基于多效唑减量和川麦冬优质高产的施肥量研究
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摘要
【目的】川麦冬生产上存在多效唑滥用现象,长期过量施用多效唑会造成土壤酸化、有效养分淋湿,降低川麦冬产量及品质,不利于川麦冬出口。本研究旨在找到合理的氮、磷、钾肥配比,以期减少多效唑的施用量。【方法】田间试验采用4因素5水平(2、1、0、–1、–2水平)二次正交旋转组合设计,氮肥5个水平分别为3200、2500、1800、1100、400 kg/hm~2;磷肥5个水平4100、3100、2100、1100、100 kg/hm~2;钾肥5个水平分别为1760、1333、907、480、53 kg/hm~2;多效唑用量分别为150、112.5、75、37.5、0 kg/hm~2共36个处理。于收获期调查了川麦冬根、茎、叶生长状况,块根产量及折干率、根冠比。【结果】试验因素对块根鲜重、块根干重、叶鲜重、叶干重、叶长、根冠比有显著影响,对叶片数、叶宽、分蘖数、须根数、须根长、块根数及折干率无显著影响。随氮肥施用水平的增加,叶长、叶鲜重、叶干重、块根鲜重、块根干重均降低。随磷肥施用水平的增加,叶干重先增加后降低、根冠比先降低后升高。随钾肥施用水平的增加,叶鲜重、叶干重增加,块根鲜重先降低后增加,根冠比(干)降低。随多效唑施用水平的增加,叶长、叶鲜重、叶干重、块根鲜重、块根干重均降低。在影响地上部生长的因素中,多效唑贡献率最高,在影响产量的因素中,氮肥贡献率最高。【结论】通过肥料的合理配施,可保证川麦冬产量,多效唑的施用量较川麦冬生产中用量降低41%。川麦冬产量大于3100 kg/hm~2的肥料用量为尿素799～1051 kg/hm~2、过磷酸钙1904～2296 kg/hm~2、硫酸钾823.31～900.69kg/hm~2,其多效唑用量为44.25～58.88 kg/hm~2。
【Objectives】A growth regulator, paclobutrazol(PP333), is often abused in Ophiopogon japonicus production in Sichuan. Long-term over-application of PP333 has caused soil acidification and available nutrient leaching, which reduce the yield and quality of Ophiopogon japonicus product, and impact its exportation. The purpose of this study was to buildup reasonable N, P and K fertilizer ratio to reduce the use of PP333 in Ophiopogon japonicus production.【Methods】A quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with 4 factors and 5 levels was applied in a field experiment. Taking current fertilizer management as standard, the levels of 2, 1, 0,–1 and –2 for nitrogen fertilizer rates were 3200, 2500, 1800, 1100 and 400 kg/hm~2, for phosphorus fertilizer rates were 4100, 3100, 2100, 1100 and 100 kg/hm~2, for potash fertilizer rates were 1760, 1333, 907, 480 and53 kg/hm~2, and for PP333 were 150, 112.5, 75, 37.5 and 0 kg/hm~2, making total of 36 treatments in the experiment.At harvest stage, the development characters of roots and leaves, the dry weight ratio and root/shoot ratio of Ophiopogon japonicus were investigated.【Results】The experimental factors had significant effects on root weight, root dry weight, leaf weight, leaf dry weight, leaf length, and root/shoot ratio, but did not affect leaf number, leaf width, tiller number, root number, fibrous root number, fibrous root length, and drying rate. With the increase of nitrogen levels, leaf length, leaf weight, leaf dry weight, root weight, and root dry weight decreased.With the increase of phosphate levels, leaf dry weight increased first and then decreased, while root to shoot ratio decreased first and then increased. With the increase of potash levels, leaf weight and leaf dry weight increased,and the fresh root weight decreased first and then increased, and ratio of root to shoot(dry) decreased. With the increase of PP333 levels, leaf length, leaf weight, leaf dry weight, root weight, and root dry weight all decreased.Among all the factors that affected growth of aerial part of plant, PP333 had the greatest contribution, while among the factors that affected yield, nitrogen fertilizer had the highest contribution.【Conclusions】Yield can be guaranteed by appropriate fertilization and the use of PP333 can be decreased by 41% compared with typical rate used in Ophiopogon japonicus production. For Ophiopogon japonicus yield being over 3100 kg/hm~2, the appropriate rate is urea 799–1051 kg/hm~2, single superphosphate 1904–2296 kg/hm~2, potassium sulphate823.31–900.69 kg/hm~2 and PP333 44.25–58.88 kg/hm~2.
