华北地区典型农田土壤有机质和养分的空间异质性
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摘要
华北平原是我国重要的粮食生产基地,研究华北平原土壤有机质及养分的丰缺状况对于区域农业生态系统的可持续性发展具有重要意义。本研究选取华北平原典型农田,通过设置北线、中线、南线3条研究线路,在省域尺度上研究土壤有机质和养分的空间异质性及其平衡状况。结果表明,研究区域内土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别为14.0±3.5 g/kg、0.98±0.28 g/kg、76.6±21.6 mg/kg、18.6±9.9 mg/kg,136.1±42.7 mg/kg,除全氮和有效磷外,有机质及其余养分在不同线路间无显著差异。有效磷在靠近黄河、土壤pH值较高的南线上显著偏低。土壤有机质及养分均为中等程度变异,有效磷的变异系数(47.8%)显著高于有机质及其余土壤养分(24.3%～31.6%)。土壤碳氮比介于4.2～14.3间,平均为8.6,低于全国平均水平。土壤有机质和各养分均较1980年有所增加,主要原因可能是华北平原长期以来投入了大量的有机、无机肥。华北平原农田配方施肥应该考虑增施有机肥、减少氮素化肥的投入。
The North China Plain is an important base of grain production in China. Study of soil organic matter(SOM)and nutrients in the North China Plain is of great importance for the sustainable development of the regional agriculture. In this study,three sampling lines(north,middle,and south)were selected in typical farmland of the North China Plain,and SOM and main nutrients were analyzed on a provincial scale. Average contents of SOM,total nitrogen(TN),available nitrogen(AN),available phosphorus(AP),and available potassium(AK)in the study area were 14.0±3.5 g/kg,0.98±0.28 g/kg,76.6±21.6 mg/kg,18.6±9.9 mg/kg and 136.1±42.7 mg/kg,respectively. There were significant differences between different lines for TN and AP,with the lowest AP found along the south line that revealed highest soil p H. Soil organic matter and nutrients showed some fluctuations in the east-west direction,but with no obvious changing trend. The coefficient of variation of AP(47.8%)was significantly higher than those(24.3% ～ 31.6%)of SOM and other nutrients. Soil C∶N ratio ranged from 4.2 to 14.3,with an average of 8.6,which was lower than the national average level. The present levels of SOM and nutrient were modest higher than those in the 1980 s,which might be due to increased rates of organic and chemical fertilization. This study suggests that there is a need to use more organic or combined organic-chemical fertilizers in the North China Plain.
The North China Plain is an important base of grain production in China. Study of soil organic matter(SOM)and nutrients in the North China Plain is of great importance for the sustainable development of the regional agriculture. In this study,three sampling lines(north,middle,and south)were selected in typical farmland of the North China Plain,and SOM and main nutrients were analyzed on a provincial scale. Average contents of SOM,total nitrogen(TN),available nitrogen(AN),available phosphorus(AP),and available potassium(AK)in the study area were 14.0±3.5 g/kg,0.98±0.28 g/kg,76.6±21.6 mg/kg,18.6±9.9 mg/kg and 136.1±42.7 mg/kg,respectively. There were significant differences between different lines for TN and AP,with the lowest AP found along the south line that revealed highest soil p H. Soil organic matter and nutrients showed some fluctuations in the east-west direction,but with no obvious changing trend. The coefficient of variation of AP(47.8%)was significantly higher than those(24.3% ～ 31.6%)of SOM and other nutrients. Soil C∶N ratio ranged from 4.2 to 14.3,with an average of 8.6,which was lower than the national average level. The present levels of SOM and nutrient were modest higher than those in the 1980 s,which might be due to increased rates of organic and chemical fertilization. This study suggests that there is a need to use more organic or combined organic-chemical fertilizers in the North China Plain.
引文
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[11]孟红旗,刘景,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下我国典型农田耕层土壤的p H演变[J].土壤学报,2013,50(6):1109-1116.
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[17]李书田,刘晓永,何萍.当前我国农业生产中的养分需求分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1416-1432.
[18]Oenema O,Liere L V,Schoumans O.Effects of lowering nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses in agriculture on the quality of groundwater and surface water in the Netherlands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,304(1):289-301.
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[20]俞海,黄季焜,Scott R,等.中国东部地区耕地土壤肥力变化趋势研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(3):380-388.
[21]Ye J,Perez P G,Zhang R,et al.Effects of different C/N ratios on bacterial compositions and processes in an organically managed soil[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2017,54(1):1-11.
