城市香樟叶片干物质含量及比叶面积的时空变异
|
摘要
叶干物质含量(LDMC)和比叶面积(SLA)是综合反映植物适应环境能力的关键叶性状.为深入了解城市生态系统中常绿园林植物SLA与LDMC的时空变异特征,以安庆市7个典型功能区绿化香樟树为研究对象,分别在夏季和冬季采集树冠南北两侧叶片样品,对比分析香樟SLA和LDMC在时间(季节)和空间(功能区及树冠方位)上的变异格局、相互关系及影响因素.结果表明,季节、功能区及二者的交互作用对香樟叶片属性影响较大,而树冠方位影响较小.香樟SLA及LDMC在功能区间有显著差异;冬季SLA显著高于夏季,而LDMC则完全相反.夏季香樟叶片属性与土壤磷元素显著相关,而冬季与土壤因子关系较弱.无论将功能区分开还是合并,线性拟合均显示各季节香樟LDMC与SLA显著负相关,且夏季斜率显著小于冬季.而异速生长分析表明,除冬季个别功能区外,LDMC与SLA的异速生长关系并不随季节和功能区变化而变化,始终保持一致性.因此,从理论来上,香樟生长过程中叶片属性在时空上呈现了量的变化,但叶片属性内在关系基本保持稳定;在实践上,低SLA的植物应作为园林绿化的首选对象,以适应多变的城市环境.
The specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf dry matter content(LDMC) are key traits reflecting the adaptability to environment for plants integratedly. To deeply understand the spatial-temporal variations of SLA and LDMC of evergreen landscape plants, the evergreen tree Cinnamomum camphora in seven typical functional regions in Anqing City(Anhui Provence) was selected as the target plant, and leaf samples at both north and south sides of plant canopy were collected equably in summer and winter, and then the temporal(seasons) and spatial(functional regions and canopy orientations) patterns of the specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf dry matter content(LDMC), interrelationships and influencing factors were comparably analyzed. The results showed that season,functional region and their interaction affected the leaf traits of C. camphora largely, while canopy orientation represented lower influence. The SLA and LDMC of C. camphora showed significant differences among functional regions; SLA in winter was markedly lager than that in summer, while LDMC represented a reverse trend. Whether based on one functional region or combination of seven functional regions when analyzed, linear regressions represented negative correlation between LDMC and SLA, and all of the linear regression slopes in summer were lower than that in winter. However, except several functional regions in winter, the allometric analysis indicated that the allometric relationships of LDMC and SLA did not vary with seasons, i.e., they maintained uniformity always. In theory, this study demonstrated that although the leaf traits presented quantitative change at spatial-temporal scale during the growth of C. camphora, the internal relations of leaf traits maintain constancy generally. In practice, plants with low SLA could be the preferred target for landscape greening, as to adapt to the varied urban environments.
The specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf dry matter content(LDMC) are key traits reflecting the adaptability to environment for plants integratedly. To deeply understand the spatial-temporal variations of SLA and LDMC of evergreen landscape plants, the evergreen tree Cinnamomum camphora in seven typical functional regions in Anqing City(Anhui Provence) was selected as the target plant, and leaf samples at both north and south sides of plant canopy were collected equably in summer and winter, and then the temporal(seasons) and spatial(functional regions and canopy orientations) patterns of the specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf dry matter content(LDMC), interrelationships and influencing factors were comparably analyzed. The results showed that season,functional region and their interaction affected the leaf traits of C. camphora largely, while canopy orientation represented lower influence. The SLA and LDMC of C. camphora showed significant differences among functional regions; SLA in winter was markedly lager than that in summer, while LDMC represented a reverse trend. Whether based on one functional region or combination of seven functional regions when analyzed, linear regressions represented negative correlation between LDMC and SLA, and all of the linear regression slopes in summer were lower than that in winter. However, except several functional regions in winter, the allometric analysis indicated that the allometric relationships of LDMC and SLA did not vary with seasons, i.e., they maintained uniformity always. In theory, this study demonstrated that although the leaf traits presented quantitative change at spatial-temporal scale during the growth of C. camphora, the internal relations of leaf traits maintain constancy generally. In practice, plants with low SLA could be the preferred target for landscape greening, as to adapt to the varied urban environments.
引文
[1]Vile D,Garnier E,Shipley B,et al.Specific leaf area and dry matter content estimate thickness in laminar leaves[J].Annals of Botany,2005,96(6):1 129-1 136.DOI:10.1093/aob/mci264.
