磷肥对环青海湖高寒草原植物群落特征的影响
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摘要
为探讨环青海湖地区高寒草原适宜的磷肥施用量,2017年在海晏县西海镇轻度退化高寒草原上,选用磷酸二铵,设置0(CK)、120(P_1)、240(P_2)、360(P_3)、480 kg·hm~(–2)(P_4) 5个施肥梯度,以草原植物群落特征变化为指标,筛选区域磷肥增施的优化方案。结果表明,增施磷酸二铵后草原植物群落中禾本科、莎草科和豆科植物的重要值显著增加(P <0.05),其中青藏扁蓿豆(Melilotoides archiducis-nicolai)的盖度和重要值极显著增加(P <0.01)。不同施肥梯度下草原群落生物量显著增加(P <0.05),磷酸二铵施用量为120～240 kg·hm~(–2)时草地群落生物量较高,比对照提高31.28%～47.13%,净收益比对照增加28.42%～38.37%。适宜环青海湖高寒草原经济可行的磷酸二铵施用量为120～240 kg·hm~(–2)。
To determine the suitable amount of phosphate fertilizer to be used in an alpine grassland in the area surrounding Qinghai Lake, experiments were conducted in the mildly degraded alpine grassland of Xihai Town, Haiyan County in 2017.Treatments included 0(CK), 120(P_1), 240(P_2), 360(P_3), and 480 kg·ha~(–1)(P_4). The goal of the research was to examine the change in grassland plant community characteristics, to determine the optimal scheme for regional fertilization. The results showed that the application of diammonium phosphate significantly increased the important values for grasses, sedges, and legumes in grassland communities(P < 0.05). In particular, the coverage and importance value of lentils(Melilotoides archiducis-nicolai)(P < 0.01). The biomass of the grassland community increased significantly under different fertilization gradients(P < 0.05). The biomass of grassland community was higher, which was 31.28%～47.13% higher than that of the control, When the application rate of diammonium phosphate was 120～ 240 kg·ha~(–1). The net income increased by28.42%～38.37% compared with the control. The economically feasible amount of DAP was 120～240 kg·ha~(–1) in the alpine grassland around Qinghai Lake.
To determine the suitable amount of phosphate fertilizer to be used in an alpine grassland in the area surrounding Qinghai Lake, experiments were conducted in the mildly degraded alpine grassland of Xihai Town, Haiyan County in 2017.Treatments included 0(CK), 120(P_1), 240(P_2), 360(P_3), and 480 kg·ha~(–1)(P_4). The goal of the research was to examine the change in grassland plant community characteristics, to determine the optimal scheme for regional fertilization. The results showed that the application of diammonium phosphate significantly increased the important values for grasses, sedges, and legumes in grassland communities(P < 0.05). In particular, the coverage and importance value of lentils(Melilotoides archiducis-nicolai)(P < 0.01). The biomass of the grassland community increased significantly under different fertilization gradients(P < 0.05). The biomass of grassland community was higher, which was 31.28%～47.13% higher than that of the control, When the application rate of diammonium phosphate was 120～ 240 kg·ha~(–1). The net income increased by28.42%～38.37% compared with the control. The economically feasible amount of DAP was 120～240 kg·ha~(–1) in the alpine grassland around Qinghai Lake.
引文
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[7]德科加,周青平,徐成体,蒋卫平.施肥对青海省山地草原类草场地上生物量的影响.中国土壤与肥料,2010, 3(1):38-40.Dekejia, ZHOU Q P, XU C T, JIANG W P. Effect of fertilization on the biomass of grassland in mountain grassland of Qinghai Province. Chinese Journal of Soil and Fertilizer, 2010, 3(1):38-40.
[8]施建军,洪绂曾,马玉寿,张德罡,王彦龙,杨时海,董全民,李世雄.施肥和杂草防除对三江源区人工草地群落特征的影响.草地学报,2011,19(5):724-728.SHI J J, HONG Y Z, MA Y S, ZHANG D G, WANG Y L, YANG S H, DONG Q M, LI S X. Effects of fertilization and weed control on the characteristics of artificial grassland community in Three River Source Region. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(5):724-728.
