生态资产评价方法研究——以青海省为例
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摘要
生态资产是自然资源资产的重要组成部分,保护和恢复生态系统的目的就是增加生态资产,增强生态资产提供生态系统服务的能力。青海省生态资产丰富,生态区位重要,各级政府高度重视青海省的生态文明建设,评估青海省生态保护与恢复成效对于合理保护青海省生态资产具有重要意义。通过核算生态资产面积、质量,建立生态资产指数指标,综合评估了青海全省以及重点生态功能区和非重点生态功能区各类生态资产实物量现状和过去15年的变化。青海省生态资产以草地生态资产为主,同时拥有丰富的野生动植物资源。草地生态资产质量分布较为均匀,优良以上级别占草地总面积的32.1%;森林生态资产质量呈两极分化状态,灌丛生态资产质量较差,自然湿地生态资产质量整体较好。十五年间,青海省生态资产面积变化幅度不大,但是自然生态资产质量显著提升,生态资产指数稳步增长。全省自然生态资产面积增加3239.3 km2,其中自然湿地面积增加15.1%。全省优良质量以上自然生态资产面积增加61920.1 km~2,增幅高达55.5%;其中,重点生态功能区优良级别以上生态资产面积增加48621.9 km2,非重点生态功能区优良以上生态资产面积增加13298.3 km~2。青海省生态资产综合指数从240.37增长到278.22,提高了15.7%。退耕还林还草、湿地生态补偿、三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设工程、青海湖流域生态环境保护与综合治理工程等一系列生态保护与恢复工程对青海省自然生态资产面积增加和质量提升起到积极作用。青海省生态资产变化亦受气候因素影响,气候变化导致自然湿地生态资产面积增加、草地生态资产面积减少同时热量增加在一定程度上促进了森林、灌丛、草地生态资产质量的提升。
Ecological assets are an important part of natural resource assets. The purpose of protecting and restoring an ecosystem is to increase ecological assets and to enhance ecosystem services. Qinghai Province is an ecologically important region with rich ecological assets. Governments have attached great importance to the construction of ecological civilization in Qinghai Province. It is crucial to assess the effectiveness of ecological protection and restoration projects for furtherprotection of ecological assets in Qinghai Province. In this study,we created a comprehensive assessment of ecological assets and their changes in Qinghai Province( including key ecological function areas and non-key ecological function areas) over the past 15 years by accounting ecological asset areas,evaluating ecosystem quality,and creating an ecological asset index.Grassland assets are the main ecological assets in Qinghai Province,and we found 32.1% of the total grassland area to be of good quality. The quality of forest ecological assets is polarized,that of shrub ecological assets is poor,and that of natural wetland ecological assets is generally good. In the past 15 years,we found that the area of ecological assets has changed slightly,the quality of natural ecological assets increased significantly,and the ecological asset index increased steadily in Qinghai Province. The area of natural ecological assets in the province increased by 3239. 3 km~2,and within this area,natural wetlands increased by 15.1%. The area of natural ecological assets above a good grade increased by 61920.1 km~2,representing an increase of 55.5%. Among them,the area of key ecological function zones increased by 48621.9 km~2 and non-key ecological function zones increased by 13298.3 km~2. The ecological assets comprehensive index of Qinghai Province increased from 240. 37 to 278. 22,representing an increase of 15. 7%. A series of ecological protection and restoration projects such as Grain to Green Program,ecological compensation for wetlands,ecological protection and construction projects in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve,and ecological environmental protection and comprehensive treatment projects in Qinghai Lake Basin played a positive role in improving the quantity and quality of natural ecological assets in Qinghai Province. Changes in ecological assets in Qinghai Province are also affected by climatic factors. Climate change has led to an increase in the area of natural wetland ecological assets and a reduction in the area of grassland ecological assets. At the same time,the increase in temperature has increased the quality of forest,shrub,and grassland ecological assets.
