氮沉降对杉木人工林凋落物叶分解过程中养分释放的影响
|
摘要
凋落物的养分释放是生态系统养分循环的重要组成部分,是维持森林生态系统养分平衡的关键过程。近几十年来,森林生态系统正受到氮沉降增加的影响,开展氮沉降全球化背景下凋落物养分释放的研究,有助于揭示森林养分循环对氮沉降的响应机制。以亚热带有代表性的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林(福建官庄国有林场1992年造林)为研究对象,自2004年1月开始进行氮沉降模拟试验,设置4个氮沉降处理,分别为0(N0)、60(N60)、120(N120)、240(N240)kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),采用分解袋法进行原位分解试验,将分解袋随机投放至林地表面,每隔60天取样1次,共持续660 d,探讨凋落物叶在分解过程中养分(P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe)的释放动态。结果表明,在模拟氮沉降初期,氮沉降总体上促进了养分元素的释放,相对于N0处理,氮沉降分别使K的周转期缩短22.14%-26.09%,Ca周转期缩短15.31%-34.59%,Mg的周转期缩短5.25%-27.03%,Mn的周转期缩短17.85%-46.80%,Zn的周转期缩短20.51%-33.18%;就P和Fe而言,仅有N_2处理对其表现为促进作用,周转期分别缩短11.02%和26.01%。在各氮沉降水平中,120 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)的施入量对凋落物养分释放作用最显著,说明此时杉木人工林还未达到氮饱和状态,随着时间的推移,当杉木人工林生态系统达到氮饱合时,则有可能对凋落物的养分释放产生不利的影响。
Nutrient release of litterfall represents an important component of nutrient cycle in ecosystems, which is a key process to maintain nutrient balance for forest ecosystem. Over the past few decades, forest ecosystem has been affected by increasing nitrogen deposition. Therefore, studies on nutrient release of litterfall under nitrogen deposition is helpful to reveal mechanism of forest nutrient cycle in responses to nitrogen deposition. In this study, a field experiment was initiated in January 2004 in a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, which was located at Guanzhuang National Forestry Farm in subtropical region of China. Simulated N deposition treatment(N0, N1, N2 and N3) was designed as 0, 60, 120 and 240 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. Nutrient dynamics during leaf litter decomposition were investigated by using litterbag method. Litterbags were randomly placed on the surface of soil and collected from each plot at 60-days intervals for 660 days. Results showed that nitrogen deposition promoted nutrient release.Compared with N0 treatment,the turnover period(decomposition 95% in years) of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn was shortened by nitrogen deposition by 22.14%-26.09%, 15.31%-34.59%, 5.25%-27.03%, 17.85%-46.80%, and 20.51%-33.18%, respectively.However, only N_2 treatment had a positive effect on release of P and Fe with the turnover period shortened by 11.02% and 26.01%.We found that high nitrogen input such as 120 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) had a significant effect on nutrient release of litterfall, indicating that Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation studied had not reached the status of nitrogen saturation at that time. If the rate of nitrogen deposition increases in future, nitrogen saturation might occur in this Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation ecosystem and thus would have negative effect on nutrient release of litterfall.
Nutrient release of litterfall represents an important component of nutrient cycle in ecosystems, which is a key process to maintain nutrient balance for forest ecosystem. Over the past few decades, forest ecosystem has been affected by increasing nitrogen deposition. Therefore, studies on nutrient release of litterfall under nitrogen deposition is helpful to reveal mechanism of forest nutrient cycle in responses to nitrogen deposition. In this study, a field experiment was initiated in January 2004 in a Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, which was located at Guanzhuang National Forestry Farm in subtropical region of China. Simulated N deposition treatment(N0, N1, N2 and N3) was designed as 0, 60, 120 and 240 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1), respectively. Nutrient dynamics during leaf litter decomposition were investigated by using litterbag method. Litterbags were randomly placed on the surface of soil and collected from each plot at 60-days intervals for 660 days. Results showed that nitrogen deposition promoted nutrient release.Compared with N0 treatment,the turnover period(decomposition 95% in years) of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn was shortened by nitrogen deposition by 22.14%-26.09%, 15.31%-34.59%, 5.25%-27.03%, 17.85%-46.80%, and 20.51%-33.18%, respectively.However, only N_2 treatment had a positive effect on release of P and Fe with the turnover period shortened by 11.02% and 26.01%.We found that high nitrogen input such as 120 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1) had a significant effect on nutrient release of litterfall, indicating that Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation studied had not reached the status of nitrogen saturation at that time. If the rate of nitrogen deposition increases in future, nitrogen saturation might occur in this Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation ecosystem and thus would have negative effect on nutrient release of litterfall.
