广西滨海农田土壤养分特征及其与我国主要沿海区域土壤养分的比较
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摘要
[目的]了解广西滨海农田土壤养分现状、时间变化特征,以及与我国主要滨海地区土壤养分性质的差异,服务广西滨海农田土壤养分综合评价与地力提升,丰富我国海岸带土壤地理学研究。[方法]选取广西滨海主要农田类型甘蔗、木薯、菜园、水稻田和抛荒水稻田为研究对象,分析其土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾养分现状特征,并将其与该区第二次土壤普查、我国主要滨海地区(环渤海、黄海、东海)农区土壤养分性质对比分析,探讨该区土壤养分性质30余年的变化和在我国滨海农田土壤养分特征中的地位。[结果]广西滨海农田土壤养分含量整体较低、变异程度高,除有效磷含量为土壤养分等级中的丰富水平外,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾含量均为缺乏及以下级别,并整体表现农田系统高于旱地系统。与第二次土壤普查结果相比,该区旱地、水田系统及其各土壤养分指标变化各异,旱地系统中全磷含量显著增加,增比为126.73%,但全钾和速效钾含量降比分别达58.29%、38.48%;水田系统的土壤全磷含量有微小增加,但其余养分指标均明显降低,且其降比均达20%以上,呈现出退化趋势。我国沿海地区土壤肥力整体偏低,各地区各养分指标存在较大差异,且各指标在各区的分布也具有较强的变异性(变异系数为15.30%～197.37%),4个比较区中,广西滨海农田土壤有最高的有机质含量(22.21 g/kg)、碱解氮含量(58.77 mg/kg)和有效磷含量(74.78 mg/kg),浙东海积平原区全氮含量(1.33 g/kg)最高,环渤海区速效钾含量(202 mg/kg)最高。[结论]我国滨海地区土壤养分状况较差,人类耕作活动和成土母质是导致现阶段广西滨海农田及其与我国主要滨海地区土壤养分状况差异的主要原因,应加强我国滨海区土壤地理学、土壤养分形成与演变机理以及高效培肥模式研究,以充分发挥滨海土地后备耕地资源效益,同时防止海岸带区面源污染。
[Objective]The research aimed to investigate the soil nutrient status, temporal change of the coastal farmland of Guangxi, compare it with soil nutrient properties in the coastal area of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East Sea. It is benefit for the soil quality increase and soil geography research of the coastal area. [Method] The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of sugarcane field, cassava field, vegetable field, paddy field and abandoned paddy field were tested. Soil nutrient properties in 1980 s of the study area and the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea were collected from the literature. Based on the statistical methods, the soil nutrient status, temporal change of the coastal farmland of Guangxi, and the difference among the coastal area of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea were analyzed. [Result] The soil nutrient were characterized by low contents and high heterogeneity. Most of the contents of soil nutrient were lack even below lack class, including soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen and available potassium, only the available phosphorus is rich class. Soil nutrient of paddy field system was higher than that of the dry land system. Compare to soil nutrient of the second nation-wide soil survey, soil nutrient degraded in the past 30 years. In the dry land system, the total phosphorus content increased significantly with a ratio of 126.73%, however, total potassium and available potassium decreased by 58.29%, 38.48% respectively. In the dry land system, all the soil nutrient properties decreased more than 20%, except the total phosphorus content increased slightly. Generally, soil fertility in coastal areas of China was low and different among Beibu Gulf, Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea(coefficient of variation was between 15.3% and 197.37%). The coastal farmland of Guangxi had the highest soil organic matter content(22.21 g/kg), available nitrogen content(58.77 mg/kg) and available phosphorus content(74.78 mg/kg). The coastal soil of East China Sea had the highest nitrogen content(1.33 g/kg). And the soil available potassium content(202 mg/kg) of the Bohai Sea coastal area was the highest. [Conclusion] It has a poor soil nutrient in coastal areas of China. Human farming activities and soil parent materials play a main role in affecting the modern soil nutrient properties and the difference among different coastal areas. It is important to study on the soil geography, soil nutrient formation and evolution mechanism, and high efficiency fertilization patterns in coastal areas for high utilization efficiency of coastal soil, which is an important reserved land resource. Also, it is benefit for the non-point source pollution control in coastal areas.