【Objectives】A growth regulator, paclobutrazol(PP333), is often abused in Ophiopogon japonicus production in Sichuan. Long-term over-application of PP333 has caused soil acidification and available nutrient leaching, which reduce the yield and quality of Ophiopogon japonicus product, and impact its exportation. The purpose of this study was to buildup reasonable N, P and K fertilizer ratio to reduce the use of PP333 in Ophiopogon japonicus production.【Methods】A quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with 4 factors and 5 levels was applied in a field experiment. Taking current fertilizer management as standard, the levels of 2, 1, 0,–1 and –2 for nitrogen fertilizer rates were 3200, 2500, 1800, 1100 and 400 kg/hm~2, for phosphorus fertilizer rates were 4100, 3100, 2100, 1100 and 100 kg/hm~2, for potash fertilizer rates were 1760, 1333, 907, 480 and53 kg/hm~2, and for PP333 were 150, 112.5, 75, 37.5 and 0 kg/hm~2, making total of 36 treatments in the experiment.At harvest stage, the development characters of roots and leaves, the dry weight ratio and root/shoot ratio of Ophiopogon japonicus were investigated.【Results】The experimental factors had significant effects on root weight, root dry weight, leaf weight, leaf dry weight, leaf length, and root/shoot ratio, but did not affect leaf number, leaf width, tiller number, root number, fibrous root number, fibrous root length, and drying rate. With the increase of nitrogen levels, leaf length, leaf weight, leaf dry weight, root weight, and root dry weight decreased.With the increase of phosphate levels, leaf dry weight increased first and then decreased, while root to shoot ratio decreased first and then increased. With the increase of potash levels, leaf weight and leaf dry weight increased,and the fresh root weight decreased first and then increased, and ratio of root to shoot(dry) decreased. With the increase of PP333 levels, leaf length, leaf weight, leaf dry weight, root weight, and root dry weight all decreased.Among all the factors that affected growth of aerial part of plant, PP333 had the greatest contribution, while among the factors that affected yield, nitrogen fertilizer had the highest contribution.【Conclusions】Yield can be guaranteed by appropriate fertilization and the use of PP333 can be decreased by 41% compared with typical rate used in Ophiopogon japonicus production. For Ophiopogon japonicus yield being over 3100 kg/hm~2, the appropriate rate is urea 799–1051 kg/hm~2, single superphosphate 1904–2296 kg/hm~2, potassium sulphate823.31–900.69 kg/hm~2 and PP333 44.25–58.88 kg/hm~2.
引文
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[5]包晓斌.四川省三台县种植业生态补偿研究[J].生态经济,2017,33(3):24-28.Bao X B.Study on planting industry eco-compensation in Santai County of Sichuan Province[J].Ecological Economy,2017,33(3):24-28.
[6]翟宇瑶,郭宝林,程明.植物生长延缓剂在药用植物栽培中的应用[J].中国中药杂志,2013,38(17):2739-2744.Zhai YY,Guo B L,Chen M.Application of plant growth retardants in the cultivation of medicinal plants[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medicine,2013,38(17):2739-2744.
[7]林秋霞,李敏,罗远鸿,等.植物生长调节剂对川麦冬生长发育影响的研究[J].时珍国医国药,2014,(8):1994-1996.Lin Q X,Li M,Luo Y H,et al.A preliminary study on the effect of plant growth regulator on growth and development of Ophiopogon japonicu[J].Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research,2014,(8):1994-1996.
[8]陈兴福,杨文钰,刘红昌.麦冬氮、磷、钾吸收与积累特性研究[J].中国中药杂志,2005,30(16):1233-1236.Chen X F,Yang W,Liu H C.Study on the absorption and accumulation of N,P,K[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medicine,2005,30(16):1233-1236.
[9]孟培,王建华,宋振巧,等.丹参氮、磷、钾积累分配特点及其与干物质、丹酚酸B积累的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):940-945.Meng P,Wang J H,Song Z Q,et al.Accumulation and distribution of N,P and K in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.and their relations to the dry matter production and salvianolic acid B[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2013,19(4):940-945.
[10]张锋,王建华,余松烈,等.白首乌氮、磷、钾积累分配特点及其与物质生产的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(3):369-373.Zhang F,W J H,Yu S L,et al.Accumulation and distribution of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium in Cynanchum bungei Decne and their relationships to dry matter production[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2006,12(3):369-373.
[11]肖平阔,王沫,张振媛,等.半夏干物质积累与氮、磷、钾吸收特点的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):453-456.Xiao P K,Wang M,Zhang Z Y,et al.Dry matter accumulation of Pinellia ternata and its characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium absorption[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2009,15(2):453-456.
[12]祝丽香,王建华,耿慧云,等.桔梗的干物质累积及氮、磷、钾养分吸收特点[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):197-202.Zhu L X,Wang J H,Geng H Y,et al.Accumulation and distribution of N,P and K in Platycodon grandiflorum and their relationships to dry matter production[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2010,16(1):197-202.
[13]Shen N,Cui Y,Xu W,et al.Impact of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on growth and anthraquinone content in Rheum tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf[J].Industrial Crops&Products,2017,107:312-319.
[14]Zhu Z B,Liang Z S,Han R L,et al.Growth and saikosaponin production of the medicinal herb Bupleurum chinense D C.under different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Industrial Crops&Products,2009,29(1):96-101.
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