引文
BOWMAN W D,CLEVELAND C C,?UBOS H,et al.,2008.Negative impact of nitrogen deposition on soil buffering capacity[J].Nature Geoscience,1(11):767-770.
CLEVELAND C C,TOWNSEND A R,2006.Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,103(27):10316-10321.
ELSER J J,BRACKEN M E S,CLELAND E E,et al.,2007.Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Ecology Letters,10(12):1135-1142.
GUENDEHOU G H S,LISKI J,TUOMI M,et al.,2014.Decomposition and changes in chemical composition of leaf litter of five dominant tree species in a West African tropical forest[J].Tropical Ecology,55(2):207-220.
GRESS S E,NICHOLS T D,NORTHCRAFT C C,et al.,2007.Nutrient limitation in soils exhibiting differing nitrogen availabilities:What lies beyond nitrogen saturation[J].Ecology,88(1):119-130.
HOEGBERG P,FAN H B,QUIST M,et al.,2006.Tree growth and soil acidification in response to 30 years of experimental nitrogen loading on boreal forest[J].Global Change Biology,12(3):489-499.
HOLLAND E A,BRASWELL B H,LAMARQUE J F,et al.,1997.Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,102(D13):15849-15866.
JIA B R,ZHOU G S,XU Z Z,2016.Forest litterfall and its composition:a new data set of observational data from China[J].Ecology,97(5):1365-1365.
LYNCH J P,CLAIR S B,2004.Mineral stress:the missing link in understanding how global climate change will affect plants in real world soils[J].Field Crops Research,90(1):101-115.
LI S,LIU W Y,LI D W,et al.,2014.Slower rates of litter decomposition of dominant epiphytes in the canopy than on the forest floor in a subtropical montane forest,southwest China[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,70:211-220.
LIU X J,ZHANG Y,HAN W X,et al.,2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,494(7438):459-462.
MELILLO J M,1982.Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics[J].Ecology,63(3):621-626.
MICKS P,DOWNS M R,MAGILL A H,2004.Decomposition litter as a sink for 15N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation[J].Forest Ecosystem and Management,196(1):71-87.
NAKAJI T,TAKENAGA S,KUROHA M,et al.,2002.Photosynthetic response of Pinus densiflora seedlings to high nitrogen load[J].Environmental Sciences,9(4):269-282.
OLSON J S,1963.Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological system[J].Ecology,44(2):322-331.
STEVENS C J,2016.How long do ecosystems take to recover from atmospheric nitrogen deposition?[J].Biological Conservation,200:160-167.
TRESEDER K K,VITOUSEK P M,2001.Effects of soil nutrient availability on investment in acquisition of N and P in Hawaiian rain forests[J].Ecology,82(4):946-954.
TABOADA A,CALVO-FERNáNDEZ J,MARCOS E,et al.,2018.Plant and vegetation functional responses to cumulative high nitrogen deposition in rear-edge heathlands[J].Science of the Total Environment,637-638:980-990.
WU J P,LIU W F,FAN H B,et al.,2013.Asynchronous responses of soil microbial community and understory plant community to simulated nitrogen deposition in a subtropical forest[J].Ecology and Evolution,3(11):3895-3905.
ZENG J,LIU X J,SONG L,et al.,2016.Nitrogen fertilization directly affects soil bacterial diversity and indirectly affects bacterial community composition[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,92:41-49.
ZUO X,KNOPS J M H,2018.Effects of elevated CO2,increased nitrogen deposition,and plant diversity on aboveground litter and root decomposition[J].Ecosphere,9(2):e02111.
樊后保,刘文飞,李燕燕,等,2007.亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia Lanceolata)人工林生长与土壤养分对氮沉降的响应[J].生态学报,27(11):4630-4641.FAN H B,LIU W F,LI Y Y,et al.,2007.Tree growth and soil nutrients in response to nitrogen deposition in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,27(11):4630-4641.