Ecological assets are an important part of natural resource assets. The purpose of protecting and restoring an ecosystem is to increase ecological assets and to enhance ecosystem services. Qinghai Province is an ecologically important region with rich ecological assets. Governments have attached great importance to the construction of ecological civilization in Qinghai Province. It is crucial to assess the effectiveness of ecological protection and restoration projects for furtherprotection of ecological assets in Qinghai Province. In this study,we created a comprehensive assessment of ecological assets and their changes in Qinghai Province( including key ecological function areas and non-key ecological function areas) over the past 15 years by accounting ecological asset areas,evaluating ecosystem quality,and creating an ecological asset index.Grassland assets are the main ecological assets in Qinghai Province,and we found 32.1% of the total grassland area to be of good quality. The quality of forest ecological assets is polarized,that of shrub ecological assets is poor,and that of natural wetland ecological assets is generally good. In the past 15 years,we found that the area of ecological assets has changed slightly,the quality of natural ecological assets increased significantly,and the ecological asset index increased steadily in Qinghai Province. The area of natural ecological assets in the province increased by 3239. 3 km~2,and within this area,natural wetlands increased by 15.1%. The area of natural ecological assets above a good grade increased by 61920.1 km~2,representing an increase of 55.5%. Among them,the area of key ecological function zones increased by 48621.9 km~2 and non-key ecological function zones increased by 13298.3 km~2. The ecological assets comprehensive index of Qinghai Province increased from 240. 37 to 278. 22,representing an increase of 15. 7%. A series of ecological protection and restoration projects such as Grain to Green Program,ecological compensation for wetlands,ecological protection and construction projects in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve,and ecological environmental protection and comprehensive treatment projects in Qinghai Lake Basin played a positive role in improving the quantity and quality of natural ecological assets in Qinghai Province. Changes in ecological assets in Qinghai Province are also affected by climatic factors. Climate change has led to an increase in the area of natural wetland ecological assets and a reduction in the area of grassland ecological assets. At the same time,the increase in temperature has increased the quality of forest,shrub,and grassland ecological assets.
引文
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[17]徐新良,刘纪远,邵全琴,樊江文. 30年来青海三江源生态系统格局和空间结构动态变化.地理研究,2008,27(4):829-838.
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[21]张金龙,陈英,葛劲松,聂学敏. 1977—2010年青海湖环湖区土地利用/覆盖变化与土地资源管理.中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1256-1266.
[22]郭泺,杜世宏,薛达元,蔡亮.长江源区土地覆盖变化与草地退化格局的时空分异.应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1219-1225.
[23]邴龙飞,邵全琴,刘纪远.近30年黄河源头土地覆被变化特征分析.地球信息科学学报,2011,13(3):289-296.
[24]张妹婷,翟永洪,张志军,唐文家,马燕,聂学敏,丁玲玲.三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化.环境科学研究,2017,30(1):75-81.
[25] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily G C. Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital. Science,2016,352(6292):1455-1459.
[26]青海省水利厅. 2000年青海省水资源公报.西宁:青海省水利厅,2001.
[27]青海省水利厅. 2015年青海省水资源公报.西宁:青海省水利厅,2016.
[28]肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,饶恩明,江凌,张路.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力.生态学报,2016,36(19):6019-6030.
[29] Shao Q Q,Cao W,Fan J W,Huang L,Xu X L. Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2017,27(2):183-204.
[30]刘纪远,邵全琴,樊江文.三江源生态工程的生态成效评估与启示.自然杂志,2013,35(1):40-46.
[31]姜永见,李世杰,沈德福,陈炜,金传芳.青藏高原近40年来气候变化特征及湖泊环境响应.地理科学,2012,32(12):1503-1512.
[32]韩辉邦,马明国,马守存,周万福,康晓燕,张博越,赵慧芳.近30a青海省植被变化及其气候驱动因子分析.干旱区研究,2017,34(5):1164-1174.
[2]欧阳志云,郑华,谢高地,杨武,刘桂环,石英华,杨多贵.生态资产、生态补偿及生态文明科技贡献核算理论与技术.生态学报,2016,36(22):7136-7139.
[3]朱济凡.论我国林业发展的新战略.南京林产工业学院学报,1982,(3):1-4.
[4] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:A Framework for Assessment. Washing,DC:Island Press,2003.