[2]文圣,臧润国,丁易,等.海南岛热带低地雨林群落水平植物功能性状与环境因子相关性随演替阶段的变化[J].生物多样性,2013,21(3):278-287.Bian W S,Zang R G,Ding Y,et al.Relationships between plant functional traits at the community level and environmental factors during succession in a tropical lowland rainforest on Hainan Island,South China[J].Biodiversity Science,2013,21(3):278-287.
[3]Ordo?ez J C,van Bodegom P M,Witte J P M,et al.Aglobal study of relationships between leaf traits,climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2009,18(2):137-149.DOI:10.1111/geb.2009.18.issue-2.
[4]段媛媛,宋丽娟,牛素旗,等.不同林龄刺槐叶功能性状差异及其与土壤养分的关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):28-36.Duan Y Y,Song L J,Niu S Q,et al.Variation in leaf functional traits of different-aged Robinia pseudoacacia communities and relationships with soil nutrients[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(1):28-36.
[5]杨琼,李熙萌,李征珍,等.胡杨异胚发育叶片碳平衡研究[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(4):607-615.Yang Q,Li X M,Li Z Z,et al.A study on the carbon balance of the heteromorphic leave of Populus euphratica[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2015,37(4):607-615.
[6]Hodgson J G,Montserrat-MartíG,Charles M,et al.Is leaf dry matter content a better predictor of soil fertility than specific leaf area?[J].Annals of Botany,2011,108(7):1 337-1 345.DOI:10.1093/aob/mcr225.
[7]罗璐,申国珍,谢宗强,等.神农架海拔梯度上4种典型森林的乔木叶片功能性状特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6 420-6 428.Luo L,Shen G Z,Xie Z Q,et al.Leaf functional traits of four typical forests along the altitudinal gradients in Mt.Shennongjia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6 420-6 428.
[8]Souza M C D,Rossatto D R,Cook G D,et al.Mineral nutrition and specific leaf area of plants under contrasting long-term fire frequencies:a case study in a mesic savanna in Australia[J].Trees,2016,30(1):329-335.DOI:10.1007/s00468-015-1285-1.
[9]郑淑霞,上官周平.不同功能型植物光合特性及其与叶氮含量、比叶重的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):171-181.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.01.020.Zhang S X,Shangguan Z P.Photosynthetic characteristics and their relationships with leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area in different plant functional types[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(1):171-181.
[10]黄文娟,李志军,杨赵平,等.胡杨异形叶结构型性状及其相互关系[J].生态学报,2010,30(17):4 636-4 642.Huang W J,Li Z J,Yang Z P,et al.The structural traits of Populus euphratica heteromorphic leaves and their correlations[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(17):4 636-4 642.
[11]王桔红,庄东红,马瑞君,等.广东凤凰单枞茶树品种(系)叶片主要性状的种间差异和地域变异研究[J].茶业科学,2014,34(5):525-530.Wang J H,Zhuang D H,Ma R J,et al.Interspecific difference and geographic variance in leaf trait ofFenghuang Dancong tea cultivars in eastern Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Tea Science,2014,34(5):525-530.
[12]刘寅,向峰,韩新宇,等.昆明中心城区夏秋季大气VOCs的污染特征及来源解析[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2018,40(1):104-112.Liu Y,Xiang F,Han X Y,et al.On pollution characteristics and sources apportionment of ambient VOCs in summer and autumn in Kunming[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2018,40(1):104-112.
[13]杨小波.城市生态学[M].3版.北京:科学出版社,2014.Yang X B.Urban Ecology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Science Press,2014.
[14]黄玉源,黄良美,李建龙,等.南宁市几个功能区的植被群落结构特征分析[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2006,14(6):492-498.DOI:1 0.3969/j.issn.1005-3395.2006.06.007.Huang Y Y,Huang L M,Li J L,et al.Vegetation community structure in different functional areas of Nanning City,Guangxi Province[J].Journal of Tropical And Subtropical Botany,2006,14(6):492-498.
[15]朱哲,方凤满,邓正伟.芜湖城区表层土壤黑碳含量及分布特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):908-913.Zhu Z,Fang F M,Deng Z W.Content and distribution of black carbon in surface soil of the urban area[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):908-913.
[16]高家骥,藏正.大连市环境负荷预测分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):55-61.Gao J J,Zang Z.Prediction and analysis of environmental load:An empirical research in Dalian[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):55-61.
