燃煤锅炉烟气可凝结颗粒物研究进展
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摘要
可凝结颗粒物(CPM)是指在固定污染源排气中在采样位置处为气态、离开烟道后在环境状况下降温数秒内凝结为液态或固态的一类颗粒物。采取过滤-捕集-烘干称重的方式测定固定源的颗粒物浓度,无法对气态CPM进行有效捕集而逃脱监测,导致固定污染源排放清单不完善。为了减少固定污染源CPM的排放,并准确地评估固定污染源对大气环境的影响,国内外学者对CPM测试方法、排放特征及转化机理进行了研究,使得CPM逐渐成为研究热点。该文从CPM问题的由来、其测试方法问题及采样装置的改进等方面入手,总结多种固定污染源CPM的量级和成分谱,描述燃煤电厂CPM排放特征及转化机理,并指出当前研究存在的问题,明确下一步研究方向。
Condensable particulate matter(CPM) means material that is vapor phase at stack conditions, but condenses and/or reacts upon cooling and dilution in the ambient air to form solid or liquid particulate matter immediately after discharge from the stack. In China, the standard method of testing PM emitted from stationary sources is filtration-collection-drying weighing.Therefore, the gaseous CPM cannot be captured and monitored, resulting in the failure of getting accurate emission lists of stationary sources. In order to reduce the emission of CPM and accurately assess the impact of stationary pollution sources on the atmospheric environment, domestic and foreign researchers have studied CPM testing methods, emission characteristics and transformation mechanism. The recent researches on the origin of CPM, the test methods and sampling device, and the magnitude and composition were reviewed, and the emission characteristics and the transformation mechanism of CPM emitted from coal-fired power plant were described. Finally, the existing problems of current research were pointed out for future study.
Condensable particulate matter(CPM) means material that is vapor phase at stack conditions, but condenses and/or reacts upon cooling and dilution in the ambient air to form solid or liquid particulate matter immediately after discharge from the stack. In China, the standard method of testing PM emitted from stationary sources is filtration-collection-drying weighing.Therefore, the gaseous CPM cannot be captured and monitored, resulting in the failure of getting accurate emission lists of stationary sources. In order to reduce the emission of CPM and accurately assess the impact of stationary pollution sources on the atmospheric environment, domestic and foreign researchers have studied CPM testing methods, emission characteristics and transformation mechanism. The recent researches on the origin of CPM, the test methods and sampling device, and the magnitude and composition were reviewed, and the emission characteristics and the transformation mechanism of CPM emitted from coal-fired power plant were described. Finally, the existing problems of current research were pointed out for future study.
引文
[1] USEPA. Method 201A-Determination of PM10 and PM2.5 Emissions from Stationary Sources(Constant Sampling Rate Procedure)[S].
[2] Mao J T, Zhang J H, Wang M H. Summary comment on research of atmospheric aerosol in China[J]. Journal of Meteorological Research, 2002,60(5):625-634.
[3] GB/T 16157-1996,固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法[S].GB/T 16157-1996, Determination of Particulates and Sampling Methods of Gaseous Pollutants Emitted from Exhaust Gas of Stationary Source[S].
[4] Yang H H. Filterable and condensable fine particulate emissions from stationary sources[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2014,14(7):2010-2016.
[5]孟令媛,朱法华,易玉萍,等.燃煤电厂超低排放颗粒物测试方法研究[J].中国电力, 2016,49(10):123-126.Meng Lingyuan, Zhu Fahua, Yi Yuping, et al. Study on testing methods of particulate matter at ultra-low concentration from coal-fired power plants[J]. Electric Power, 2016, 49(10):123-126.
[6]胡月琪,王琛,邬晓东,等.固定源细颗粒物监测技术现状分析与思考[J].环境科技, 2016,29(1):69-74.Hu Yueqi, Wang Chen, Wu Xiaodong, et al. Analysis of monitoring technology for fine particulate matters emitted from stationary source[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2016,29(1):69-74.
[7]裴冰.固定源排气中可凝结颗粒物排放与测试探讨[J].中国环境监测, 2010,26(6):9-12.Pei Bing. Discussion on the emission issues and testing of condensable particulate matter from exhaust gas of stationary source[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2010,26(6):9-12.
[8]束航,张玉华,杨林军,等. SCR烟气脱硝对PM2.5排放特性的影响机制研究[J].燃料化学学报, 2015,43(12):1510-1515.Shu Hang, Zhang Yuhua, Yang Linjun, et al. Effects of SCR-DeNOxsystem on emission characteristics of fine particles[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2015,43(12):1510-1515.
[9] USEPA. Method 202-Dry Impinger Method for Determining Condensable Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources[S].
[10] USEPA. OTM 028-Dry Impinge Method for Determining Condensable Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources[S].
[11] USEPA. OTM 027-Determination of PM10and PM2.5Emissions from Stationary Sources[S].
[12] Enfilade E J, McDannel M D. Evaluation of false positive interferences associated with use of US EPA method 202 for determination of condensable particulate matter[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,32(18):1275-1280.
[13] Richards J, Holder T, Goshaw D. Optimized method 202sampling train to minimize the biases associated with method 202 measurement of condensable particulate matter emissions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 35(30):5205-5210.
[14] Corio L A, Sherwell J, Corio L A, et al. In-stack condensable particulate matter measurements and issues[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2000,50(2):207-218.
[15] Yang H H. Emission characteristics and chemical compositions of both filterable and condensable fine particulate from steel plants[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2015,15(4):1672-1680.
