雨水导入表土以下不同深度土壤蒸发变化研究
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摘要
通过蒸发装置模拟试验,将雨水引入到表土层以下不同深度,从而改变土壤接受雨水的深度,测定土壤蒸发量,分析土壤蒸发强度、蒸发量、蒸发率和蒸发量的动态变化,确定改变雨水接受深度对土壤蒸发规律的影响。结果表明:雨水接受深度增加,土壤蒸发强度大幅度减少,雨水接受深度(H)为30 cm时,降水量(P)为30、20、10 mm处理的第1天蒸发强度分别为1.6、1.3、0.9 mm·d~(-1),仅为地表接受雨水处理蒸发强度的21.02%、15.85%和12.98%。土壤蒸发量与雨水接受深度和降雨量大小有关,随时间的延长,相同接受深度条件下,蒸发量随雨量增大而增大。地面接受雨水的土壤蒸发量与时间呈对数相关(R~2=0.9959),雨水接受深度为30 cm则呈线性相关(R~2=0.9924)。与地面接受雨水相比,地表以下土层接受雨水可降低土壤蒸发损失,随深度增加,土壤蒸发率降低,P10H0、P10H10、P10H20和P10H30处理18 d蒸发率分别为141.14%、109.03%、49.16%和24.75%;土壤水分的蒸发率也与降雨量有关,雨水接受深度为20 cm,降雨量分别为10、20、30 mm时,6 d内土壤水分蒸发率分别为26.76%、13.57%和9.71%%。
Through a simulation test with an evaporator, the rainwater was introduced into different depths below the surface to study the evaporation of soil moisture. The dynamic changes of soil water evaporation intensity, evaporation rate and evaporation were investigated to determine the impact of rainwater being introduced into various depths below surface on the soil water evaporation.The results showed that the increase in depth of introducing rainwater in to soil greatly reduced the evaporation capacity of soil water. When the depth of introduced rainwater(H) was at 30 cm,the evaporation capacities were 1.6, 1.3 mm·d~(-1) and 0.9 mm·d~(-1) with precipitations(P) at 30, 20 mm and 10 mm,respectively, which corresponded to 21.02%, 15.85% and 12.98% of the evaporation capacity when the rainwater was received on the surface. The total evaporation of soil moisture was related to the depth and precipitation that the rainwater was received. With the increase of time and the depth under the same conditions, the evaporation increased with the increase in rainfall. When the ground received rain, soil water evaporation was logarithmically correlated with time(R~2=0.9959); When the depth of introducing rainwater at 30 cm, the soil water evaporation was linearly correlated with time(R~2=0.9924).The P10 H0, P10 H10, P10 H20 and P10 H30 treatments had evaporation rates of 141.14%, 109.03%, 49.16% and 24.75% in day 18, respectively,which indicated that the depth played an important role in reducing the evaporation. Evaporation rate was also related to precipitation that the increase inprecipitation reduced evaporation rate, when the rainwater accepted depth was 20 cm and the precipitation was 10, 20 mm and 30 mm, the evaporation rate in 6 days were 26.76%,13.57% and 9.71%, respectively.
Through a simulation test with an evaporator, the rainwater was introduced into different depths below the surface to study the evaporation of soil moisture. The dynamic changes of soil water evaporation intensity, evaporation rate and evaporation were investigated to determine the impact of rainwater being introduced into various depths below surface on the soil water evaporation.The results showed that the increase in depth of introducing rainwater in to soil greatly reduced the evaporation capacity of soil water. When the depth of introduced rainwater(H) was at 30 cm,the evaporation capacities were 1.6, 1.3 mm·d~(-1) and 0.9 mm·d~(-1) with precipitations(P) at 30, 20 mm and 10 mm,respectively, which corresponded to 21.02%, 15.85% and 12.98% of the evaporation capacity when the rainwater was received on the surface. The total evaporation of soil moisture was related to the depth and precipitation that the rainwater was received. With the increase of time and the depth under the same conditions, the evaporation increased with the increase in rainfall. When the ground received rain, soil water evaporation was logarithmically correlated with time(R~2=0.9959); When the depth of introducing rainwater at 30 cm, the soil water evaporation was linearly correlated with time(R~2=0.9924).The P10 H0, P10 H10, P10 H20 and P10 H30 treatments had evaporation rates of 141.14%, 109.03%, 49.16% and 24.75% in day 18, respectively,which indicated that the depth played an important role in reducing the evaporation. Evaporation rate was also related to precipitation that the increase inprecipitation reduced evaporation rate, when the rainwater accepted depth was 20 cm and the precipitation was 10, 20 mm and 30 mm, the evaporation rate in 6 days were 26.76%,13.57% and 9.71%, respectively.
引文
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[10] 林家鼎,孙菽芬.王积强.土壤内水分流动、温度分布及其表面蒸发效应的研究-土壤表面蒸发阻抗的探讨[J].水利学报,1983,(7):1-8.
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[12] 于稀水,廖允成,袁泉,等.秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦棵间蒸发规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(3):58-61.
[13] 雷涛,郭向红,孙西欢,等.蓄水坑灌条件下灌水量对棵间蒸发强度的影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2014,(11):10-16.
[2] Boers T M,De Graaf M,Feddes R A,et al.Alinear regression model combined with a soil water balance model to design micro-catchments for water harvesting in arid zones[J].Agricultural Water Management,1986,11(3):187-206.
[3] Sharma K D,Pareek O P,Singh H P.Effect of runoff concentration on growth and yield of Jojoba [J].Agricultural Water Management,1982,5(1):73-84.
[4] Gupta G N,Limba N K,Mutha S.Growth of prosopis cineraria on microcatchment in an arid region[J].Annals of Arid Zone,1999,38(1):37-44.
[5] 王昕,贾志宽,韩清芳,等.半干旱区秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分保蓄及作物水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):196-202.
[6] 邓洋.地下浸润灌溉条件下土壤蒸发试验研究[J].绿色科技,2016,(5):45-47.
[7] Wilson G W,Fredlund D G,Barbour S L.The effect of soil suction one vaporative fluxes from soil surface[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1997,35(4):692-694.
[8] Yang M,Yanful E K.Water balance during evaporation and drainage in cover soils under different water table conditions[J].Advances in Environmental Research,2002,6(4):505-521.
[9] 张书函,雷廷武,丁跃元,等.微孔管渗灌时土壤水分运动的有限元模拟及其应用[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):1-5.
[10] 林家鼎,孙菽芬.王积强.土壤内水分流动、温度分布及其表面蒸发效应的研究-土壤表面蒸发阻抗的探讨[J].水利学报,1983,(7):1-8.
[11] 钟芳,李正平,宋耀选,等.黄土高原西部土壤蒸发实验研究[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(4):608-644.
[12] 于稀水,廖允成,袁泉,等.秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦棵间蒸发规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(3):58-61.
[13] 雷涛,郭向红,孙西欢,等.蓄水坑灌条件下灌水量对棵间蒸发强度的影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2014,(11):10-16.
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