生态补偿区域的空间选择研究——以青海省国家重点生态功能区转移支付为例
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摘要
生态补偿区域的空间选择研究是生态补偿机制建立的基础,目前国内缺少这方面的研究。合理的生态补偿区域空间选择方法可以为生态补偿优先地区的选择提供较为可靠的定量化依据。综合考虑青海省各市县的生态系统服务价值和经济发展水平,在使用Arc GIS工具的基础上,运用"生态效益比瞄准"方法和"生态补偿优先级(Eco-compensation Priority Sequence,ECPS)"方法,分别对青海省各市县生态补偿优先等级进行了研究。研究结果表明:"生态效益比瞄准"方法适用于森林、草原等基于要素的生态补偿机制的空间选择,而"生态补偿优先级"方法更适合区域性的生态补偿的空间选择。根据"生态补偿优先级"方法可以得出青海省国家重点生态功能区转移支付优先补偿区主要集中在青海省南部,次级补偿区主要位于青海省中部,潜在补偿区主要在青海省东北部。与青海省重点生态功能区转移支付资金分配比较,海西州内的很多市县没有得到相应的补偿,原有的资金分配方式更多的考虑民生因素而忽略了环境因素。在生态补偿区域的空间选择中,要结合生态综合补偿,提出合理的生态补偿绩效考核体系,在保护环境的基础上改善民生。
Research on the spatial selection of the ecological compensation area is the basis of establishing ecological compensation mechanism,whereas there is scarce research regarding it in China. A reasonable method for selecting ecological compensation regional space could provide a reliable quantitative basis for the selection of priority areas of ecological compensation. Considering the ecological system service value and the economic development level of each district and county in Qinghai Province,this paper,based on the use of the Arc GIS tool and applying the method of"eco-efficiency targeting"and"priority of ecological compensation",researched the priority level of ecological compensation in all districts and counties of Qinghai Province. The research results showed that the method of "eco-efficiency targeting"is suitable for the spatial selection of the ecological compensation mechanism based on elements,such as forests and grasslands,whereas the method of "priority of ecological compensation " is more suitable for the spatial selection of regional ecologicalcompensation. According to the method of"priority of ecological compensation",the priority compensation areas of transfer payment of national key ecological function areas of Qinghai Province are mainly concentrated in the south. The secondary compensation areas are mainly located in the middle part. The potential compensation areas are mainly in the northeast of Qinghai Province. Compared with the fund allocations to the key ecological function areas of Qinghai Province,many districts and counties in the Haixi state have not received the corresponding compensations,and the original method of fund allocation pays more attention to people' s livelihood rather than the environment. In the spatial selection of ecological compensation areas,we should combine it with the ecological comprehensive compensation to put forward a reasonable ecological compensation performance appraisal system and improve the people' s livelihood based on protecting the environment.
Research on the spatial selection of the ecological compensation area is the basis of establishing ecological compensation mechanism,whereas there is scarce research regarding it in China. A reasonable method for selecting ecological compensation regional space could provide a reliable quantitative basis for the selection of priority areas of ecological compensation. Considering the ecological system service value and the economic development level of each district and county in Qinghai Province,this paper,based on the use of the Arc GIS tool and applying the method of"eco-efficiency targeting"and"priority of ecological compensation",researched the priority level of ecological compensation in all districts and counties of Qinghai Province. The research results showed that the method of "eco-efficiency targeting"is suitable for the spatial selection of the ecological compensation mechanism based on elements,such as forests and grasslands,whereas the method of "priority of ecological compensation " is more suitable for the spatial selection of regional ecologicalcompensation. According to the method of"priority of ecological compensation",the priority compensation areas of transfer payment of national key ecological function areas of Qinghai Province are mainly concentrated in the south. The secondary compensation areas are mainly located in the middle part. The potential compensation areas are mainly in the northeast of Qinghai Province. Compared with the fund allocations to the key ecological function areas of Qinghai Province,many districts and counties in the Haixi state have not received the corresponding compensations,and the original method of fund allocation pays more attention to people' s livelihood rather than the environment. In the spatial selection of ecological compensation areas,we should combine it with the ecological comprehensive compensation to put forward a reasonable ecological compensation performance appraisal system and improve the people' s livelihood based on protecting the environment.
引文
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[19]赵雪雁.生态补偿效率研究综述.生态学报,2012,32(6):1960-1969.
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[22]王爱敏,葛颜祥,耿翔燕.水源地保护区生态补偿利益相关者行为选择机理分析.中国农业资源与区划,2015,36(5):16-22.
