宜宾夜鹭卵中有机氯农药及其代谢物的赋存特征
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摘要
于2017年在四川省宜宾市采集黑冠夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)卵样30枚(包括9枚无胚卵和21枚胚胎卵),分析了样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况.结果表明,宜宾夜鹭卵中检出了8种OCPs残留物,总含量为4.76～97.9 ng·g~(-1)(以湿重计).其中,p,p′-滴滴伊(p,p′-DDE)含量最高((20±18) ng·g~(-1)),其次为六氯苯(HCB,(5.3±3.4) ng·g~(-1))和β-六六六(β-HCH,(1.1±0.8) ng·g~(-1));滴滴涕类(∑DDTs)中的稳定代谢物p,p′-DDE和六六六类(∑HCHs)中的稳定同分异构体β-HCH占比均在99%以上.p,p′-滴滴涕(p,p′-DDT)和p,p′-DDE在无胚卵蛋液中的残留水平比在胚胎卵蛋液中更高一些,而反式九氯则相反,其余OCPs无差别,这说明鹭卵在孵化过程中p,p′-DDT可能易于代谢,而稳定的p,p′-DDE更容易向胚胎传递.宜宾夜鹭卵中p,p′-DDE的最高含量为84 ng·g~(-1),远低于鹭科繁殖效应阈值(1000 ng·g~(-1)).总体上,夜鹭卵中OCPs的赋存状况较好地反映出长江上游地区OCPs污染水平较低,对夜鹭繁殖的影响较小.
In 2017, the black-crowned night heron(Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs, including 9 embryo-free eggs and 21 embryogenic eggs, were collected from Yibin, Sichuan Province, China. The residues of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in heron eggs were analyzed. The result showed that 8 OCPs were found in night heron eggs, with the total concentrations ranged from 4.76 to 97.9 ng·g~(-1)(in wet weight). Among the 8 OCPs, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene(p,p′-DDE,(20±18) ng·g~(-1)) had the highest concentration, followed by hexachlorobenzene(HCB,(5.3±3.4) ng·g~(-1)) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane(β-HCH,(1.1±0.8) ng·g~(-1)). The proportions of p,p′-DDE in DDTs and β-HCH in HCHs were above 99%. The levels of OCPs residues in the embryo-free egg liquids and embryo egg liquids were compared. Both p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene(p,p′-DDT) and p,p′-DDE were higher in the embryo-free egg liquids while the trans-nonachlor was higher in the embryo egg liquid, while other OCPs in embryo-free and embryo egg liquids were not significantly different. The comparison suggests that p,p′-DDT can be easily metabolized and its stable metabolite p,p′-DDE can be easily transferred to the embryos during hatching. We also found the highest concentration of p,p′-DDE in night heron eggs from Yibin was 84 ng·g~(-1), which was much lower than the reproductive effect threshold level of Ardeidae(1000 ng·g~(-1)). In summary, the characteristics of OCPs in night heron eggs indicate the low level of OCPs pollution at the Upper Yangtze River basin, which has little effect on the reproduction of the night herons.
In 2017, the black-crowned night heron(Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs, including 9 embryo-free eggs and 21 embryogenic eggs, were collected from Yibin, Sichuan Province, China. The residues of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in heron eggs were analyzed. The result showed that 8 OCPs were found in night heron eggs, with the total concentrations ranged from 4.76 to 97.9 ng·g~(-1)(in wet weight). Among the 8 OCPs, p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene(p,p′-DDE,(20±18) ng·g~(-1)) had the highest concentration, followed by hexachlorobenzene(HCB,(5.3±3.4) ng·g~(-1)) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane(β-HCH,(1.1±0.8) ng·g~(-1)). The proportions of p,p′-DDE in DDTs and β-HCH in HCHs were above 99%. The levels of OCPs residues in the embryo-free egg liquids and embryo egg liquids were compared. Both p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene(p,p′-DDT) and p,p′-DDE were higher in the embryo-free egg liquids while the trans-nonachlor was higher in the embryo egg liquid, while other OCPs in embryo-free and embryo egg liquids were not significantly different. The comparison suggests that p,p′-DDT can be easily metabolized and its stable metabolite p,p′-DDE can be easily transferred to the embryos during hatching. We also found the highest concentration of p,p′-DDE in night heron eggs from Yibin was 84 ng·g~(-1), which was much lower than the reproductive effect threshold level of Ardeidae(1000 ng·g~(-1)). In summary, the characteristics of OCPs in night heron eggs indicate the low level of OCPs pollution at the Upper Yangtze River basin, which has little effect on the reproduction of the night herons.