[Objective]The research aimed to investigate the soil nutrient status, temporal change of the coastal farmland of Guangxi, compare it with soil nutrient properties in the coastal area of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East Sea. It is benefit for the soil quality increase and soil geography research of the coastal area. [Method] The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium of sugarcane field, cassava field, vegetable field, paddy field and abandoned paddy field were tested. Soil nutrient properties in 1980 s of the study area and the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea were collected from the literature. Based on the statistical methods, the soil nutrient status, temporal change of the coastal farmland of Guangxi, and the difference among the coastal area of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea were analyzed. [Result] The soil nutrient were characterized by low contents and high heterogeneity. Most of the contents of soil nutrient were lack even below lack class, including soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen and available potassium, only the available phosphorus is rich class. Soil nutrient of paddy field system was higher than that of the dry land system. Compare to soil nutrient of the second nation-wide soil survey, soil nutrient degraded in the past 30 years. In the dry land system, the total phosphorus content increased significantly with a ratio of 126.73%, however, total potassium and available potassium decreased by 58.29%, 38.48% respectively. In the dry land system, all the soil nutrient properties decreased more than 20%, except the total phosphorus content increased slightly. Generally, soil fertility in coastal areas of China was low and different among Beibu Gulf, Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea(coefficient of variation was between 15.3% and 197.37%). The coastal farmland of Guangxi had the highest soil organic matter content(22.21 g/kg), available nitrogen content(58.77 mg/kg) and available phosphorus content(74.78 mg/kg). The coastal soil of East China Sea had the highest nitrogen content(1.33 g/kg). And the soil available potassium content(202 mg/kg) of the Bohai Sea coastal area was the highest. [Conclusion] It has a poor soil nutrient in coastal areas of China. Human farming activities and soil parent materials play a main role in affecting the modern soil nutrient properties and the difference among different coastal areas. It is important to study on the soil geography, soil nutrient formation and evolution mechanism, and high efficiency fertilization patterns in coastal areas for high utilization efficiency of coastal soil, which is an important reserved land resource. Also, it is benefit for the non-point source pollution control in coastal areas.
引文
[1] 张建兵,杨劲松,姚荣江,等.田块尺度下的苏北滩涂新垦农田土壤盐分空间变异性分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(1):39-42.
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[4] 张建兵,杨劲松,姚荣江,等.有机肥与覆盖方式对滩涂围垦农田水盐与作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(15):116-125.
[5] 刘国华,傅伯杰,吴钢,等.环渤海地区土壤有机碳库及其空间分布格局的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1489-1493.
[6] 左谦,刘文新,陶澍,等.环渤海西部地区表层土壤中的多环芳烃[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(4):667-671.
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[8] 孙波,潘贤章,王德建,等.我国不同区域农田养分平衡对土壤肥力时空演变的影响[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(11):1201-1208.
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[10] VINTON M A,BURKE I C.Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in short grass steppe [J].Ecology,1995,76(4):1116-1133.
[11] JANSSENS F,PEETERS A,TALLOWIN J R B,et al.Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity [J].Plant and soil,1998,202(1):69-78.
[12] LAURANCE W F,FEARNSIDE P M,LAURANCE S G,et al.Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass:A landscape-scale study [J].Forest ecology and management,1999,118(1):127-138.
[13] 傅伯杰,郭旭东,陈利顶,等.土地利用变化与土壤养分的变化:以河北省遵化县为例[J].生态学报,2001,21(6):926-931.
[14] 陈浮,濮励杰,曹慧,等.近20年太湖流域典型区土壤养分时空变化及驱动机理[J].土壤学报,2002,39(2):237-245.
[15] 王辉,董元华,李德成,等.不同种植年限大棚蔬菜地土壤养分状况研究[J].土壤,2005,37(4):460-462.
[16] 侯西勇,徐新良.21世纪初中国海岸带土地利用空间格局特征[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1370-1379.
[17] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[18] 雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[19] 广西土壤肥料工作站.广西土壤[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,1994.
[20] 陈小梅,姚玉才,章明奎.浙东海积平原耕地土壤肥力特征及空间变化规律研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(3):618-623.
[21] 张晶.江苏省如东县不同时期滩涂围垦区土壤养分特征研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014.
[22] 吕真真,刘广明,杨劲松,等.环渤海沿海区域土壤养分空间变异及分布格局[J].土壤学报,2014,51(5):944-952.
[23] 沈仁芳,陈美军,孔祥斌,等.耕地质量的概念和评价与管理对策[J].土壤学报,2012,49(6):1210-1217.