[16]裴冰.燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物的测试与排放[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1544-1549.Pei Bing. Determination and emission of condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants[J]. Environmental Science, 2015,36(5):1544-1549.
[17] Li J, Qi Z, Li M, et al. Physical and chemical characteristics of condensable particulate matter from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2017, 31(2):1778-1785.
[18] McDannel M D. Measurement of Condensable Particulate Matter:a Review of Alternatives to EPA Method 202, EPRI Report TR-111327[R]. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Research Institute, 1998.
[19]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学, 2015,36(6):1966-1974.Hu Yueqi, Ma Zhaohui, Feng Yajun, et al. Emission characteristics of water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(6):1966-1974.
[20] Cano M, Vega F, Navarrete B, et al. Characterization of emissions of condensable particulate matter in clinker kilns using a dilution sampling system[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2017,31(8):7831-7838.
[21] Li J, Li X, Li M, et al. Influence of air pollution control devices on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in flue gas from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2016,30(11):9572-9579.
[22] Lu P, Wu J, Pan W P. Particulate Matter Emissions from a Coal-fired Power Plant[C]//Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering(ICBBE), Chengdu:2010 4th IEEE International Conference, 2010:1-4.
[2] Mao J T, Zhang J H, Wang M H. Summary comment on research of atmospheric aerosol in China[J]. Journal of Meteorological Research, 2002,60(5):625-634.
[3] GB/T 16157-1996,固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法[S].GB/T 16157-1996, Determination of Particulates and Sampling Methods of Gaseous Pollutants Emitted from Exhaust Gas of Stationary Source[S].
[4] Yang H H. Filterable and condensable fine particulate emissions from stationary sources[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2014,14(7):2010-2016.
[5]孟令媛,朱法华,易玉萍,等.燃煤电厂超低排放颗粒物测试方法研究[J].中国电力, 2016,49(10):123-126.Meng Lingyuan, Zhu Fahua, Yi Yuping, et al. Study on testing methods of particulate matter at ultra-low concentration from coal-fired power plants[J]. Electric Power, 2016, 49(10):123-126.
[6]胡月琪,王琛,邬晓东,等.固定源细颗粒物监测技术现状分析与思考[J].环境科技, 2016,29(1):69-74.Hu Yueqi, Wang Chen, Wu Xiaodong, et al. Analysis of monitoring technology for fine particulate matters emitted from stationary source[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2016,29(1):69-74.
[7]裴冰.固定源排气中可凝结颗粒物排放与测试探讨[J].中国环境监测, 2010,26(6):9-12.Pei Bing. Discussion on the emission issues and testing of condensable particulate matter from exhaust gas of stationary source[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2010,26(6):9-12.
[8]束航,张玉华,杨林军,等. SCR烟气脱硝对PM2.5排放特性的影响机制研究[J].燃料化学学报, 2015,43(12):1510-1515.Shu Hang, Zhang Yuhua, Yang Linjun, et al. Effects of SCR-DeNOxsystem on emission characteristics of fine particles[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2015,43(12):1510-1515.
[9] USEPA. Method 202-Dry Impinger Method for Determining Condensable Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources[S].
[10] USEPA. OTM 028-Dry Impinge Method for Determining Condensable Particulate Emissions from Stationary Sources[S].
[11] USEPA. OTM 027-Determination of PM10and PM2.5Emissions from Stationary Sources[S].
[12] Enfilade E J, McDannel M D. Evaluation of false positive interferences associated with use of US EPA method 202 for determination of condensable particulate matter[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2005,32(18):1275-1280.
[13] Richards J, Holder T, Goshaw D. Optimized method 202sampling train to minimize the biases associated with method 202 measurement of condensable particulate matter emissions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 35(30):5205-5210.
[14] Corio L A, Sherwell J, Corio L A, et al. In-stack condensable particulate matter measurements and issues[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2000,50(2):207-218.
[15] Yang H H. Emission characteristics and chemical compositions of both filterable and condensable fine particulate from steel plants[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2015,15(4):1672-1680.
[16]裴冰.燃煤电厂可凝结颗粒物的测试与排放[J].环境科学,2015,36(5):1544-1549.Pei Bing. Determination and emission of condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants[J]. Environmental Science, 2015,36(5):1544-1549.
[17] Li J, Qi Z, Li M, et al. Physical and chemical characteristics of condensable particulate matter from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2017, 31(2):1778-1785.
[18] McDannel M D. Measurement of Condensable Particulate Matter:a Review of Alternatives to EPA Method 202, EPRI Report TR-111327[R]. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Research Institute, 1998.
[19]胡月琪,马召辉,冯亚君,等.北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中水溶性离子排放特征[J].环境科学, 2015,36(6):1966-1974.Hu Yueqi, Ma Zhaohui, Feng Yajun, et al. Emission characteristics of water-soluble ions in fumes of coal fired boilers in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(6):1966-1974.
[20] Cano M, Vega F, Navarrete B, et al. Characterization of emissions of condensable particulate matter in clinker kilns using a dilution sampling system[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2017,31(8):7831-7838.
[21] Li J, Li X, Li M, et al. Influence of air pollution control devices on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in flue gas from an ultralow-emission coal-fired power plant[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2016,30(11):9572-9579.
[22] Lu P, Wu J, Pan W P. Particulate Matter Emissions from a Coal-fired Power Plant[C]//Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering(ICBBE), Chengdu:2010 4th IEEE International Conference, 2010:1-4.
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