引文
Albanis T A,Hela D,Papakostas G,et al.1996.Concentration and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticide residues in herons and their prey in wetlands of Thermaikos Gulf,Macedonia,Greece[J].Science of the Total Environment,182(1/3):11-19
安琼,董元华,王辉,等.2004.不同年龄夜鹭卵中有机氯农药污染的生物指示[J].环境科学学报,24(1):139-143
Aurigi S,Focardi S,Hulea D,et al.2000.Organochlorine contamination in bird′s eggs from the Danube Delta[J].Environmental Pollution,109(1):61-67
Bignert A,Helander B O.2000.Monitoring of contaminants and their effects on the common guillemot and the white-tailed sea eagle[J].Journal of Ornithology,156(sp1):173-185
Champoux L,Boily M.2017.Temporal trends of mercury and organohalogen contaminants in great blue heron eggs from the St.Lawrence River,Québec,Canada,1991-2011,and relationships with tracers of feeding ecology[J].Science of the Total Environment,609:1270-1285
Chen D,Letcher R J,Chu S.2012.Determination of non-halogenated,chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1220(2):169-174
陈静,袁林喜,祁士华,等.2013.洪湖湿地鹭科鸟类组织中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价[J].环境化学,32(4):549-556
Connell D W,Fung C N,Minh T B,et al.2003.Risk to breeding success of fish-eating ardeids due to persistent organic contaminants in Hong Kong:evidence from organochlorine compounds in eggs[J].Water Research,37(2):459-467
Custer T W,Custer C M.1995.Transfer and accumulation of organochlorines from black-crowned night-heron eggs to chicks[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,14(3):533-536
Custer T W,Dummer P M,Custer C M,et al.2014.Contaminant exposure of birds nesting in Green Bay,Wisconsin,USA[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,33(8):1832-1839
Custer T W,Kaiser C M B E.1983.Organochlorine residues in Atlantic coast black-crowned night-heron eggs,1979[J].Colonial Waterbirds,6:160-167
Custer T W,Pendleton G,Ohlendorf H M.1990.Within-and among-clutch variation of organochlorine residues in eggs of black-crowned night-herons[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,15(1):83
董元华,安琼,龚钟明,等.2002.太湖湿地生态系统有机氯污染的夜鹭生物指示[J].应用生态学报,13(2):209-212
Dong Y H,Wang H,An Q,et al.2004.Residues of organochlorinated pesticides in eggs of water birds from Tai Lake in China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,26(2):259-268
Fasola M,Movalli P A,Gandini C.1998.Heavy metal,organochlorine pesticide,and PCB residues in eggs and feathers of herons breeding in northern Italy[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,34(1):87-93
Focardi S,Fossi C,Leonzio C,et al.1996.Persistent organochlorine residues in fish and water birds from the Biobio River,Chile[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,43(1):73-92
Fossi C,Focardi S,Leonzio C,et al.1984.Trace-metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds′ eggs from the delta of the Danube[J].Environmental Conservation,11(4):345
龚钟明,董元华,等.2001.夜鹭卵中几种多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留特征[J].中国环境科学,21(2):124-127
Greaves A K,Letcher R J,Chen D,et al.2016.Retrospective analysis of organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs and relation to the aquatic food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America[J].Environmental Research,150:255-263
Henny C J,Blus L J,Krynitsky A J,et al.1984.Current impact of DDE on black-crowned night-herons in the intermountain west [J].Journal of Wildlife Management,48(1):1-13
Hothem R L,Marois K C,Wainwright S E,et al.1995.Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in eggs of wading birds from San Francisco Bay,California[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,14(8):1319-1331
Hu Y,Qi S,Yuan L,et al.2016.Assessment of organochlorine pesticide contamination in waterbirds from an agricultural region,Central China[J].Environ Geochem Health,40(1):1-13
黄强,邓合黎,毛珂.1995.四川宜宾地区鸟类调查报告[J].动物学杂志,30(6):7-15
Huertas D,Grimalt J O,Jover L,et al.2016.Organochlorine compounds in purple heron eggs (Ardea purpurea) nesting in sites located around a chlor-alkali plant (Ebro River)[J].Science of the Total Environment,540:211-220
Klein R,Bartelsteinbach M,Koschorreck J,et al.2012.Standardization of egg collection from aquatic birds for biomonitoring-a critical review[J].Environmental Science & Technology,46(10):5273-5284