[24] QIN H L,QUAN Z,LIU X L,et al.Phosphorus status and risk of phosphate leaching loss from vegetable soils of different planting years in suburbs of Changsha,China[J].Agricultural sciences in China,2010,9(11):1641-1649.
[25] 李加林,刘闯,张殿发,等.土地利用变化对土壤发生层质量演化的影响:以杭州湾南岸滨海平原为例[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):378-388.
[26] 张世熔,孙波,赵其国,等.南方丘陵区不同尺度下土壤氮素含量的分布特征[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):885-892.
[2] 姚荣江,杨劲松,陈小兵,等.苏北海涂围垦区土壤质量模糊综合评价[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(6):2019-2027.
[3] ZHANG J B,YANG J S,YAO R J,et al.The effects of farmyard manure and mulch on soil physical properties in a reclaimed coastal tidal flat salt-affected soil[J].Journal of integrative agriculture,2014,13(8):1782-1790.
[4] 张建兵,杨劲松,姚荣江,等.有机肥与覆盖方式对滩涂围垦农田水盐与作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(15):116-125.
[5] 刘国华,傅伯杰,吴钢,等.环渤海地区土壤有机碳库及其空间分布格局的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1489-1493.
[6] 左谦,刘文新,陶澍,等.环渤海西部地区表层土壤中的多环芳烃[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(4):667-671.
[7] PAOLETTI M G,FOISSNER W,COLEMAN D.Soil biota,nutrient cycling,and farming systems[M].Boca Raton,FL:Lewis Publishers,1993.
[8] 孙波,潘贤章,王德建,等.我国不同区域农田养分平衡对土壤肥力时空演变的影响[J].地球科学进展,2008,23(11):1201-1208.
[9] BINDRABAN P S,STOORVOG?L J J,JANSEN D M,et al.Land quality indicators for sustainable land management:Proposed method for yield gap and soil nutrient balance [J].Agriculture,ecosystems and environment,2000,81(2):103-112.
[10] VINTON M A,BURKE I C.Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in short grass steppe [J].Ecology,1995,76(4):1116-1133.
[11] JANSSENS F,PEETERS A,TALLOWIN J R B,et al.Relationship between soil chemical factors and grassland diversity [J].Plant and soil,1998,202(1):69-78.
[12] LAURANCE W F,FEARNSIDE P M,LAURANCE S G,et al.Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass:A landscape-scale study [J].Forest ecology and management,1999,118(1):127-138.
[13] 傅伯杰,郭旭东,陈利顶,等.土地利用变化与土壤养分的变化:以河北省遵化县为例[J].生态学报,2001,21(6):926-931.
[14] 陈浮,濮励杰,曹慧,等.近20年太湖流域典型区土壤养分时空变化及驱动机理[J].土壤学报,2002,39(2):237-245.
[15] 王辉,董元华,李德成,等.不同种植年限大棚蔬菜地土壤养分状况研究[J].土壤,2005,37(4):460-462.
[16] 侯西勇,徐新良.21世纪初中国海岸带土地利用空间格局特征[J].地理研究,2011,30(8):1370-1379.
[17] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[18] 雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988.
[19] 广西土壤肥料工作站.广西土壤[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,1994.
[20] 陈小梅,姚玉才,章明奎.浙东海积平原耕地土壤肥力特征及空间变化规律研究[J].土壤通报,2016,47(3):618-623.
[21] 张晶.江苏省如东县不同时期滩涂围垦区土壤养分特征研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014.
[22] 吕真真,刘广明,杨劲松,等.环渤海沿海区域土壤养分空间变异及分布格局[J].土壤学报,2014,51(5):944-952.
[23] 沈仁芳,陈美军,孔祥斌,等.耕地质量的概念和评价与管理对策[J].土壤学报,2012,49(6):1210-1217.
[24] QIN H L,QUAN Z,LIU X L,et al.Phosphorus status and risk of phosphate leaching loss from vegetable soils of different planting years in suburbs of Changsha,China[J].Agricultural sciences in China,2010,9(11):1641-1649.
[25] 李加林,刘闯,张殿发,等.土地利用变化对土壤发生层质量演化的影响:以杭州湾南岸滨海平原为例[J].地理学报,2006,61(4):378-388.
[26] 张世熔,孙波,赵其国,等.南方丘陵区不同尺度下土壤氮素含量的分布特征[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):885-892.
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