[5]刘胜涛,牛香,王兵,宋庆丰,陶玉柱.陕西省退耕还林工程生态效益评估.生态学报,2018,38(16):5759-5770.
[6] Potschin M B,Haines-Young R H. Ecosystem services:exploring a geographical perspective. Progress in Physical Geography:Earth and Environment,2011,35(5):575-594.
[7] de Groot R S,Alkemade R,Braat L,Hein L,Willemen L. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning,management and decision making. Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):260-272.
[8] Vogt W. Road to Survival. New York:William Sloan,1948.
[9] Ehrlich P R,Kareiva P M,Daily G C. Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization. Nature,2012,486(7401):68-73.
[10] Costanza R,d'Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O'Neill R V,Paruelo J,Raskin R G,Sutton P,van den Belt M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[11] Liu S,Costanza R,Troy A,D'Aagostino J,Mates W. Valuing New Jersey's ecosystem services and natural capital:a spatially explicit benefit transfer approach. Environmental Management,2010,45(6):1271-1285.
[12]高吉喜,范小杉.生态资产概念、特点与研究趋向.环境科学研究,2007,20(5):137-143.
[13]刘焱序,傅伯杰,赵文武,王帅.生态资产核算与生态系统服务评估:概念交汇与重点方向.生态学报,2018,38(23):1-11.
[14]博文静,王莉雁,操建华,王效科,肖燚,欧阳志云.中国森林生态资产价值评估.生态学报,2017,37(12):4182-4190.
[15]白杨,李晖,王晓媛,Alatalo J M,江波,王敏,刘文俊.云南省生态资产与生态系统生产总值核算体系研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(7):1100-1112.
[16]张娟娟.基于生态足迹模型的青海省主体功能区划研究[D].西宁:青海师范大学,2009.
[17]徐新良,刘纪远,邵全琴,樊江文. 30年来青海三江源生态系统格局和空间结构动态变化.地理研究,2008,27(4):829-838.
[18]许茜,李奇,陈懂懂,罗彩云,赵新全,赵亮.近40 a三江源地区土地利用变化动态分析及预测.干旱区研究,2018,35(3):695-704.
[19]胡光印,金会军,董治宝,颜长珍,逯军峰.黄河源区土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)研究.冰川冻土,2014,36(3):573-581.
[20]李小雁,许何也,马育军,王建华,孙永亮.青海湖流域土地利用/覆被变化研究.自然资源学报,2008,23(2):285-296.
[21]张金龙,陈英,葛劲松,聂学敏. 1977—2010年青海湖环湖区土地利用/覆盖变化与土地资源管理.中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1256-1266.
[22]郭泺,杜世宏,薛达元,蔡亮.长江源区土地覆盖变化与草地退化格局的时空分异.应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1219-1225.
[23]邴龙飞,邵全琴,刘纪远.近30年黄河源头土地覆被变化特征分析.地球信息科学学报,2011,13(3):289-296.
[24]张妹婷,翟永洪,张志军,唐文家,马燕,聂学敏,丁玲玲.三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化.环境科学研究,2017,30(1):75-81.
[25] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily G C. Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital. Science,2016,352(6292):1455-1459.
[26]青海省水利厅. 2000年青海省水资源公报.西宁:青海省水利厅,2001.
[27]青海省水利厅. 2015年青海省水资源公报.西宁:青海省水利厅,2016.
[28]肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,饶恩明,江凌,张路.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力.生态学报,2016,36(19):6019-6030.
[29] Shao Q Q,Cao W,Fan J W,Huang L,Xu X L. Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2017,27(2):183-204.
[30]刘纪远,邵全琴,樊江文.三江源生态工程的生态成效评估与启示.自然杂志,2013,35(1):40-46.
[31]姜永见,李世杰,沈德福,陈炜,金传芳.青藏高原近40年来气候变化特征及湖泊环境响应.地理科学,2012,32(12):1503-1512.
[32]韩辉邦,马明国,马守存,周万福,康晓燕,张博越,赵慧芳.近30a青海省植被变化及其气候驱动因子分析.干旱区研究,2017,34(5):1164-1174.
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