Koponen J,Rantakokko P,Airaksinen R,et al.2013.Determination of selected perfluorinated alkyl acids and persistent organic pollutants from a small volume human serum sample relevant for epidemiological studies[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1309(2):48-55
Lam J C W,Tanabe S,Wong B S F,et al.2004.Trace element residues in eggs of little egret (Egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) from Hong Kong,China [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,48(3/4):390-396
Lam J C W,Murphy M B,Wang Y,et al.2008.Risk assessment of organohalogenated compounds in water bird eggs from South China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,42(16):6296-302
李雷,危起伟,吴金明,等.2013.长江宜宾江段渔业资源现状调查[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(11):1449-1457
廖峻涛,柳江,赵雪冰.2013.长江上游向家坝库区鸟类多样性研究及生境价值评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(6):713-720
Lucentini L,Pettine P,Stottmeister E,et al.2013.Chemical analysis of the quality of water for human consumption:Proposal for the revision of the performance requirements in the drinking water directive 98/83/EC [J].TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,45(2):37-47
Luo X J,Zhang X L,Liu J,et al.2009.Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in South China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,43(43):306-311
Matz A C,Parsons K C.2004.Organochlorines in black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs reflect persistent contamination in Northeastern US Estuaries[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,46(2):270-274
McEwen L C,Stafford C J,Hensler G L.1984.Organochlorine residues in eggs of black-crowned night herons from Colorado and Wyoming[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,3(3):367-376
Mora M A,Durgin B,Hudson L B,et al.2016.Temporal and latitudinal trends of p,p′-DDE in eggs and carcasses of North American birds from 1980 to 2005[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,35(6):1340-1348
Ohlendorf H M,Marois K C.1990.Organochlorine and selenium in California night-heron and egret eggs[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,15(1):91-104
Padula V,Burger J,Newman S H,et al.2010.Metals in feathers of black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) chicks from the New York Harbor Estuary [J].Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,59(1):157-65
Rattner B A,Mcgowan P C.2007.Potential hazards of environmental contaminants to avifauna residing in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary [J].Waterbirds,30(sp1):63-81
Rattner B A,Melancon M J,Rice C P,et al.1997.Cytochrome P450 and organochlorine contaminants in black‐crowned night‐herons from the Chesapeake Bay region,USA[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,16(11):2315-2322
Rattner B A,Wiemeyer S N,Blus L J.2016.Retrospective:Adjusting contaminant concentrations in bird eggs to account for moisture and lipid loss during their incubation[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,97(1):2-3
阮禄章,张迎梅,赵东芹,等.2003.白鹭作为无锡太湖地区环境污染指示生物的研究[J].应用生态学报,14(2):263-268
Schmitt C J,Echols K R,Peterman P H,et al.2018.Organochlorine chemical residues in northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) eggs from Greater Washington,DC USA[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,100(6):741-747
王培潮.1992.鸟卵孵化生理生态学(续)[J].四川动物,11(1):21-24
Wang Y,Murphy M B,Lam J C W,et al.2011.Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in local waterbird eggs from Hong Kong:Risk assessment to local waterbirds[J].Chemosphere,83(7):891-896
邢新丽,祁士华,张凯,等.2009.地形和季节变化对有机氯农药分布特征的影响—以四川省成都经济区为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,18(10):985-991
Ye,M S,Zhang,R B,Chen,L H,et al.2016.Detection of persistent organochlorine pollutants in eggs of Antarctic seabirds based on gas chromatography and their ecological environment significance[J].Meteorological & Environmental Research,7(1):48-51
张国钢,梁伟,楚国忠.2007.海南3种鹭越冬行为的比较[J].动物学杂志,42(6):125-130
Zhou Y,Asplund L,Yin G,et al.2016a.Extensive organohalogen contamination in wildlife from a site in the Yangtze River Delta[J].Science of the Total Environment,554-555:320-328
Zhou Y,Yin G,Asplund L,et al.2016b.A novel pollution pattern:Highly chlorinated biphenyls retained in black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) from the Yangtze River Delta[J].Chemosphere,150:491-498
