基于呼吸实境模拟的口罩防护效果影响因素研究
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摘要
大气颗粒物污染严重影响人群健康。佩戴口罩是较为普遍的个体日常防护措施,其实际防护效果受到诸多环境因素和人为因素的影响。通过模拟人体呼吸实境,研究了锥形静电棉层口罩(A)和折叠型纱布口罩(B)在实际大气环境中的颗粒物过滤效率,分析了颗粒物粒径、大气环境PM2.5质量浓度、呼气相对湿度等因素对口罩过滤效率的影响。结果表明,对于0.3、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0和10μm的颗粒物,A类口罩的过滤效率均值分别为73.4%、80.9%、83.5%、84.6%、86.5%和87.7%,B类口罩的过滤效率均值分别为70.3%、77.1%、79.9%、82.0%、85.2%和85.9%。颗粒物粒径对A、B两类口罩的过滤效率具有极为显著的影响(A:χ~2=223.543,P=2.588×10~(-46);B:χ~2=214.396,P=2.356×10~(-44))。在该研究粒径范围(0.3-10μm)内,口罩的颗粒物过滤效率呈现随颗粒物粒径增大而升高的趋势。A、B两类口罩对0.3μm颗粒物的过滤效率均与环境PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈显著负相关(A:r=-8.710×10~(-1),P=2.320×10~(-5);B:r=-9.110×10~(-1),P=2.400×10~(-6)),且B类口罩的降幅高于A类口罩。A、B两类口罩对6个粒径颗粒物的过滤效率与人体呼气相对湿度之间均不存在显著的相关关系。实验结果突显了在实际环境下针对口罩防护效果进行实验的必要性和重要性,可为后续健康风险评估等相关研究提供科学参考。
Particulate matter pollution poses a serious threat to population health. Wearing facepiece respirators is a common individual protective measure. However, in reality, the actual efficiencies of facepiece respirators would be affected by many environmental and human factors. This study simulated the breathing process of a human in a real-world environment to evaluate the efficiencies of a conical electrostatic cotton mask(A) and a folded gauze mask(B). It analyzed the effects of four potential factors,namely particle size, facepiece respirator type, ambient particle pollution level, and relative humidity of exhaled breath, on the respirators' efficiencies. The results showed that for particulate matter of size 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 μm, the average removal efficiencies of respirator A were 73.4%, 80.9%, 83.5%, 84.6%, 86.5%, and 87.7% respectively, and those of respirator B were 70.3%, 77.1%, 79.9%, 82.0%, 85.2%, and 85.9% respectively. Particle size had a statistically significant impact on the removal efficiencies of both respirators(A: χ~2=223.543, P=2.588×10~(-46); B: χ~2=214.396, P=2.356×10~(-44)). For the particle size range investigated in this study(0.3-10 μm), the removal efficiency showed a tendency to increase with the particle size. The removal efficiencies of respirators A and B for 0.3 μm-sized particles were significantly negatively correlated with the mass concentration of ambient PM_(2.5)(A: r=-8.710×10~(-1), P=2.320×10~(-5); B: r=-9.110×10~(-1), P=2.400×10~(-6)), and the reduction for respirator B was higher than that for respirator A. There was no significant correlation between the removal efficiency and relative humidity of exhaled breath for both respirators. The results of this study thus highlight the necessity and importance of taking potential factors into account when evaluating the efficiencies of facepiece respirators in a real environment. This study provides valuable information for future work on human health risk assessment.
Particulate matter pollution poses a serious threat to population health. Wearing facepiece respirators is a common individual protective measure. However, in reality, the actual efficiencies of facepiece respirators would be affected by many environmental and human factors. This study simulated the breathing process of a human in a real-world environment to evaluate the efficiencies of a conical electrostatic cotton mask(A) and a folded gauze mask(B). It analyzed the effects of four potential factors,namely particle size, facepiece respirator type, ambient particle pollution level, and relative humidity of exhaled breath, on the respirators' efficiencies. The results showed that for particulate matter of size 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 μm, the average removal efficiencies of respirator A were 73.4%, 80.9%, 83.5%, 84.6%, 86.5%, and 87.7% respectively, and those of respirator B were 70.3%, 77.1%, 79.9%, 82.0%, 85.2%, and 85.9% respectively. Particle size had a statistically significant impact on the removal efficiencies of both respirators(A: χ~2=223.543, P=2.588×10~(-46); B: χ~2=214.396, P=2.356×10~(-44)). For the particle size range investigated in this study(0.3-10 μm), the removal efficiency showed a tendency to increase with the particle size. The removal efficiencies of respirators A and B for 0.3 μm-sized particles were significantly negatively correlated with the mass concentration of ambient PM_(2.5)(A: r=-8.710×10~(-1), P=2.320×10~(-5); B: r=-9.110×10~(-1), P=2.400×10~(-6)), and the reduction for respirator B was higher than that for respirator A. There was no significant correlation between the removal efficiency and relative humidity of exhaled breath for both respirators. The results of this study thus highlight the necessity and importance of taking potential factors into account when evaluating the efficiencies of facepiece respirators in a real environment. This study provides valuable information for future work on human health risk assessment.
引文
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CHO K J,REPONEN T,MCKAY R,et al.,2010a.Large particle penetration through N95 respirator filters and facepiece leaks with cyclic flow[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,54(1):68-77.