[17]冷寒冰,奉树成,秦俊.城市香樟群落类型对土壤有机碳氮的影响[J].上海交通大学学报:农业科学版,2016,34(4):6-11.Leng H B,Feng S C,Qin J.Effect of Cinnamomum camphora communities on soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen in urban area[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University:Agricultural Science,2016,34(4):6-11.
[18]陈良华,徐睿,张健,等.螯合剂对香樟生理特征和镉积累效率的影响[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2016,38(1):150-161.Chen L H,Xu R,Zhang J,et al.The effects of chelator on physiological traits and Cd accumulation efficiency of Cinnamomum camphora[J].Journal of Yunnan Uni-versity:Natural Sciences Edition,2016,38(1):150-161.
[19]方文稳,张丽,叶生霞,等.安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3 795-3 803.Fang W W,Zhang L,Ye S X,et al.Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(12):3 795-3 803.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.Bao S D.Agriculture soil chemical analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2007.
[21]Warton D I,Wright I J,Falster D S,et al.Bivariate linefitting methods for allometry[J].Biological Reviews,2006,81(2):259-291.DOI:10.1017/S1464793106007007.
[22]毛伟,李玉霖,张铜会,等.不同尺度生态学中植物叶性状研究概述[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):33-41.Mao W,Li Y L,Zhang T H,et al.Research advances of plant leaf traits at different ecology scales[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(1):33-41.
[23]Poorter H,Niinemetsü,Poorter L,et al.Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area(LMA):a meta-analysis[J].New Phytologist,2009,182(3):565-588.DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x.
[24]Ali A M,Darvishzadeh R,Skidmore A K,et al.Estimating leaf functional traits by inversion of PROSPECT:Assessing leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area in mixed mountainous forest[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2016,45:66-76.DOI:10.1016/j.jag.2015.11.004.
[25]Smart S M,Glanville H C,Blanes M D C,et al.Leaf dry matter content is better at predicting above-ground net primary production than specific leaf area[J].Functional Ecology,2017,31(6):1 336-1 344.DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12832.
[26]Li Y,Johnson D A,Su Y,et al.Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of plants growing in sand dunes[J].Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica,2005,46:127-134.
[27]刘明秀,梁国鲁.植物比叶质量研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(8):847-860.Liu M X,Liang G L.Research progress on leaf mass per area[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,40(8):847-860.
[28]刘宏伟,刘文丹,王微,等.重庆石灰岩地区主要木本植物叶片性状及养分再吸收特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(12):4 071-4 080.Liu H W,Liu W D,Wang W,et al.Leaf traits and nutrient resorption of major woody species in the karst limestone area of Chongqing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(12):4 071-4 080.
[29]张林,罗天祥.植物叶寿命及其相关叶性状的生态学研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):844-852.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1005-264X.2004.06.014.Zhang L,Luo T X.Advances in ecological studies on leaf lifespan and associated leaf traits[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(6):844-852.
[30]王峰,陈玉真,王秀萍,等.不同品种茶树叶片功能性状及光合特性的比较[J].茶业科学,2016,36(1):77-84.Wang F,Chen Y Z,Wang X P,et al.Leaf functional and photosynthetic characteristics in different leaves positions of tea plant[J].Journal of Tea Science,2016,36(1):77-84.
[31]吴等等,宋志文,徐爱玲,等.青岛市不同功能区冬季空气微生物群落代谢与多样性特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2 277-2 284.Wu D D,Song Z W,Xu A L,et al.Metabolic characteristics and community diversities of airborne microbes at different functional regions in Qingdao in winter[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2 277-2 284.
[32]薛立,曹鹤.逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(8):2 004-2 009.Xue L,Cao H.Changes of leaf traits of plants under stress resistance[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(8):2 004-2 009.
[33]Wright I J,Reich P B,Westoby M,et al.The worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J].Nature,2004,428(6985):821-827.DOI:10.1038/nature02403.
[34]李宏伟,王孝安,郭华,等.黄土高原子午岭不同森林群落叶功能性状[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(3):544-550.Li H W,Wang X A,Guo H,et al.Leaf functional traits of different forest communities in Ziwuling Mountains of Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(3):544-550.
[35]Niklas K J,Cobb E D,Niinemetsü,et al.“Diminishing returns”in the scaling of functional leaf traits across and within species groups[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(21):8 891-8 896.DOI:10.1073/pnas.0701135104.