安琼,董元华,王辉,等.2004.不同年龄夜鹭卵中有机氯农药污染的生物指示[J].环境科学学报,24(1):139-143
Aurigi S,Focardi S,Hulea D,et al.2000.Organochlorine contamination in bird′s eggs from the Danube Delta[J].Environmental Pollution,109(1):61-67
Bignert A,Helander B O.2000.Monitoring of contaminants and their effects on the common guillemot and the white-tailed sea eagle[J].Journal of Ornithology,156(sp1):173-185
Champoux L,Boily M.2017.Temporal trends of mercury and organohalogen contaminants in great blue heron eggs from the St.Lawrence River,Québec,Canada,1991-2011,and relationships with tracers of feeding ecology[J].Science of the Total Environment,609:1270-1285
Chen D,Letcher R J,Chu S.2012.Determination of non-halogenated,chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1220(2):169-174
陈静,袁林喜,祁士华,等.2013.洪湖湿地鹭科鸟类组织中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价[J].环境化学,32(4):549-556
Connell D W,Fung C N,Minh T B,et al.2003.Risk to breeding success of fish-eating ardeids due to persistent organic contaminants in Hong Kong:evidence from organochlorine compounds in eggs[J].Water Research,37(2):459-467
Custer T W,Custer C M.1995.Transfer and accumulation of organochlorines from black-crowned night-heron eggs to chicks[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,14(3):533-536
Custer T W,Dummer P M,Custer C M,et al.2014.Contaminant exposure of birds nesting in Green Bay,Wisconsin,USA[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,33(8):1832-1839
Custer T W,Kaiser C M B E.1983.Organochlorine residues in Atlantic coast black-crowned night-heron eggs,1979[J].Colonial Waterbirds,6:160-167
Custer T W,Pendleton G,Ohlendorf H M.1990.Within-and among-clutch variation of organochlorine residues in eggs of black-crowned night-herons[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,15(1):83
董元华,安琼,龚钟明,等.2002.太湖湿地生态系统有机氯污染的夜鹭生物指示[J].应用生态学报,13(2):209-212
Dong Y H,Wang H,An Q,et al.2004.Residues of organochlorinated pesticides in eggs of water birds from Tai Lake in China[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,26(2):259-268
Fasola M,Movalli P A,Gandini C.1998.Heavy metal,organochlorine pesticide,and PCB residues in eggs and feathers of herons breeding in northern Italy[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,34(1):87-93
Focardi S,Fossi C,Leonzio C,et al.1996.Persistent organochlorine residues in fish and water birds from the Biobio River,Chile[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,43(1):73-92
Fossi C,Focardi S,Leonzio C,et al.1984.Trace-metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in birds′ eggs from the delta of the Danube[J].Environmental Conservation,11(4):345
龚钟明,董元华,等.2001.夜鹭卵中几种多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留特征[J].中国环境科学,21(2):124-127
Greaves A K,Letcher R J,Chen D,et al.2016.Retrospective analysis of organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs and relation to the aquatic food web in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America[J].Environmental Research,150:255-263
Henny C J,Blus L J,Krynitsky A J,et al.1984.Current impact of DDE on black-crowned night-herons in the intermountain west [J].Journal of Wildlife Management,48(1):1-13
Hothem R L,Marois K C,Wainwright S E,et al.1995.Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in eggs of wading birds from San Francisco Bay,California[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,14(8):1319-1331
Hu Y,Qi S,Yuan L,et al.2016.Assessment of organochlorine pesticide contamination in waterbirds from an agricultural region,Central China[J].Environ Geochem Health,40(1):1-13
黄强,邓合黎,毛珂.1995.四川宜宾地区鸟类调查报告[J].动物学杂志,30(6):7-15
Huertas D,Grimalt J O,Jover L,et al.2016.Organochlorine compounds in purple heron eggs (Ardea purpurea) nesting in sites located around a chlor-alkali plant (Ebro River)[J].Science of the Total Environment,540:211-220
Klein R,Bartelsteinbach M,Koschorreck J,et al.2012.Standardization of egg collection from aquatic birds for biomonitoring-a critical review[J].Environmental Science & Technology,46(10):5273-5284
Koponen J,Rantakokko P,Airaksinen R,et al.2013.Determination of selected perfluorinated alkyl acids and persistent organic pollutants from a small volume human serum sample relevant for epidemiological studies[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1309(2):48-55
