:强制型和混合型政策工具占主导地位,其中,规制、直接提供、信息与劝诫、补贴与奖励4种工具使用频率最高,自愿型工具的使用还很缺乏。政策工具的运用受到中央政策的显著影响。以后应当开发更多可利用的政策工具,并对不同政策工具进行优化组合。通过本研究可深入了解生态脆弱区地方政府生态政策的政策工具使用情况,为生态脆弱区生态保护的政策工具选择与优化组合提供参考。
Policy instruments are the means that governments use to implement their policies. Combined with ecological control policies issued by Yanchi County from 1983 to 2017, Content Analysis method was used to explore the types and changes of ecological control policies based on the perspective of policy instrument. Results show that mandatory and mixed policy instruments have been used most frequently, specifically regulation, direct provision, information and exhortation, subsidies and incentives. The role of the voluntary tool was weakened. The instrument application in Yanchi County was significantly affected by the central policy. It is proposed that more available policy instruments should be developed in the future and different policy instruments should be optimized. Through this study, we can deeply understand the use of policy instruments of local governments' ecological policies in ecologically vulnerable areas, and provide references for the selection and optimization of policy instruments for ecological protection in ecologically vulnerable areas.
Policy instruments are the means that governments use to implement their policies. Combined with ecological control policies issued by Yanchi County from 1983 to 2017, Content Analysis method was used to explore the types and changes of ecological control policies based on the perspective of policy instrument. Results show that mandatory and mixed policy instruments have been used most frequently, specifically regulation, direct provision, information and exhortation, subsidies and incentives. The role of the voluntary tool was weakened. The instrument application in Yanchi County was significantly affected by the central policy. It is proposed that more available policy instruments should be developed in the future and different policy instruments should be optimized. Through this study, we can deeply understand the use of policy instruments of local governments' ecological policies in ecologically vulnerable areas, and provide references for the selection and optimization of policy instruments for ecological protection in ecologically vulnerable areas.
引文
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[24] 赵媛媛,丁国栋,高广磊,等.毛乌素沙区沙漠化土地防治区划[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):635-643.
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[28] 邹菲.内容分析法的理论与实践研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
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[31] 张婷,王友云.水污染治理政策工具的优化选择[J].开放导报,2017(3):27-32.
[32] Morello T F,Parry L,Markusson N,et al.Policy instruments to control Amazon fires:a simulation approach[J].Ecological Economics,2017,138:199-222.
[33] Scott W A.Reliability of content analysis:the case of nominal scale coding[J].Public Opinion Quarterly,1955,19(3):321-325.
[34] 周英男,李洁,曲毅.中国现有生态政策存在问题及对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(增刊1):95-98.
[35] 王琛伟,陈凤仙.中央政府与地方政府职责的合理边界[J].经济学动态,2014(9):66-78.
[36] 包庆丰,陈建成.内蒙古荒漠化防治政策历史回溯及新思考[J].绿色中国,2004(12):35-37.
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[38] 周立华,朱艳玲,黄玉邦.禁牧政策对北方农牧交错区草地沙漠化逆转过程影响的定量评价[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(2):308-313.
[39] 齐顾波,胡新萍.草场禁牧政策下的农民放牧行为研究——以宁夏盐池县的调查为例[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006(2):12-16.
[40] 陈勇,王涛,周立华,等.禁牧政策下农户违规放牧行为研究——以宁夏盐池县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):31-36.
[41] Li W,Li Y.Rangeland degradation control in China:a policy review[M]//Behnke R H,Mortimore M.The End of Desertification?Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands.Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag,2016:491-511.
[2] 欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,等.全国生态环境十年变化(2000—2010年)遥感调查评估[J].中国科学院院刊,2014,29(4):462-466.
[3] 樊胜岳,徐裕财,徐均,等.生态建设政策对沙漠化影响的定量分析[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(3):893-900.
[4] 赵敏敏,周立华,陈勇,等.生态政策驱动下的内蒙古自治区杭锦旗土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(3):842-850.
[5] 迈克尔·霍利特,M·拉米什.公共政策研究:政策循环与政策子系统[M].庞诗,等,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006:141-175.
[6] Howlett M.Policy instruments,policy styles,and policy implementation[J].Policy Studies Journal,1991,19(2):1-21.
[7] Borrás,Edquist C.The choice of innovation policy instruments[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2013,80(8):1513-1522.
[8] Kivimaa P,Kern F.Creative destruction or mere niche support?innovation policy mixes for sustainability transitions[J].Research Policy,2016,45(1):205-217.