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COFFEY C C,CAMPBELL D L,ZHUANG Z,1999.Simulated workplace performance of N95 respirators[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,60(5):618-624.
ENINGER R M,HONDA T,ADHIKARI A,et al.,2008.Filter performance of N99 and N95 facepiece respirators against viruses and ultrafine particles[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,52(5):385-396.
ESHBAUGH J P,GARDNER P D,RICHARDSON A W,et al.,2009.N95and P100 respirator filter efficiency under high constant and cyclic flow[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,6(1):52-61.
FOROUZANFAR M H,ALEXANDER L,ANDERSON H R,et al.,2015.Global,regional,and national comparative risk assessment of 79behavioural,environmental and occupational,and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries,1990-2013:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013[J].Lancet,386(10010):2287-2323.
GRINSHPUN S A,HARUTA H,ENINGER R M,et al.,2009.Performance of an N95 filtering facepiece particulate respirator and a surgical mask during human breathing:two pathways for particle penetration[J].Journal of Occupational&Environmental Hygiene,6(10):593-603.
GRINSHPUN S A,HARUTA H,ENINGER R M,et al.,2009.Performance of an N95 filtering facepiece particulate respirator and a surgical mask during human breathing:Two pathways for particle penetration[J].Journal of Occupational&Environmental Hygiene,6(10):593-603.
GUAN T J,HU S H,HAN Y Q,et al.,2018.The effects of facemasks on airway inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy young adults:a double-blind,randomized,controlled crossover study[J].Particle and Fibre Toxicology,15(1):30-41.
HE X,GRINSHPUN S A,REPONEN T,et al.,2013.Laboratory evaluation of the particle size effect on the performance of an elastomeric half-mask respirator against ultrafine combustion particles[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,57(7):884-897.
HUANG S H,CHEN C W,CHANG C P,et al.,2007.Penetration of 4.5 nm to 10 nm aerosol particles through fibrous filters[J].Aerosol Science,38(7):719-727.
JANSSEN L L,NELSON T J,CUTA K T,2007.Workplace protection factors for an N95 filtering facepiece respirator[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,4(9):698-707.
LANDRIGAN P J,FULLER R,ACOSTA N J R,et al.,2017.The Lancet Commission on pollution and health[J].Lancet,391(10119):462-512.
LAUMBACH R,MENG Q,KIPEN H,2015.What can individuals do to reduce personal health risks from air pollution?[J].Journal of Thoracic Disease,7(1):96-107.
LEE S A,ADHIKARI A,GRINSHPUN S A,et al.,2005.Respiratory protection provided by N95 filtering facepiece respirators against airborne dust and microorganisms in agricultural farms[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,2(11):577-585.
LEE S A,GRINSHPUN S A,REPONEN T,2008.Respiratory performance offered by N95 respirators and surgical masks:Human subject evaluation with NaCl aerosol representing bacterial and viral particle size range[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,52(3):177-185.
MAHDAVI A,2013.Efficiency Measurement of N95 filtering facepiece respirators against ultrafine particles under cyclic and constant flows[D].Concordia University:Concordia University:105.
MARTIN S B J,MOYER E S,2000.Electrostatic respirator filter media:filter efficiency and most penetrating particle size effects[J].Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene,15(8):609-617.
MOSTOFI R,BAHLOUL A,LARA J,et al.,2011.Investigation of Potential Affecting Factors on Performance of N95 Respirator[J].Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection,28(1):26-39.
NEGOVAN I,DUSAN R,RADOVAN K.et al.,2018.Influence of the aerosol flow and exposure time on the structural changes in the filtering half masks material[J].Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society,83(4):463-471.
OBERG T,BROSSEAU L M,2008.Surgical mask filter and fit performance[J].American Journal of Infection Control,36(4):276-282.
RAMIREZ J A,O'SHAUGHNESSY P T,2016.The Effect of simulated air conditions on N95 filtering face-piece respirators performance[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,13(7):491-500.
RENGASAMY S,EIMER B,SHAFFER R E,2009.Comparison of nanoparticle filtration performance of NIOSH-approved and CE-marked filtering-facepiece respirators[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,53(2):117-128.
RENGASAMY S,KING W P,EIMER B C,et al.,2008.Filtration performance of NIOSH-approved N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators against 4 to 30 nanometer-size nanoparticles[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,5(9):556-564.
REZA M,ALI B,JAIME L,et al.,2011.Investigation of potential affecting factors on performance of N95 respirator[J].Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection,28(1):26-39.
SHAFFER R E,RENGASAMY S,2009.Respiratory protection against airborne nanoparticles:a review[J].Journal of Nanoparticle Research,11(7):1661-1672.
SHI J J,LIN Z J,CHEN R J,et al.,2017.Cardiovascular benefits of wearing particulate-filtering respirators:A randomized crossover trial[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,125(2):175-180
STEVENS G A,MOYER E S,1989.“Worst case”aerosol testing parameters.I.Sodium chloride and dioctyl phthalate aerosol filter efficiency as a function of particle size and flow rate[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,50(5):257-264.
TIAN Y H,XIANG X,JUAN J,et al.,2018.Short-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Health,17(1):21-28.
WANG Q,GOLSHAHI L,CHEN D R,2016.Advanced testing method to evaluate the performance of respirator filter media[J].Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene,13(10):750-758.
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