樊后保,刘文飞,杨跃霖,等,2008.杉木人工林凋落物分解对氮沉降增加的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,30(2):8-13.FAN H B,LIU W F,YANG L Y,et al.,2008.Decomposition of leaf litter of Chinese in response to increased nitrogen deposition[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,30(2):8-13.
樊后保,刘文飞,徐雷,等,2008.氮沉降下杉木人工林凋落叶分解过程中C、N元素动态变化[J].生态学报,28(6):2546-2553.FAN H B,LIU W F,XU L,et al.,2008.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of decomposing foliar litter in a Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantation exposed to simulated nitrogen deposition[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,28(6):2546-2553.
韩雪,王春梅,蔺照兰,2014.模拟氮沉降对温带森林凋落物分解的影响[J].生态环境学报,23(9):1503-1508.HAN X,WANG C M,LIN Z LAN,2014.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on temperate forest litter decomposition[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,23(9):1503-1508.
胡肄慧,陈灵芝,孔繁志,1986.两种中国特有树种的枯枝分解速率[J].植物生态学报,10(1):35-43.HU Y H,CHEN L Z,KONG F Z,1986.Decomposition rate of forest litter branches of two species endemic to China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,10(1):35-43.
刘文飞,樊后保,杨跃霖,等,2007.氮沉降对杉木人工林凋落物微量元素含量的影响[J].森林与环境学报,27(4):322-327.LIU W F,FAN H B,YANG L Y,et al.,2007.Impacts of nitrogen deposition on microelements concentrations in the litter fall of Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Forest and Environment,27(4):322-327.
莫江明,薛景花,方运霆,2004.鼎湖山主要森林植物凋落物及其对N沉降的响应[J].生态学报,24(7):1413-1420.MO J M,XUE J H,FANG Y T,2004.Litter decomposition and its responses to simulated N deposition for the major plants of Dinghushan forests in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(7):1413-1420.
莫凌梓,彭彬,王嘉珊,等,2018.氮沉降对城市绿地植物及土壤养分的影响初探:以果岭草(Cynodon dactylon)为例[J].生态环境学报,27(3):459-468.MO L Z,PENG B,WANG J S,et al.,2018.Effects of nitrogen deposition on plants and soil in urban green space:a case study on Cynodon dactylon[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(3):459-468.
吕国红,李荣平,温日红,等,2014.森林凋落物组分的气象影响分析[J].中国农学通报,30(19):1-6.LV G H,LI R P,WEN R H,et al.,2014.Analysis of climatic effects on the components of forest litterfall production[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,30(19):1-6.
宋学贵,胡庭兴,鲜骏仁,等,2007.川西南常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及养分释放对模拟氮沉降的响应[J].18(10):2167-2172.SONG X G,HU T X,XIAN J R,et al.,2007.Responses of litter decomposition and nutrient release to simulated nitrogen deposition in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Sichuan[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(10):2167-2172.
涂利华,胡庭兴,张健,等,2011.模拟氮沉降对两种竹林不同凋落物组分分解过程养分释放的影响[J].生态学报,31(6):1547-1557.TU L H,HU X T,ZHANG J,et al.,2011.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on nitrogen release in decomposition of several litter fractions of two bamboo species[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(6):1547-1557.
项文化,闫文德,田大伦,等.2005.外加氮源及与林下植物叶混合对杉木林针叶分解和养分释放的影响[J].林业科学,41(6):2-6.XIANG W H,YAN W D,TIAN D L,et al.,2005.Effects of nitrogen addition and mixture with understory plant leaves on decompositions and nitrogen releases of Chinese fir needle litter[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(6):2-6.
吴建平,刘占锋,2014.环境因子对森林净生态系统生产力的影响[J].植物科学学报,32(1):97-104.WU J P,LIU Z F,2014.Effects of abiotic factors on forest net ecosystem production[J].Plant Science Journal,32(1):97-104.
杨丽娟,李天来,付时丰,等,2006.长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,12(4):95-99.YANG L J,LI T L,FU S F,et al.,2006.Effects of long-term fertilization on availability of micro-elements in vegetable soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,12(4):95-99.