[9]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,王顺忠,李伟,彭敏.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究Ⅰ.群落结构及其物种多样性.草业学报,2004, 13(1):26-31.ZHOU G Y, CHEN G Z, ZHAO Y L, WANG S Z, LI W, PENG M. A comparative study on the effects of fertilization and fence enclosure on alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake Region I. Community structure and species diversity. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2004, 13(1):26-31.
[10]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,王顺忠,孙菁.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究Ⅱ.地上生物量季节动态.草业科学,2005, 22(1):59-63.ZHOU G Y, CHEN G Z, ZHAO Y L, WANG S Z, SUN J. A comparative study on the effects of fertilization and fencing on alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake areaⅡ. Seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(1):59-63.
[11]侯宪宽,芦光新,董全民,郑伟,宋磊.施肥对环青海湖地区草甸群落生长的影响.草地学报,2014,22(3):488-492.HOU X K, LU G X, DONG Q M, ZHENG W, SONG L. Effects of fertilization on the growth of meadow communities in the Qinghai Lake region. Journal of Grassland, 2014, 22(3):488-492.
[12]党永智,李欣,权欣,德科加,张明,芦光新.施用有机肥对高寒草甸地上生物量及物种多样性的影响.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2015, 45(6):4-6.DANG Y Z, LI X, QUAN X, DE K J, ZHANG M, LU G X. Effects of applying organic manure on aboveground biomass and species diversity in alpine meadow. Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2015, 45(6):4-6.
[13]周青平,金继运,德科加,徐成体.不同施氮水平对高寒草地牧草增产效益的研究.土壤肥料,2005(3):29-31.ZHOU Q P, JIN J Y, Dekejia, XU C T. Effects of different nitrogen application levels on yield increase of pasture in Alpine Grassland. Soil Fertilizer, 2005(3):29-31.
[14]王娟,焦婷,聂中南,祁娟,张德罡,肖元明,霍诗梅.不同施肥处理对高寒草地地上生物量及植物群落特征的影响.草原与草坪,2017,37(3):91-96.WANG J, JIAO T, NIE Z N, QI J, ZHANG D G, XIAO Y M, HUO S M. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the aboveground biomass and community characteristics of alpine grassland. Grassland and Turf, 2017, 37(3):91-96.
[15]乔江,赵建宁,王慧,李玉洁,于雯超,杨殿林.施氮肥对草原生态系统影响的研究进展.草原与草业,2013(2):22-28.QIAO J, ZHAO J N, WANG H, LI Y J, YU W C, YANG D L. Research progress on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on grassland ecosystem. Grassland&Prata, 2013(2):22-28.
[16] JOHNSTON A E, POULTON P R. The role of phosphorus in crop production and soil fertility:150 years of field experiments at Rothamsted, United Kingdon. Phosphate Fertilizers and the Environment, 1992:45-64.
[17]白玉婷,卫智军,刘文亭,张爽,王天乐,肖嘉圃.草地施肥研究及存在问题分析.草原与草业,2016, 28(2):7-12.BAI Y T, WEI Z J, LIU W T, ZHANG S, WANG T L, XIAO J P. Study on grassland fertilization and analysis of existing problems.Grassland and Prataculture, 2016, 28(2):7-12.
[18]徐明岗,张久权,文石林.南方红壤丘陵区牧草的肥料效应与施肥.草业科学,1997, 14(6):21-23.XU M G, ZHANG J Q, WEN S L. Fertilizer effects and fertilization of forage grown in Hilly Region of southern China.Pratacultural Science, 1997, 14(6):21-23.
[19]顾梦鹤,王涛,杜国祯.施肥对高寒地区多年生人工草地生产力及稳定性的影响.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(6):59-63.GU M H, WANG T, DU G Z. Effects of fertilization on productivity and stability of perennial artificial grassland in high-cold area.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science), 2010, 46(6):59-63.
