广州河涌的自然社会构建与城市记忆
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摘要
基于网络文本、访谈和照片评定等数据,本文采用NVivo分析方法对广州河涌案例展开分析,讨论了城市自然的社会建构与城市记忆之间的互动机制。研究发现,城市自然资源的功能随着社会经济条件变化而变化,并通过人的实践与社会系统彼此渗透、共同演化。具体来讲,以广州河涌为例,本文指出河涌的社会建构很大程度上反映了城市职能和物质形态的演变,反映了物质的利用方式及其与城市文化之间的关系;此外,城市居民与河涌的互动是文化生产的一种方式,在这个过程中,河涌是地方文化的物质承载者,也是维系地方感的重要物质载体;最后,河涌是城市居民产生记忆及其身体实践的重要物质场域,通过此类物理的沉淀,城市记忆才得以传承和保存下去。研究立足于物质地理学视角,强调了自然资源的社会建构过程,重新审视了人类与自然资源的互动关系及过程,进而反思城市发展与自然之间的处理方式,从实证角度回应了文化地理学从"唯物主义"到"文化表征"再回到"重返物质主义"这个轮回对"物质"和"文化"这两个核心概念的审视。从现实意义来讲,本文讨论了城市居民与城市自然之间的互动,为营造健康城市以及为城市再生产的发展思路提供了一定的参考价值。
As an indispensable part of the city, urban nature is the important material carrier of city memory. Based on the data from web texts, interviews and photo ratings, this paper adopts the method of NVivo analysis to analyze the case of urban rivers in Guangzhou from the perspective of material geography, and discusses the interaction mechanism between the social construction of urban nature and urban memory. The analysis shows that the function of urban natural resources has changed with the development of social and economic conditions, and has evolved through the mutual penetration of human practices and social systems. Specifically,this paper indicates that the social construction of nature, to a great extent, has reflected not only the evolution of urban functions and material forms, but also the way of material utilization and its relationship with urban culture. In addition, the interaction between urban residents and rivers has been a way of cultural production. In this process, urban rivers have been the material carrier of local culture to maintain the sense of place. Moreover, this paper points out that the urban rivers have been an important material field where urban memory is produced by urban residents with their physical practices. In this way, urban memory could be inherited and preserved. From the perspective of material geography, this study highlights the social construction process of natural resources, reconsiders the interactive relationship between human beings and natural resources, and re-thinks the ways for tackling the relations between urban development and natural resources. Accordingly, this paper responds empirically from the perspective of cultural geography from "materialism" to "cultural representation" and then goes back to "re-materialism", as the review of the two core concepts of "material" and "culture". In practical terms, this paper discusses the interaction between urban residents and urban nature, which provides some reference for building a healthy city and for the development of urban reproduction.
As an indispensable part of the city, urban nature is the important material carrier of city memory. Based on the data from web texts, interviews and photo ratings, this paper adopts the method of NVivo analysis to analyze the case of urban rivers in Guangzhou from the perspective of material geography, and discusses the interaction mechanism between the social construction of urban nature and urban memory. The analysis shows that the function of urban natural resources has changed with the development of social and economic conditions, and has evolved through the mutual penetration of human practices and social systems. Specifically,this paper indicates that the social construction of nature, to a great extent, has reflected not only the evolution of urban functions and material forms, but also the way of material utilization and its relationship with urban culture. In addition, the interaction between urban residents and rivers has been a way of cultural production. In this process, urban rivers have been the material carrier of local culture to maintain the sense of place. Moreover, this paper points out that the urban rivers have been an important material field where urban memory is produced by urban residents with their physical practices. In this way, urban memory could be inherited and preserved. From the perspective of material geography, this study highlights the social construction process of natural resources, reconsiders the interactive relationship between human beings and natural resources, and re-thinks the ways for tackling the relations between urban development and natural resources. Accordingly, this paper responds empirically from the perspective of cultural geography from "materialism" to "cultural representation" and then goes back to "re-materialism", as the review of the two core concepts of "material" and "culture". In practical terms, this paper discusses the interaction between urban residents and urban nature, which provides some reference for building a healthy city and for the development of urban reproduction.