[9] Edmondson D L,Kern F,Rogge K S.The co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems:towards a conceptual framework of policy mix feedback in sustainability transitions[J/OL].Research Policy,2018,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.03.010.
[10] Rothwell R,Zegveld W.Reindusdalization and Technology[M].London,UK:Logman Group Limited,1985:83-104.
[11] Dai Y.Policy instrument designed to gain transition legitimacy:a case of Chinese nuclear development[J/OL].Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,2017,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.12.002.
[12] 王霞,郭兵,苏林.基于内容分析法的上海市科技政策演进分析[J].科技进步与对策,2012,29(23):104-107.
[13] Li Y M.Mitigation policy instruments for climate change in China's electric generation sector[J].Biotechnology,Agriculture,Environment and Energy,2015:117-120.
[14] Wang N,Chang Y C.The development of policy instruments in supporting low-carbon governance in China[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2014,35:126-135.
[15] 孙萍,刘梦.我国城镇弱势群体就业政策工具选择——基于政策文本的分析[J].东北大学学报(社会科学版),2017,19(6):59.
[16] Reynolds J F,Smith D M S,Lambin E F,et al.Global desertification:building a science for dryland development[J].Science,2007,316(5826):847-851.
[17] UNCCD.Report of the conference of the parties on its thirteenth session,part two:action taken by the conference of the parties[R].Ordos,China:UNCCD,2017.
[18] 李丁,张洁,张超,等.近60年来民勤县生态政策演进研究[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,51(2):112-118.
[19] 李艳.中国公益林补偿的政策工具选择和优化研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2016.
[20] 吴守蓉,冀光楠.我国重大生态保护工程政策工具选择研究——以天保工程区集体公益林为例[J].中国行政管理,2014(1):93-97.
[21] 马永欢,周立华,朱艳玲,等.近50年来盐池县土地沙漠化驱动因素的时间变化[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(2):249-254.
[22] 程彦培,陈立,张琳,等.盐池县沙漠化土地动态变化影响因素分析[J].中国水土保持,2010(11):34-36+67.
[23] 王涛,宋翔,颜长珍,等.近35 a来中国北方土地沙漠化趋势的遥感分析[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(6):1351-1356.
[24] 赵媛媛,丁国栋,高广磊,等.毛乌素沙区沙漠化土地防治区划[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):635-643.
[25] 杨建国,李淑玲,曲志正,等.宁夏盐池县土地沙漠化的成因及其防治[J].土壤,1997(4):185-188.
[26] 董瑞生,姜雪城.宁夏率先实现沙漠化逆转[N].新华每日电讯,2000-07-23(02).
[27] 安祎玮,周立华,杨国靖,等.宁夏盐池县相对资源承载力[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(2):399-406.
[28] 邹菲.内容分析法的理论与实践研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[29] Peters B G.Policy instruments and public management:bridging the gaps[J].Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,2000,10(1):35-47.
[30] Hood C.The Tools of Government[M].London,UK:Macmilan,1983:153-162.
[31] 张婷,王友云.水污染治理政策工具的优化选择[J].开放导报,2017(3):27-32.
[32] Morello T F,Parry L,Markusson N,et al.Policy instruments to control Amazon fires:a simulation approach[J].Ecological Economics,2017,138:199-222.
[33] Scott W A.Reliability of content analysis:the case of nominal scale coding[J].Public Opinion Quarterly,1955,19(3):321-325.
[34] 周英男,李洁,曲毅.中国现有生态政策存在问题及对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(增刊1):95-98.
[35] 王琛伟,陈凤仙.中央政府与地方政府职责的合理边界[J].经济学动态,2014(9):66-78.
[36] 包庆丰,陈建成.内蒙古荒漠化防治政策历史回溯及新思考[J].绿色中国,2004(12):35-37.
[37] Frelih-Larsen A,Bowyer C,Albrecht S,et al.Updated Inventory and Sssessment of Soil Protection Policy Instruments in EU Member states[M].Berlin,Germany:Ecologic Institute,2016.
[38] 周立华,朱艳玲,黄玉邦.禁牧政策对北方农牧交错区草地沙漠化逆转过程影响的定量评价[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(2):308-313.
[39] 齐顾波,胡新萍.草场禁牧政策下的农民放牧行为研究——以宁夏盐池县的调查为例[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2006(2):12-16.
[40] 陈勇,王涛,周立华,等.禁牧政策下农户违规放牧行为研究——以宁夏盐池县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(10):31-36.
[41] Li W,Li Y.Rangeland degradation control in China:a policy review[M]//Behnke R H,Mortimore M.The End of Desertification?Disputing Environmental Change in the Drylands.Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag,2016:491-511.
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