[20]邱波,罗燕江.不同施肥梯度对甘南退化高寒草甸生产力和物种多样性的影响.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,40(3):56-59.QIU B, LUO Y J. Effects of different fertilization gradient on productivity and species diversity of degraded alpine meadow in Gannan. Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science), 2004, 40(3):56-59.
[21]施建军,马玉寿,董全民,王柳英,王彦龙.“黑土型”退化草地人工植被施肥试验研究.草业学报,2007, 16(2):25-31.SHI J J, MA Y S, DONG Q M, WANG L Y, WANG Y L. Experimental study on artificial vegetation fertilization of"Black Soil Type"degraded grassland. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2007, 16(2):25-31.
[2]李小坤,鲁剑巍,鲁君明,陈防,黄元仿.磷肥用量对黑麦草产量及经济效益的影响.草业科学,2006, 23(10):18-22.LI X K, LU J W, LU J M, CHEN F, HUANG Y F. Effects of phosphate fertilizer application on yield and economic benefit of Ryegrass. Pratacultural Science, 2006, 23(10):18-22.
[3]德科加.施肥对三江源区高寒草甸初级生产力和土壤养分的影响.兰州:甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2014.Dekejia. Effect of fertilization on primary productivity and soil nutrients of alpine meadow in the source region of the Three Rivers.Lanzhou:PhD Thesis. Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University, 2014.
[4]李青云,施建军,马玉寿,董全民.三江源区人工草地施肥效应研究.草业科学,2004, 21(4):35-38.LI Q Y, SHI J J, MA Y S, DONG Q M. Study on fertilizer effect of artificial grassland in Three River Source Region. Pratacultural Science, 2004, 21(4):35-38.
[5]金雄,徐金芳,常智慧.磷对草坪的影响.草业科学,2014, 31(10):1891-1899.JIN X, XU J F, CHANG Z H. Effects of phosphorus on turfgrass. Pratacultural Science, 2014, 31(10):1891-1899.
[6]曹文侠,李文,李小龙,徐长林,师尚礼,韩天虎.施氮对高寒草甸草原植物群落和土壤养分的影响.中国沙漠,2015,35(3):658-666.CAO W X, LI W, LI X L, XU C L, SHI S L, HAN T H. Effects of nitrogen application on plant communities and soil nutrients in alpine meadow grassland. Journal of Desert Research, 2015, 35(3):658-666.
[7]德科加,周青平,徐成体,蒋卫平.施肥对青海省山地草原类草场地上生物量的影响.中国土壤与肥料,2010, 3(1):38-40.Dekejia, ZHOU Q P, XU C T, JIANG W P. Effect of fertilization on the biomass of grassland in mountain grassland of Qinghai Province. Chinese Journal of Soil and Fertilizer, 2010, 3(1):38-40.
[8]施建军,洪绂曾,马玉寿,张德罡,王彦龙,杨时海,董全民,李世雄.施肥和杂草防除对三江源区人工草地群落特征的影响.草地学报,2011,19(5):724-728.SHI J J, HONG Y Z, MA Y S, ZHANG D G, WANG Y L, YANG S H, DONG Q M, LI S X. Effects of fertilization and weed control on the characteristics of artificial grassland community in Three River Source Region. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(5):724-728.
[9]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,王顺忠,李伟,彭敏.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究Ⅰ.群落结构及其物种多样性.草业学报,2004, 13(1):26-31.ZHOU G Y, CHEN G Z, ZHAO Y L, WANG S Z, LI W, PENG M. A comparative study on the effects of fertilization and fence enclosure on alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake Region I. Community structure and species diversity. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2004, 13(1):26-31.
[10]周国英,陈桂琛,赵以莲,王顺忠,孙菁.施肥和围栏封育对青海湖地区高寒草原影响的比较研究Ⅱ.地上生物量季节动态.草业科学,2005, 22(1):59-63.ZHOU G Y, CHEN G Z, ZHAO Y L, WANG S Z, SUN J. A comparative study on the effects of fertilization and fencing on alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake areaⅡ. Seasonal dynamics of aboveground biomass. Pratacultural Science, 2005, 22(1):59-63.
