青海省农业面源污染源特征分析
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摘要
基于历史数据分析,阐明青海省农业面源污染来源的主要特征及发展趋势,提出基于不同畜禽养殖方式的畜禽养殖面源污染排放量的计算方法,揭示不同类型农业面源污染源的污染物产生量和潜在威胁,并提出主要污染来源的防治对策。青海省近30a来的农药化肥、地膜、秸秆以及畜禽粪便量总体上呈现增大的趋势,近5a来秸秆量出现小幅下降;在不同的畜禽养殖方式下,散户产生的面源污染负荷量最大,规模化养殖厂(小区)和养殖专业户的NH_3-N污染负荷较大,放养畜禽的NH_3-N和总磷面源污染负荷量不容忽视。2015年青海省畜禽粪便产生的进入水体形成农业面源污染的化学需氧量占98.8%,NH_3-N、总氮和总磷分别占90.2%、93.8%和93.9%。在主要农业面源污染防控措施方面,应大力加强畜牧业的污染治理,形成种植业与畜牧业的结合,建立良性生态循环模式。
In China, the agricultural non-point source pollution threatening water environment is a serious problem. The main agricultural non-point source pollution sources include fertilizers, pesticides, straws, mulching films and livestock and poultry mature. The characteristics of the agricultural non-point source pollution in different provinces are different. The paper was to study the characteristic and development tendency of the agricultural non-point source pollution in Qinghai province based on the history data and export coefficient method. Qinghai province is located in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It has the characteristics of low temperature, large gap in temperature between day and night, less and concentrated rainfall, long sunshine and strong solar radiation. In Qinghai province, many mulching films are used and large numbers of livestock and poultry are dispersedly raised in pastoral and semi-pastoral areas. With the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution has become more obvious. The pollution loads including 4 parameters of chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) produced by fertilizers, straws, livestock and poultry had been calculated. Considering the special situation that there were many livestock and poultry by dispersion raising in pastoral and semi-pastoral areas, the calculate methods of the agricultural non-point source pollution of livestock and poultry under different breeding modes were proposed. The pollution contributions and threats of the different pollution sources were revealed and the main prevention measures were given. The results showed that fertilizers and pesticides consumption, crop and straw yield, plastic mulch, livestock and poultry manure had presented an increased tendency in the past 30 years and the crop and straw yield had slowly declined in the past 5 years in Qinghai province. In 2015, the total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) pollution loads and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) produced by fertilizers were 2 721, 217 and 226 t, which were 2%,15% and 2% higher than that in 2013. When the fertilizer efficiency increased to 40%, the TP load was still larger than that in 2013. The TN and TP loads produced by crop straws are 2 418 and 224 t respectively which were close to the fertilizers in 2015. The COD load was 1889 t. Oil crops produced the largest pollution, beans and tuber crops produced less pollution in Qinghai province. The COD, NH_3-N, TN and TP loads produced by livestock and poultry were 1289.1, 8.5, 350.4 and 51.8 thousand ton. Under different breeding modes, the agricultural non-point source pollution load produced by small-scale rear livestock in pens was the maximum, and the NH_3-N pollution loads from the large-scale breeding sites and specialized households were large,the NH_3-N and TP pollution loads from the free-ranging livestock and poultry were also noticeable. In 2015, 98.8% of COD, 90.2% of NH_3-N, 93.8% of TN and 93.9% of TP of agricultural non-point source pollution loads were produced by livestock and poultry manure. Additionally, based on the Environmental State Bulletin of Qinghai province, we obtained that the agriculture non-point pollution was the main source of COD which contributes 66 percentages of the total COD loads in 2015. In view of the main prevention measures, the pollution control of the animal husbandry should be strengthened, an ecosystem circulation mode considering the combination of crop farming and animal husbandry combination should be built. This paper can provide valuable information for the agricultural non-point source pollution control in Qinghai province.
In China, the agricultural non-point source pollution threatening water environment is a serious problem. The main agricultural non-point source pollution sources include fertilizers, pesticides, straws, mulching films and livestock and poultry mature. The characteristics of the agricultural non-point source pollution in different provinces are different. The paper was to study the characteristic and development tendency of the agricultural non-point source pollution in Qinghai province based on the history data and export coefficient method. Qinghai province is located in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It has the characteristics of low temperature, large gap in temperature between day and night, less and concentrated rainfall, long sunshine and strong solar radiation. In Qinghai province, many mulching films are used and large numbers of livestock and poultry are dispersedly raised in pastoral and semi-pastoral areas. With the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution has become more obvious. The pollution loads including 4 parameters of chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) produced by fertilizers, straws, livestock and poultry had been calculated. Considering the special situation that there were many livestock and poultry by dispersion raising in pastoral and semi-pastoral areas, the calculate methods of the agricultural non-point source pollution of livestock and poultry under different breeding modes were proposed. The pollution contributions and threats of the different pollution sources were revealed and the main prevention measures were given. The results showed that fertilizers and pesticides consumption, crop and straw yield, plastic mulch, livestock and poultry manure had presented an increased tendency in the past 30 years and the crop and straw yield had slowly declined in the past 5 years in Qinghai province. In 2015, the total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) pollution loads and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) produced by fertilizers were 2 721, 217 and 226 t, which were 2%,15% and 2% higher than that in 2013. When the fertilizer efficiency increased to 40%, the TP load was still larger than that in 2013. The TN and TP loads produced by crop straws are 2 418 and 224 t respectively which were close to the fertilizers in 2015. The COD load was 1889 t. Oil crops produced the largest pollution, beans and tuber crops produced less pollution in Qinghai province. The COD, NH_3-N, TN and TP loads produced by livestock and poultry were 1289.1, 8.5, 350.4 and 51.8 thousand ton. Under different breeding modes, the agricultural non-point source pollution load produced by small-scale rear livestock in pens was the maximum, and the NH_3-N pollution loads from the large-scale breeding sites and specialized households were large,the NH_3-N and TP pollution loads from the free-ranging livestock and poultry were also noticeable. In 2015, 98.8% of COD, 90.2% of NH_3-N, 93.8% of TN and 93.9% of TP of agricultural non-point source pollution loads were produced by livestock and poultry manure. Additionally, based on the Environmental State Bulletin of Qinghai province, we obtained that the agriculture non-point pollution was the main source of COD which contributes 66 percentages of the total COD loads in 2015. In view of the main prevention measures, the pollution control of the animal husbandry should be strengthened, an ecosystem circulation mode considering the combination of crop farming and animal husbandry combination should be built. This paper can provide valuable information for the agricultural non-point source pollution control in Qinghai province.
引文
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[21]龙银平,张耀南,赵国辉,等.SWAT模型水文过程模拟的数据不确定性分析:以青海湖布哈河流域为例[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(3):660-667.Long Yinping,Zhang Yaonan,Zhao Guohui,et al.The uncertainty in meteorological and hydrological processes modeled by using SWAT model[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(3):660-667.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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