姚钧能,吕建华,俞卫良,等,2018.氮沉降和经营强度对毛竹林凋落叶生态化学计量特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,29(2):467-473.YAO J N,LV J H,YU W L,et al.,2018.Effects of nitrogen deposition and management intensity on stoichiometry of leaf litter in Moso bamboo forest[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29(2):467-473.
CLEVELAND C C,TOWNSEND A R,2006.Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,103(27):10316-10321.
ELSER J J,BRACKEN M E S,CLELAND E E,et al.,2007.Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater,marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Ecology Letters,10(12):1135-1142.
GUENDEHOU G H S,LISKI J,TUOMI M,et al.,2014.Decomposition and changes in chemical composition of leaf litter of five dominant tree species in a West African tropical forest[J].Tropical Ecology,55(2):207-220.
GRESS S E,NICHOLS T D,NORTHCRAFT C C,et al.,2007.Nutrient limitation in soils exhibiting differing nitrogen availabilities:What lies beyond nitrogen saturation[J].Ecology,88(1):119-130.
HOEGBERG P,FAN H B,QUIST M,et al.,2006.Tree growth and soil acidification in response to 30 years of experimental nitrogen loading on boreal forest[J].Global Change Biology,12(3):489-499.
HOLLAND E A,BRASWELL B H,LAMARQUE J F,et al.,1997.Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,102(D13):15849-15866.
JIA B R,ZHOU G S,XU Z Z,2016.Forest litterfall and its composition:a new data set of observational data from China[J].Ecology,97(5):1365-1365.
LYNCH J P,CLAIR S B,2004.Mineral stress:the missing link in understanding how global climate change will affect plants in real world soils[J].Field Crops Research,90(1):101-115.
LI S,LIU W Y,LI D W,et al.,2014.Slower rates of litter decomposition of dominant epiphytes in the canopy than on the forest floor in a subtropical montane forest,southwest China[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,70:211-220.
LIU X J,ZHANG Y,HAN W X,et al.,2013.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,494(7438):459-462.
MELILLO J M,1982.Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics[J].Ecology,63(3):621-626.
MICKS P,DOWNS M R,MAGILL A H,2004.Decomposition litter as a sink for 15N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation[J].Forest Ecosystem and Management,196(1):71-87.
NAKAJI T,TAKENAGA S,KUROHA M,et al.,2002.Photosynthetic response of Pinus densiflora seedlings to high nitrogen load[J].Environmental Sciences,9(4):269-282.
OLSON J S,1963.Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological system[J].Ecology,44(2):322-331.
STEVENS C J,2016.How long do ecosystems take to recover from atmospheric nitrogen deposition?[J].Biological Conservation,200:160-167.
TRESEDER K K,VITOUSEK P M,2001.Effects of soil nutrient availability on investment in acquisition of N and P in Hawaiian rain forests[J].Ecology,82(4):946-954.
TABOADA A,CALVO-FERNáNDEZ J,MARCOS E,et al.,2018.Plant and vegetation functional responses to cumulative high nitrogen deposition in rear-edge heathlands[J].Science of the Total Environment,637-638:980-990.
WU J P,LIU W F,FAN H B,et al.,2013.Asynchronous responses of soil microbial community and understory plant community to simulated nitrogen deposition in a subtropical forest[J].Ecology and Evolution,3(11):3895-3905.
ZENG J,LIU X J,SONG L,et al.,2016.Nitrogen fertilization directly affects soil bacterial diversity and indirectly affects bacterial community composition[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,92:41-49.
ZUO X,KNOPS J M H,2018.Effects of elevated CO2,increased nitrogen deposition,and plant diversity on aboveground litter and root decomposition[J].Ecosphere,9(2):e02111.
樊后保,刘文飞,李燕燕,等,2007.亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia Lanceolata)人工林生长与土壤养分对氮沉降的响应[J].生态学报,27(11):4630-4641.FAN H B,LIU W F,LI Y Y,et al.,2007.Tree growth and soil nutrients in response to nitrogen deposition in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,27(11):4630-4641.
樊后保,刘文飞,杨跃霖,等,2008.杉木人工林凋落物分解对氮沉降增加的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,30(2):8-13.FAN H B,LIU W F,YANG L Y,et al.,2008.Decomposition of leaf litter of Chinese in response to increased nitrogen deposition[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,30(2):8-13.