引文
[1] Gerber J. Beyond dualism:The social construction of nature and the natural and social construction of human beings.Progress in Human Geography, 1997, 21(1):1-17.
[2] Argent N. Nature, Social//Kitchin R, Thrift N. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009:303-309.
[3] Jones O. Nature-Culture//Kitchin R, Thrift N. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009:309-323.
[4] Castree N. Nature:Key Ideas in Geography. Hoboken:Routledge, 2005.
[5] Wang Chih-Hung, Lin Chun-Hsiu. The governance and transformation of urban natures:The case of Erchong floodway in New Taipei City. Taiwan:A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, 2013(92):35-71.[王志弘,林纯秀.都市自然的治理与转化:新北市二重疏洪道.台湾社会地理研究季刊, 2013(92):35-71.]
[6] Demeritt D. What is the'social construction of nature'? A typology and sympathetic critique. Progress in Human Geography, 2002, 26(6):767-790.
[7] Demeritt D. Being constructive about nature//Castree N, Braun B. Social Nature:Theory, Practice and Politics. Oxford:Blackwell, 2001:22-40.
[8] Harvey D, Braun B. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford:Blackwell, 1996.
[9] Castree N. Neoliberalising nature:The logics of deregulation and reregulation. Environment and Planning A, 2008, 40(1):131-152.
[10] Darieré. Environmental governmentality:The case of Canada's green plan. Environmental Politics, 1996, 5(4):585-606.
[11] Yin Duo, Gao Quan, Zhu Hong. The excise of bio-power in wildlife tourism:A case study of Crocodile Park,Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(10):1872-1885.[尹铎,高权,朱竑.广州鳄鱼公园野生动物旅游中的生命权力运作.地理学报, 2017, 72(10):1872-1885.]
[12] Hinchliffe S. Cities and natures//Allen J, Massey D, Pryke M. Unsettling Cities:Movement/Settlement. New York:Routledge, 1999:137-180.
[13] Keil R. Social power and the urbanization of water:Flows of power. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2005, 95(4):889-891.
[14] Chang T C, Huang S. Reclaiming the city:Waterfront development in Singapore. Urban Studies, 2011, 48(10):2085-2100.
[15] Hagerman C. Shaping neighbourhoods and nature:Urban political ecologies of urban waterfront transformations in Portland, Oregon. Cities, 2007, 24(4):285-297.
[16] Wang Chih-Hung, Huang Jo-Tzu, Lee Han-Ru. Transformation of the waterfront's meaning and function in the Taipei metropolitan area. Journal of Geographical Science(Taiwan), 2014(74):63-86.[王志弘,黄若慈,李涵茹.台北都会区水岸意义与功能的转变.台湾地理学报, 2014(74):63-86.]
[17] Horton J, Kraftl P. Cultural Geography:An Introduction. Oxfords&New York:Routledge, 2014:200-221.
[18] Bakker K, Bridge G. Material worlds? Resource geographies and the matter of nature'. Progress in Human Geography,2006, 30(1):5-27.
[19] Huang Wei, Liang Lu, Li Fan. A review of Western geography of memory in the perspectives of text, conflict and performance. Human Geography, 2016, 31(4):17-25.[黄维,梁璐,李凡.文本、冲突与展演视角下的西方记忆地理研究评述.人文地理, 2016, 31(4):17-25.]
[20] Nightingale A. Fishing for nature:The politics of subjectivity and emotion in Scottish inshore fisheries management.Environment and Planning A, 2013, 45(10):2362-2378.
[21] Rossi A, Eisenman P. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge:MIT Press, 1982.