[11]侯宪宽,芦光新,董全民,郑伟,宋磊.施肥对环青海湖地区草甸群落生长的影响.草地学报,2014,22(3):488-492.HOU X K, LU G X, DONG Q M, ZHENG W, SONG L. Effects of fertilization on the growth of meadow communities in the Qinghai Lake region. Journal of Grassland, 2014, 22(3):488-492.
[12]党永智,李欣,权欣,德科加,张明,芦光新.施用有机肥对高寒草甸地上生物量及物种多样性的影响.青海畜牧兽医杂志,2015, 45(6):4-6.DANG Y Z, LI X, QUAN X, DE K J, ZHANG M, LU G X. Effects of applying organic manure on aboveground biomass and species diversity in alpine meadow. Qinghai Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2015, 45(6):4-6.
[13]周青平,金继运,德科加,徐成体.不同施氮水平对高寒草地牧草增产效益的研究.土壤肥料,2005(3):29-31.ZHOU Q P, JIN J Y, Dekejia, XU C T. Effects of different nitrogen application levels on yield increase of pasture in Alpine Grassland. Soil Fertilizer, 2005(3):29-31.
[14]王娟,焦婷,聂中南,祁娟,张德罡,肖元明,霍诗梅.不同施肥处理对高寒草地地上生物量及植物群落特征的影响.草原与草坪,2017,37(3):91-96.WANG J, JIAO T, NIE Z N, QI J, ZHANG D G, XIAO Y M, HUO S M. Effects of different fertilization treatments on the aboveground biomass and community characteristics of alpine grassland. Grassland and Turf, 2017, 37(3):91-96.
[15]乔江,赵建宁,王慧,李玉洁,于雯超,杨殿林.施氮肥对草原生态系统影响的研究进展.草原与草业,2013(2):22-28.QIAO J, ZHAO J N, WANG H, LI Y J, YU W C, YANG D L. Research progress on the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on grassland ecosystem. Grassland&Prata, 2013(2):22-28.
[16] JOHNSTON A E, POULTON P R. The role of phosphorus in crop production and soil fertility:150 years of field experiments at Rothamsted, United Kingdon. Phosphate Fertilizers and the Environment, 1992:45-64.
[17]白玉婷,卫智军,刘文亭,张爽,王天乐,肖嘉圃.草地施肥研究及存在问题分析.草原与草业,2016, 28(2):7-12.BAI Y T, WEI Z J, LIU W T, ZHANG S, WANG T L, XIAO J P. Study on grassland fertilization and analysis of existing problems.Grassland and Prataculture, 2016, 28(2):7-12.
[18]徐明岗,张久权,文石林.南方红壤丘陵区牧草的肥料效应与施肥.草业科学,1997, 14(6):21-23.XU M G, ZHANG J Q, WEN S L. Fertilizer effects and fertilization of forage grown in Hilly Region of southern China.Pratacultural Science, 1997, 14(6):21-23.
[19]顾梦鹤,王涛,杜国祯.施肥对高寒地区多年生人工草地生产力及稳定性的影响.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(6):59-63.GU M H, WANG T, DU G Z. Effects of fertilization on productivity and stability of perennial artificial grassland in high-cold area.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science), 2010, 46(6):59-63.
[20]邱波,罗燕江.不同施肥梯度对甘南退化高寒草甸生产力和物种多样性的影响.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2004,40(3):56-59.QIU B, LUO Y J. Effects of different fertilization gradient on productivity and species diversity of degraded alpine meadow in Gannan. Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science), 2004, 40(3):56-59.
[21]施建军,马玉寿,董全民,王柳英,王彦龙.“黑土型”退化草地人工植被施肥试验研究.草业学报,2007, 16(2):25-31.SHI J J, MA Y S, DONG Q M, WANG L Y, WANG Y L. Experimental study on artificial vegetation fertilization of"Black Soil Type"degraded grassland. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2007, 16(2):25-31.
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