[22]Truong T H H,Marschner P.Respiration,available N and microbial biomass N in soil amended with mixes of organic materials differing in C/N ratio and decomposition stage[J].Geoderma,2018,319:167-174.
[23]Marschner P,Hatam Z,Cavagnaro T R.Soil respiration,microbial biomass and nutrient availability after the second amendment are influenced by legacy effects of prior residue addition[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,88:169-177.
[24]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526-535.
[25]王立刚,杨黎,贺美,等.全球黑土区土壤有机质变化态势及其管理技术[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(6):1-7.
[26]Lu F,Wang X,Han B,et al.Soil carbon sequestrations by nitrogen fertilizer application,straw return and no-tillage in China's cropland[J].Global Change Biology,2009,15(2):281-305.
[2]Zhang J,Balkovic J,Azevedo L B,et al.Analyzing and modelling the effect of long-term fertilizer management on crop yield and soil organic carbon in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,627:361-372.
[3]国家统计局.中国农村统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013.
[4]张贝尔,黄标,张晓光,等.近30年华北平原粮食主产区土壤肥力质量时空演变分析-以山东禹城市为例[J].土壤,2012,44(3):381-388.
[5]张玉铭,毛任钊,胡春胜,等.华北太行山前平原土壤肥力状况与玉米产量相关关系的通径分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2004,22(3):51-55.
[6]王红娟.我国北方粮食主产区土壤养分分布特征研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2007.
[7]Shi H,Wang X,Xu M,et al.Characteristics of soil C∶N ratio andδ13C in wheat-maize cropping system of the North China Plain and influences of the Yellow River[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):16854.DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-17060-3.
[8]宋泽峰,段亚敏,栾文楼,等.河北平原表层土壤有机碳和无机碳的分布及碳储量估算[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(5):97-102.
[9]王学,李秀彬,辛良杰.河北平原冬小麦播种面积收缩及由此节省的水资源量估算[J].地理学报,2013,68(5):694-707.
[10]王永壮,陈欣,史奕.农田土壤中磷素有效性及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):260-268.
[11]孟红旗,刘景,徐明岗,等.长期施肥下我国典型农田耕层土壤的p H演变[J].土壤学报,2013,50(6):1109-1116.
[12]全国土壤普查办公室.中国土壤普查技术[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.
[13]Carmo M,Garcíaruiz R,Ferreira M I,et al.The N-P-Ksoil nutrient balance of Portuguese cropland in the 1950s:The transition from organic to chemical fertilization[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):8111.
[14]孙波,潘贤章,王德建,等.我国不同区域农田养分平衡对土壤肥力时空演变的影响[J].地球科学进展,2008,(23):1201-1208.
[15]陈同斌,陈世庆,徐鸿涛,等.中国农用化肥氮磷钾需求比例的研究[J].地理学报,1998,(1):33-42.
[16]Wang X,Feng A,Wang Q,et al.Spatial variability of the nutrient balance and related NPSP risk analysis for agroecosystems in China in 2010[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,193:42-52.
[17]李书田,刘晓永,何萍.当前我国农业生产中的养分需求分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1416-1432.
[18]Oenema O,Liere L V,Schoumans O.Effects of lowering nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses in agriculture on the quality of groundwater and surface water in the Netherlands[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,304(1):289-301.
[19]李鹏,关强,邬梦成,等.我国旱地两熟区土壤养分时空变异的调查研究[J].土壤通报,2017,48(2):380-386.
[20]俞海,黄季焜,Scott R,等.中国东部地区耕地土壤肥力变化趋势研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(3):380-388.
[21]Ye J,Perez P G,Zhang R,et al.Effects of different C/N ratios on bacterial compositions and processes in an organically managed soil[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2017,54(1):1-11.
[22]Truong T H H,Marschner P.Respiration,available N and microbial biomass N in soil amended with mixes of organic materials differing in C/N ratio and decomposition stage[J].Geoderma,2018,319:167-174.
[23]Marschner P,Hatam Z,Cavagnaro T R.Soil respiration,microbial biomass and nutrient availability after the second amendment are influenced by legacy effects of prior residue addition[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,88:169-177.
[24]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526-535.
[25]王立刚,杨黎,贺美,等.全球黑土区土壤有机质变化态势及其管理技术[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(6):1-7.
[26]Lu F,Wang X,Han B,et al.Soil carbon sequestrations by nitrogen fertilizer application,straw return and no-tillage in China's cropland[J].Global Change Biology,2009,15(2):281-305.
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