[22] Li Yanhui, Zhu Hong. A review and revelation on memory studies of foreign human geography. Human Geography,2012, 27(1):11-15.[李彦辉,朱竑.国外人文地理学关于记忆研究的进展与启示.人文地理, 2012, 27(1):11-15.]
[23] Zhou Shangyi, Cheng Zhifen, Xiahou Mingjian. Representation and inheritance of memory space:A case study of a historical cultural area in 1st to 8th lanes in Xisi area in Beijing. Modern Urban Research, 2016(8):11-16.[周尚意,成志芬,夏侯明健.记忆空间表达及其传承研究:以北京西四北头条至八条历史文化保护区为例.现代城市研究,2016(8):11-16.]
[24] Domosh M. The Human Mosaic:A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography. New York:WH Freeman, 2010.
[25] Jackson P. Rematerializing social and cultural geography. Social&Cultural Geography, 2000, 1(1):9-14.
[26] Whatmore S. Materialist returns:Practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world. Cultural Geographies, 2006, 13(4):600-609.
[27] Thrift N. Non-representational Theory:Space, Politics, Affect. Abingdon:Routledge, 2008.
[28] Tolia-Kelly D. The geographies of cultural geography III:Material geographies, vibrant matters and risking surface geographies. Progress in Human Geography, 2013, 37(1):153-160.
[29] Tolia-Kelly D. Material culture//Kitchin R, Thrift N. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 2009:500-504.
[30] Lury C. Consumer Culture. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1996.
[31] Blunt A, Dowling R. Home(Key Ideas in Geography). Abingdon:Routledge, 2006.
[32] Hu Zhengfan, Lin Yulian. Environmental Psychology. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press, 2006:120.[胡正凡,林玉莲.环境心理学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2006:120.]
[33] Wang Jiaguo, Wang Yao. A qualitative research on internet tourist text with NVivo:A case study on Zhaoxing in Southeast Guizhou. Tourism Forum, 2009, 2(1):30-34.[王佳果,王尧.基于NVivo软件的互联网旅游文本的质性研究:以贵州黔东南肇兴的旅游者文本为例.旅游论坛, 2009, 2(1):30-34.]
[34] Wang Enyong. The Introduction of Culture Geography. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 1991:7.[王恩涌.文化地理学导论.北京:高等教育出版社, 1991:7.]
[35] Tuan Y F. Topophilia:A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Hemel Hempstead:Prentice-Hall,1974.
[36] Qin Bailan, Xiao Hongjiao, Zhang Jianmin. Space, place and nature:The comment of Yi-Fu Tuan's farewell speech.Cultural Studies, 2016(4):98-113.[钦白兰,肖红娇,张建民.空间、地方与自然:段义孚告别演说评述.文化研究,2016(4):98-113.]
[37] Liang Zengxian, Bao Jigang. The impacts of cultural transformation on place becoming:A case study of Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Town. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(5):544-550.[梁增贤,保继刚.文化转型对地方意义流变的影响:以深圳华侨城空间文化生产为例.地理科学, 2015, 35(5):544-550.]
[38] Johnston R J, ed. Chai Yanwei, et al. tran. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2004:136.[约翰斯顿编.柴彦威,等译.人文地理学词典.北京:商务印书馆, 2004:136.]
[39] Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu, Zhu Hong. The body, the view of body, and the study of body in human geography.Geographical Research, 2015, 34(6):1173-1187.[陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究.地理研究, 2015, 34(6):1173-1187.]
[40] Connerton P. Naribilige, trans. How Societies Remember. Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2000.[保罗·康纳顿.纳日碧力戈,译.社会如何记忆.上海:上海人民出版社, 2000.]
[41] Tuan Y F. Humanistic geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015, 66(2):266-276.
[42] hu Hong, Qian Junxi, Chen Xiaoliang. Place and identity:The rethink of place of European-American human geography. Human Geography, 2010, 25(6):1-6.[朱竑,钱俊希,陈晓亮.地方与认同:欧美人文地理学对地方的再认识.人文地理, 2010, 25(6):1-6.]