[2]文圣,臧润国,丁易,等.海南岛热带低地雨林群落水平植物功能性状与环境因子相关性随演替阶段的变化[J].生物多样性,2013,21(3):278-287.Bian W S,Zang R G,Ding Y,et al.Relationships between plant functional traits at the community level and environmental factors during succession in a tropical lowland rainforest on Hainan Island,South China[J].Biodiversity Science,2013,21(3):278-287.
[3]Ordo?ez J C,van Bodegom P M,Witte J P M,et al.Aglobal study of relationships between leaf traits,climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2009,18(2):137-149.DOI:10.1111/geb.2009.18.issue-2.
[4]段媛媛,宋丽娟,牛素旗,等.不同林龄刺槐叶功能性状差异及其与土壤养分的关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):28-36.Duan Y Y,Song L J,Niu S Q,et al.Variation in leaf functional traits of different-aged Robinia pseudoacacia communities and relationships with soil nutrients[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(1):28-36.
[5]杨琼,李熙萌,李征珍,等.胡杨异胚发育叶片碳平衡研究[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2015,37(4):607-615.Yang Q,Li X M,Li Z Z,et al.A study on the carbon balance of the heteromorphic leave of Populus euphratica[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2015,37(4):607-615.
[6]Hodgson J G,Montserrat-MartíG,Charles M,et al.Is leaf dry matter content a better predictor of soil fertility than specific leaf area?[J].Annals of Botany,2011,108(7):1 337-1 345.DOI:10.1093/aob/mcr225.
[7]罗璐,申国珍,谢宗强,等.神农架海拔梯度上4种典型森林的乔木叶片功能性状特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6 420-6 428.Luo L,Shen G Z,Xie Z Q,et al.Leaf functional traits of four typical forests along the altitudinal gradients in Mt.Shennongjia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6 420-6 428.
[8]Souza M C D,Rossatto D R,Cook G D,et al.Mineral nutrition and specific leaf area of plants under contrasting long-term fire frequencies:a case study in a mesic savanna in Australia[J].Trees,2016,30(1):329-335.DOI:10.1007/s00468-015-1285-1.
[9]郑淑霞,上官周平.不同功能型植物光合特性及其与叶氮含量、比叶重的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):171-181.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.01.020.Zhang S X,Shangguan Z P.Photosynthetic characteristics and their relationships with leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area in different plant functional types[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(1):171-181.
[10]黄文娟,李志军,杨赵平,等.胡杨异形叶结构型性状及其相互关系[J].生态学报,2010,30(17):4 636-4 642.Huang W J,Li Z J,Yang Z P,et al.The structural traits of Populus euphratica heteromorphic leaves and their correlations[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(17):4 636-4 642.
[11]王桔红,庄东红,马瑞君,等.广东凤凰单枞茶树品种(系)叶片主要性状的种间差异和地域变异研究[J].茶业科学,2014,34(5):525-530.Wang J H,Zhuang D H,Ma R J,et al.Interspecific difference and geographic variance in leaf trait ofFenghuang Dancong tea cultivars in eastern Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Tea Science,2014,34(5):525-530.
[12]刘寅,向峰,韩新宇,等.昆明中心城区夏秋季大气VOCs的污染特征及来源解析[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2018,40(1):104-112.Liu Y,Xiang F,Han X Y,et al.On pollution characteristics and sources apportionment of ambient VOCs in summer and autumn in Kunming[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Sciences Edition,2018,40(1):104-112.
[13]杨小波.城市生态学[M].3版.北京:科学出版社,2014.Yang X B.Urban Ecology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Science Press,2014.
[14]黄玉源,黄良美,李建龙,等.南宁市几个功能区的植被群落结构特征分析[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2006,14(6):492-498.DOI:1 0.3969/j.issn.1005-3395.2006.06.007.Huang Y Y,Huang L M,Li J L,et al.Vegetation community structure in different functional areas of Nanning City,Guangxi Province[J].Journal of Tropical And Subtropical Botany,2006,14(6):492-498.
[15]朱哲,方凤满,邓正伟.芜湖城区表层土壤黑碳含量及分布特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(6):908-913.Zhu Z,Fang F M,Deng Z W.Content and distribution of black carbon in surface soil of the urban area[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(6):908-913.
[16]高家骥,藏正.大连市环境负荷预测分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):55-61.Gao J J,Zang Z.Prediction and analysis of environmental load:An empirical research in Dalian[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):55-61.