[23]龚亚珍,韩炜,Bennett M,仇焕广.基于选择实验法的湿地保护区生态补偿政策研究.自然资源学报,2016,31(2):241-251.
[24]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,肖玉,陈操.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[25] Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O'Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387(15):253-260.
[26]魏同洋.生态系统服务价值评估技术比较研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[27]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,陈文辉,李士美.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[2]孙贤斌,黄润,王升堂,倪建华,赵彤.安徽省省会经济圈水源地生态补偿环境调查分析.水土保持研究,2012,19(1):164-167,173-173.
[3]史宇,余新晓,毕华兴.水土保持生态补偿机制建立的理论基础分析.水土保持研究,2009,16(1):156-161.
[4] Moran D,Mc Vittie A,Allcroft D J,Elston D A. Quantifying public preferences for agri-environmental policy in Scotland:a comparison of methods.Ecological Economics,2007,63(1):42-53.
[5]王金南,庄国泰.生态补偿机制与政策设计国际研讨会论文集.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[6]孔德帅.区域生态补偿机制研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[7] Babcock B A,Lakshminarayan P G,Wu J J,Zilberman D. Targeting tools for the purchase of environmental amenities. Land Economics,1997,73(3):325-339.
[8] Powell G V N,Barborak J,Rodriguez S M. Assessing representativeness of protected natural areas in Costa Rica for conserving biodiversity:a preliminary gap analysis. Biological Conservation,2000,93(1):35-41.
[9] Rodrigues A S L,Andelman S J,Bakarr M I,Boitani L,Brooks T M,Cowling R M,Fishpool L D C,Fonseca G A B,Gaston K J,Hoffman M,Long J,Marquet P A,Pilgrim J D,Pressey R L,Schipper J,Sechrest W,Stuart S N,Underhill L G,Waller R W,Watts M E J,Xie Y. Global gap analysis:towards a representative network of protected areas//Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science. Washington DC:Conservation International,2003.
[10] Chomitz K M,da Fonseca G A B,Alger K,Stoms D M,Honzák M,Landau E C,Thomas T S,Thomas W W,Davis F. Viable reserve networks arise from individual landholder responses to conservation incentives. Ecology and Society,2006,11(2):40.
[11] Barton D N,Faith D P,Rusch G,Gjershaug J,Castro M,Vega M,Vega E. Spatial Prioritisation of Environmental Service Payments for Biodiversity Protection. Oslo,Norway:Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning,2003.
[12] Ferraro P J. Conservation contracting in heterogeneous landscapes:an application to watershed protection with threshold constraints. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review,2003,32(1):53-64.
[13] Imbach P,Coto O,Salinas Z. Valoración de los Residuos Biomásicos en Costa Rica Usando Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Turrialba(Costa Rica):Redu Revista de Docencia Universitaria,2005.
[14] Ferraro P J. Targeting conservation investments in heterogeneous landscapes:a distance-function approach and application to watershed management. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2004,86(4):905-918.
[15] Claassen R,Cattaneo A,Johansson R. Cost-effective design of agri-environmental payment programs:U. S. experience in theory and practice.Ecological Economics,2008,65(4):737-752.
[16] Wendland K J,Honzák M,Portela R,Vitale B,Rubinoff S,Randrianarisoa J. Targeting and implementing payments for ecosystem services:opportunities for bundling biodiversity conservation with carbon and water services in Madagascar. Ecological Economics,2010,69(11):2093-2107.
[17] Atela J O,Quinn C H,Minang P A. Are REDD projects pro-poor in their spatial targeting? Evidence from Kenya. Applied Geography,2014,52:14-24.
[18]戴其文,赵雪雁,徐伟,董霞,白如山.生态补偿对象空间选择的研究进展及展望.自然资源学报,2009,24(10):1772-1784.
[19]赵雪雁.生态补偿效率研究综述.生态学报,2012,32(6):1960-1969.
[20]李武艳,徐保根.耕地保护经济补偿对象的空间选择:以慈溪市为例.上海国土资源,2015,36(3):17-20.
[21]赵翠薇,王世杰.生态补偿效益、标准——国际经验及对我国的启示.地理研究,2010,29(4):597-606.
[22]王爱敏,葛颜祥,耿翔燕.水源地保护区生态补偿利益相关者行为选择机理分析.中国农业资源与区划,2015,36(5):16-22.
[23]龚亚珍,韩炜,Bennett M,仇焕广.基于选择实验法的湿地保护区生态补偿政策研究.自然资源学报,2016,31(2):241-251.
[24]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,肖玉,陈操.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[25] Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O'Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387(15):253-260.
[26]魏同洋.生态系统服务价值评估技术比较研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.
[27]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,陈文辉,李士美.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
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