Lam J C W,Tanabe S,Wong B S F,et al.2004.Trace element residues in eggs of little egret (Egretta garzetta) and black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) from Hong Kong,China [J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,48(3/4):390-396
Lam J C W,Murphy M B,Wang Y,et al.2008.Risk assessment of organohalogenated compounds in water bird eggs from South China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,42(16):6296-302
李雷,危起伟,吴金明,等.2013.长江宜宾江段渔业资源现状调查[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(11):1449-1457
廖峻涛,柳江,赵雪冰.2013.长江上游向家坝库区鸟类多样性研究及生境价值评估[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(6):713-720
Lucentini L,Pettine P,Stottmeister E,et al.2013.Chemical analysis of the quality of water for human consumption:Proposal for the revision of the performance requirements in the drinking water directive 98/83/EC [J].TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,45(2):37-47
Luo X J,Zhang X L,Liu J,et al.2009.Persistent halogenated compounds in waterbirds from an e-waste recycling region in South China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,43(43):306-311
Matz A C,Parsons K C.2004.Organochlorines in black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs reflect persistent contamination in Northeastern US Estuaries[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,46(2):270-274
McEwen L C,Stafford C J,Hensler G L.1984.Organochlorine residues in eggs of black-crowned night herons from Colorado and Wyoming[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,3(3):367-376
Mora M A,Durgin B,Hudson L B,et al.2016.Temporal and latitudinal trends of p,p′-DDE in eggs and carcasses of North American birds from 1980 to 2005[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,35(6):1340-1348
Ohlendorf H M,Marois K C.1990.Organochlorine and selenium in California night-heron and egret eggs[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,15(1):91-104
Padula V,Burger J,Newman S H,et al.2010.Metals in feathers of black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) chicks from the New York Harbor Estuary [J].Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,59(1):157-65
Rattner B A,Mcgowan P C.2007.Potential hazards of environmental contaminants to avifauna residing in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary [J].Waterbirds,30(sp1):63-81
Rattner B A,Melancon M J,Rice C P,et al.1997.Cytochrome P450 and organochlorine contaminants in black‐crowned night‐herons from the Chesapeake Bay region,USA[J].Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry,16(11):2315-2322
Rattner B A,Wiemeyer S N,Blus L J.2016.Retrospective:Adjusting contaminant concentrations in bird eggs to account for moisture and lipid loss during their incubation[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,97(1):2-3
阮禄章,张迎梅,赵东芹,等.2003.白鹭作为无锡太湖地区环境污染指示生物的研究[J].应用生态学报,14(2):263-268
Schmitt C J,Echols K R,Peterman P H,et al.2018.Organochlorine chemical residues in northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) eggs from Greater Washington,DC USA[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology,100(6):741-747
王培潮.1992.鸟卵孵化生理生态学(续)[J].四川动物,11(1):21-24
Wang Y,Murphy M B,Lam J C W,et al.2011.Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in local waterbird eggs from Hong Kong:Risk assessment to local waterbirds[J].Chemosphere,83(7):891-896
邢新丽,祁士华,张凯,等.2009.地形和季节变化对有机氯农药分布特征的影响—以四川省成都经济区为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,18(10):985-991
Ye,M S,Zhang,R B,Chen,L H,et al.2016.Detection of persistent organochlorine pollutants in eggs of Antarctic seabirds based on gas chromatography and their ecological environment significance[J].Meteorological & Environmental Research,7(1):48-51
张国钢,梁伟,楚国忠.2007.海南3种鹭越冬行为的比较[J].动物学杂志,42(6):125-130
Zhou Y,Asplund L,Yin G,et al.2016a.Extensive organohalogen contamination in wildlife from a site in the Yangtze River Delta[J].Science of the Total Environment,554-555:320-328
Zhou Y,Yin G,Asplund L,et al.2016b.A novel pollution pattern:Highly chlorinated biphenyls retained in black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) from the Yangtze River Delta[J].Chemosphere,150:491-498
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