[17]冷寒冰,奉树成,秦俊.城市香樟群落类型对土壤有机碳氮的影响[J].上海交通大学学报:农业科学版,2016,34(4):6-11.Leng H B,Feng S C,Qin J.Effect of Cinnamomum camphora communities on soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen in urban area[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University:Agricultural Science,2016,34(4):6-11.
[18]陈良华,徐睿,张健,等.螯合剂对香樟生理特征和镉积累效率的影响[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2016,38(1):150-161.Chen L H,Xu R,Zhang J,et al.The effects of chelator on physiological traits and Cd accumulation efficiency of Cinnamomum camphora[J].Journal of Yunnan Uni-versity:Natural Sciences Edition,2016,38(1):150-161.
[19]方文稳,张丽,叶生霞,等.安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3 795-3 803.Fang W W,Zhang L,Ye S X,et al.Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(12):3 795-3 803.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.Bao S D.Agriculture soil chemical analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2007.
[21]Warton D I,Wright I J,Falster D S,et al.Bivariate linefitting methods for allometry[J].Biological Reviews,2006,81(2):259-291.DOI:10.1017/S1464793106007007.
[22]毛伟,李玉霖,张铜会,等.不同尺度生态学中植物叶性状研究概述[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):33-41.Mao W,Li Y L,Zhang T H,et al.Research advances of plant leaf traits at different ecology scales[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(1):33-41.
[23]Poorter H,Niinemetsü,Poorter L,et al.Causes and consequences of variation in leaf mass per area(LMA):a meta-analysis[J].New Phytologist,2009,182(3):565-588.DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x.
[24]Ali A M,Darvishzadeh R,Skidmore A K,et al.Estimating leaf functional traits by inversion of PROSPECT:Assessing leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area in mixed mountainous forest[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2016,45:66-76.DOI:10.1016/j.jag.2015.11.004.
[25]Smart S M,Glanville H C,Blanes M D C,et al.Leaf dry matter content is better at predicting above-ground net primary production than specific leaf area[J].Functional Ecology,2017,31(6):1 336-1 344.DOI:10.1111/1365-2435.12832.
[26]Li Y,Johnson D A,Su Y,et al.Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of plants growing in sand dunes[J].Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica,2005,46:127-134.
[27]刘明秀,梁国鲁.植物比叶质量研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(8):847-860.Liu M X,Liang G L.Research progress on leaf mass per area[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,40(8):847-860.
[28]刘宏伟,刘文丹,王微,等.重庆石灰岩地区主要木本植物叶片性状及养分再吸收特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(12):4 071-4 080.Liu H W,Liu W D,Wang W,et al.Leaf traits and nutrient resorption of major woody species in the karst limestone area of Chongqing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(12):4 071-4 080.
[29]张林,罗天祥.植物叶寿命及其相关叶性状的生态学研究进展[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):844-852.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1005-264X.2004.06.014.Zhang L,Luo T X.Advances in ecological studies on leaf lifespan and associated leaf traits[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(6):844-852.
[30]王峰,陈玉真,王秀萍,等.不同品种茶树叶片功能性状及光合特性的比较[J].茶业科学,2016,36(1):77-84.Wang F,Chen Y Z,Wang X P,et al.Leaf functional and photosynthetic characteristics in different leaves positions of tea plant[J].Journal of Tea Science,2016,36(1):77-84.
[31]吴等等,宋志文,徐爱玲,等.青岛市不同功能区冬季空气微生物群落代谢与多样性特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2 277-2 284.Wu D D,Song Z W,Xu A L,et al.Metabolic characteristics and community diversities of airborne microbes at different functional regions in Qingdao in winter[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2 277-2 284.
[32]薛立,曹鹤.逆境下植物叶性状变化的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(8):2 004-2 009.Xue L,Cao H.Changes of leaf traits of plants under stress resistance[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(8):2 004-2 009.
[33]Wright I J,Reich P B,Westoby M,et al.The worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J].Nature,2004,428(6985):821-827.DOI:10.1038/nature02403.
[34]李宏伟,王孝安,郭华,等.黄土高原子午岭不同森林群落叶功能性状[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(3):544-550.Li H W,Wang X A,Guo H,et al.Leaf functional traits of different forest communities in Ziwuling Mountains of Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(3):544-550.
[35]Niklas K J,Cobb E D,Niinemetsü,et al.“Diminishing returns”in the scaling of functional leaf traits across and within species groups[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(21):8 891-8 896.DOI:10.1073/pnas.0701135104.