[43] Zhu Hong, Yin Duo. Social construction of nature:The rethink of Western human geography on nature. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(1):1-8.[朱竑,尹铎.自然的社会建构:西方人文地理学对自然的再认识.地理科学,2017, 37(1):1-8.]
[44] Pan Lv. Reread the nostalgia politics of Shanghai:Memory, modernity and urban space. Culture Study, 2013(3):177-192.[潘律.重读上海的怀旧政治:记忆、现代性与都市空间.文化研究, 2013(3):177-192.]
[45] Chen Xiaoliang. The accumulation and consumption of place:The emergence of"Li Zhi Wan"and the blanking of"En Ning Road". Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(4):11-12.[陈晓亮.地方性的积累与消费:“荔枝湾”的浮现与“恩宁路”的消隐.旅游学刊, 2013, 28(4):11-12.]
[46] He Lei. On the study of contemporary China's space from the perspective of cultural studies. Urban Cultural Studies,2014(2):178-199.[和磊.文化研究视野中的当代中国城市空间研究述评.都市文化研究, 2014(2):178-199.]
(1)“河”,较大水道的统称,是指陆地表面成线性的自动流动的水体。“涌”,具有鲜明的广州特色,指天然形成的水道,比河流水量小,同时也是指受潮汐影响的河口。潮退时,河水由涌流进海里;潮涨时,海水倒灌入河内。资料来源于东濠涌博物馆解说词。
(2)以“吹水”表示“聊天”;以“水”表示“钱”,以“回水”表示“退钱”,“水脚”表示“路费”;以“通水”表示“交换消息”等。
(3)如:“有只雀仔跌落水,跌落水,跌落水,有只雀仔跌落水被水冲去”“河边有只羊,羊边有只象,象边有只马骝仔,好似你咁样”“摇摇摇,摇到外婆桥”“听朝阿爸要捕鱼虾,阿嫲织网要织到天光。虾仔你快高长大,划艇撒网就更在行”“阿妈带我睇龙船,我唔睇,睇鸡仔”等。
[2] Argent N. Nature, Social//Kitchin R, Thrift N. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009:303-309.
[3] Jones O. Nature-Culture//Kitchin R, Thrift N. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009:309-323.
[4] Castree N. Nature:Key Ideas in Geography. Hoboken:Routledge, 2005.
[5] Wang Chih-Hung, Lin Chun-Hsiu. The governance and transformation of urban natures:The case of Erchong floodway in New Taipei City. Taiwan:A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, 2013(92):35-71.[王志弘,林纯秀.都市自然的治理与转化:新北市二重疏洪道.台湾社会地理研究季刊, 2013(92):35-71.]
[6] Demeritt D. What is the'social construction of nature'? A typology and sympathetic critique. Progress in Human Geography, 2002, 26(6):767-790.
[7] Demeritt D. Being constructive about nature//Castree N, Braun B. Social Nature:Theory, Practice and Politics. Oxford:Blackwell, 2001:22-40.
[8] Harvey D, Braun B. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford:Blackwell, 1996.
[9] Castree N. Neoliberalising nature:The logics of deregulation and reregulation. Environment and Planning A, 2008, 40(1):131-152.
[10] Darieré. Environmental governmentality:The case of Canada's green plan. Environmental Politics, 1996, 5(4):585-606.
[11] Yin Duo, Gao Quan, Zhu Hong. The excise of bio-power in wildlife tourism:A case study of Crocodile Park,Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(10):1872-1885.[尹铎,高权,朱竑.广州鳄鱼公园野生动物旅游中的生命权力运作.地理学报, 2017, 72(10):1872-1885.]
[12] Hinchliffe S. Cities and natures//Allen J, Massey D, Pryke M. Unsettling Cities:Movement/Settlement. New York:Routledge, 1999:137-180.
[13] Keil R. Social power and the urbanization of water:Flows of power. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2005, 95(4):889-891.
[14] Chang T C, Huang S. Reclaiming the city:Waterfront development in Singapore. Urban Studies, 2011, 48(10):2085-2100.
[15] Hagerman C. Shaping neighbourhoods and nature:Urban political ecologies of urban waterfront transformations in Portland, Oregon. Cities, 2007, 24(4):285-297.
[16] Wang Chih-Hung, Huang Jo-Tzu, Lee Han-Ru. Transformation of the waterfront's meaning and function in the Taipei metropolitan area. Journal of Geographical Science(Taiwan), 2014(74):63-86.[王志弘,黄若慈,李涵茹.台北都会区水岸意义与功能的转变.台湾地理学报, 2014(74):63-86.]
[17] Horton J, Kraftl P. Cultural Geography:An Introduction. Oxfords&New York:Routledge, 2014:200-221.
[18] Bakker K, Bridge G. Material worlds? Resource geographies and the matter of nature'. Progress in Human Geography,2006, 30(1):5-27.
[19] Huang Wei, Liang Lu, Li Fan. A review of Western geography of memory in the perspectives of text, conflict and performance. Human Geography, 2016, 31(4):17-25.[黄维,梁璐,李凡.文本、冲突与展演视角下的西方记忆地理研究评述.人文地理, 2016, 31(4):17-25.]
[20] Nightingale A. Fishing for nature:The politics of subjectivity and emotion in Scottish inshore fisheries management.Environment and Planning A, 2013, 45(10):2362-2378.
[21] Rossi A, Eisenman P. The Architecture of the City. Cambridge:MIT Press, 1982.
[22] Li Yanhui, Zhu Hong. A review and revelation on memory studies of foreign human geography. Human Geography,2012, 27(1):11-15.[李彦辉,朱竑.国外人文地理学关于记忆研究的进展与启示.人文地理, 2012, 27(1):11-15.]
[23] Zhou Shangyi, Cheng Zhifen, Xiahou Mingjian. Representation and inheritance of memory space:A case study of a historical cultural area in 1st to 8th lanes in Xisi area in Beijing. Modern Urban Research, 2016(8):11-16.[周尚意,成志芬,夏侯明健.记忆空间表达及其传承研究:以北京西四北头条至八条历史文化保护区为例.现代城市研究,2016(8):11-16.]
[24] Domosh M. The Human Mosaic:A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography. New York:WH Freeman, 2010.
[25] Jackson P. Rematerializing social and cultural geography. Social&Cultural Geography, 2000, 1(1):9-14.
[26] Whatmore S. Materialist returns:Practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world. Cultural Geographies, 2006, 13(4):600-609.
[27] Thrift N. Non-representational Theory:Space, Politics, Affect. Abingdon:Routledge, 2008.
[28] Tolia-Kelly D. The geographies of cultural geography III:Material geographies, vibrant matters and risking surface geographies. Progress in Human Geography, 2013, 37(1):153-160.
[29] Tolia-Kelly D. Material culture//Kitchin R, Thrift N. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Amsterdam:Elsevier, 2009:500-504.
[30] Lury C. Consumer Culture. New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1996.
[31] Blunt A, Dowling R. Home(Key Ideas in Geography). Abingdon:Routledge, 2006.
[32] Hu Zhengfan, Lin Yulian. Environmental Psychology. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press, 2006:120.[胡正凡,林玉莲.环境心理学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2006:120.]
[33] Wang Jiaguo, Wang Yao. A qualitative research on internet tourist text with NVivo:A case study on Zhaoxing in Southeast Guizhou. Tourism Forum, 2009, 2(1):30-34.[王佳果,王尧.基于NVivo软件的互联网旅游文本的质性研究:以贵州黔东南肇兴的旅游者文本为例.旅游论坛, 2009, 2(1):30-34.]
[34] Wang Enyong. The Introduction of Culture Geography. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 1991:7.[王恩涌.文化地理学导论.北京:高等教育出版社, 1991:7.]
[35] Tuan Y F. Topophilia:A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Hemel Hempstead:Prentice-Hall,1974.
[36] Qin Bailan, Xiao Hongjiao, Zhang Jianmin. Space, place and nature:The comment of Yi-Fu Tuan's farewell speech.Cultural Studies, 2016(4):98-113.[钦白兰,肖红娇,张建民.空间、地方与自然:段义孚告别演说评述.文化研究,2016(4):98-113.]
[37] Liang Zengxian, Bao Jigang. The impacts of cultural transformation on place becoming:A case study of Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Town. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(5):544-550.[梁增贤,保继刚.文化转型对地方意义流变的影响:以深圳华侨城空间文化生产为例.地理科学, 2015, 35(5):544-550.]
[38] Johnston R J, ed. Chai Yanwei, et al. tran. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2004:136.[约翰斯顿编.柴彦威,等译.人文地理学词典.北京:商务印书馆, 2004:136.]
[39] Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu, Zhu Hong. The body, the view of body, and the study of body in human geography.Geographical Research, 2015, 34(6):1173-1187.[陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究.地理研究, 2015, 34(6):1173-1187.]
[40] Connerton P. Naribilige, trans. How Societies Remember. Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2000.[保罗·康纳顿.纳日碧力戈,译.社会如何记忆.上海:上海人民出版社, 2000.]
[41] Tuan Y F. Humanistic geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015, 66(2):266-276.
[42] hu Hong, Qian Junxi, Chen Xiaoliang. Place and identity:The rethink of place of European-American human geography. Human Geography, 2010, 25(6):1-6.[朱竑,钱俊希,陈晓亮.地方与认同:欧美人文地理学对地方的再认识.人文地理, 2010, 25(6):1-6.]
[43] Zhu Hong, Yin Duo. Social construction of nature:The rethink of Western human geography on nature. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(1):1-8.[朱竑,尹铎.自然的社会建构:西方人文地理学对自然的再认识.地理科学,2017, 37(1):1-8.]
[44] Pan Lv. Reread the nostalgia politics of Shanghai:Memory, modernity and urban space. Culture Study, 2013(3):177-192.[潘律.重读上海的怀旧政治:记忆、现代性与都市空间.文化研究, 2013(3):177-192.]
[45] Chen Xiaoliang. The accumulation and consumption of place:The emergence of"Li Zhi Wan"and the blanking of"En Ning Road". Tourism Tribune, 2013, 28(4):11-12.[陈晓亮.地方性的积累与消费:“荔枝湾”的浮现与“恩宁路”的消隐.旅游学刊, 2013, 28(4):11-12.]
[46] He Lei. On the study of contemporary China's space from the perspective of cultural studies. Urban Cultural Studies,2014(2):178-199.[和磊.文化研究视野中的当代中国城市空间研究述评.都市文化研究, 2014(2):178-199.]
(1)“河”,较大水道的统称,是指陆地表面成线性的自动流动的水体。“涌”,具有鲜明的广州特色,指天然形成的水道,比河流水量小,同时也是指受潮汐影响的河口。潮退时,河水由涌流进海里;潮涨时,海水倒灌入河内。资料来源于东濠涌博物馆解说词。
(2)以“吹水”表示“聊天”;以“水”表示“钱”,以“回水”表示“退钱”,“水脚”表示“路费”;以“通水”表示“交换消息”等。
(3)如:“有只雀仔跌落水,跌落水,跌落水,有只雀仔跌落水被水冲去”“河边有只羊,羊边有只象,象边有只马骝仔,好似你咁样”“摇摇摇,摇到外婆桥”“听朝阿爸要捕鱼虾,阿嫲织网要织到天光。虾仔你快高长大,划艇撒网就更在行”“阿妈带我睇龙船,我唔睇,睇鸡仔”等。
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