樊后保,刘文飞,徐雷,等,2008.氮沉降下杉木人工林凋落叶分解过程中C、N元素动态变化[J].生态学报,28(6):2546-2553.FAN H B,LIU W F,XU L,et al.,2008.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of decomposing foliar litter in a Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)plantation exposed to simulated nitrogen deposition[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,28(6):2546-2553.
韩雪,王春梅,蔺照兰,2014.模拟氮沉降对温带森林凋落物分解的影响[J].生态环境学报,23(9):1503-1508.HAN X,WANG C M,LIN Z LAN,2014.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on temperate forest litter decomposition[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,23(9):1503-1508.
胡肄慧,陈灵芝,孔繁志,1986.两种中国特有树种的枯枝分解速率[J].植物生态学报,10(1):35-43.HU Y H,CHEN L Z,KONG F Z,1986.Decomposition rate of forest litter branches of two species endemic to China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,10(1):35-43.
刘文飞,樊后保,杨跃霖,等,2007.氮沉降对杉木人工林凋落物微量元素含量的影响[J].森林与环境学报,27(4):322-327.LIU W F,FAN H B,YANG L Y,et al.,2007.Impacts of nitrogen deposition on microelements concentrations in the litter fall of Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Forest and Environment,27(4):322-327.
莫江明,薛景花,方运霆,2004.鼎湖山主要森林植物凋落物及其对N沉降的响应[J].生态学报,24(7):1413-1420.MO J M,XUE J H,FANG Y T,2004.Litter decomposition and its responses to simulated N deposition for the major plants of Dinghushan forests in subtropical China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,24(7):1413-1420.
莫凌梓,彭彬,王嘉珊,等,2018.氮沉降对城市绿地植物及土壤养分的影响初探:以果岭草(Cynodon dactylon)为例[J].生态环境学报,27(3):459-468.MO L Z,PENG B,WANG J S,et al.,2018.Effects of nitrogen deposition on plants and soil in urban green space:a case study on Cynodon dactylon[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(3):459-468.
吕国红,李荣平,温日红,等,2014.森林凋落物组分的气象影响分析[J].中国农学通报,30(19):1-6.LV G H,LI R P,WEN R H,et al.,2014.Analysis of climatic effects on the components of forest litterfall production[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,30(19):1-6.
宋学贵,胡庭兴,鲜骏仁,等,2007.川西南常绿阔叶林凋落物分解及养分释放对模拟氮沉降的响应[J].18(10):2167-2172.SONG X G,HU T X,XIAN J R,et al.,2007.Responses of litter decomposition and nutrient release to simulated nitrogen deposition in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Sichuan[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(10):2167-2172.
涂利华,胡庭兴,张健,等,2011.模拟氮沉降对两种竹林不同凋落物组分分解过程养分释放的影响[J].生态学报,31(6):1547-1557.TU L H,HU X T,ZHANG J,et al.,2011.Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on nitrogen release in decomposition of several litter fractions of two bamboo species[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(6):1547-1557.
项文化,闫文德,田大伦,等.2005.外加氮源及与林下植物叶混合对杉木林针叶分解和养分释放的影响[J].林业科学,41(6):2-6.XIANG W H,YAN W D,TIAN D L,et al.,2005.Effects of nitrogen addition and mixture with understory plant leaves on decompositions and nitrogen releases of Chinese fir needle litter[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,41(6):2-6.
吴建平,刘占锋,2014.环境因子对森林净生态系统生产力的影响[J].植物科学学报,32(1):97-104.WU J P,LIU Z F,2014.Effects of abiotic factors on forest net ecosystem production[J].Plant Science Journal,32(1):97-104.
杨丽娟,李天来,付时丰,等,2006.长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,12(4):95-99.YANG L J,LI T L,FU S F,et al.,2006.Effects of long-term fertilization on availability of micro-elements in vegetable soil[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,12(4):95-99.
姚钧能,吕建华,俞卫良,等,2018.氮沉降和经营强度对毛竹林凋落叶生态化学计量特征的影响[J].应用生态学报,29(2):467-473.YAO J N,LV J H,YU W L,et al.,2018.Effects of nitrogen deposition and management intensity on stoichiometry of leaf litter in Moso bamboo forest[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29(2):467-473.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |