油菜专用长效配方肥对新疆春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究新疆春油菜区,施用油菜专用长效配方肥对其产量、肥料利用效率的影响,筛选出最佳施肥量。【方法】以不施肥、习惯用肥为对照处理,以专用长效配方肥不同NPK比例为试验处理,在成熟期对地上部生物产量、各部位养分积累量、产量进行测定,计算分析表征肥料利用效率。【结果】随着油菜专用肥使用量的增加,成熟期有效株数、每株荚角数、每荚粒数、籽粒产量、肥料增产率均呈现先增加,后降低的趋势,处理5增产率最大(55. 64%),其次是处理2(51. 79%),处理5的籽粒产量、茎秆产量最高,分别为3 799. 92、7 579. 95kg/hm~2;不同处理地上部养分投入产出差异显著,处理3、4、5 N产出量均大于投入量;表征肥料利用效率计算分析发现处理3肥料中N的养分利率最高(89. 8%),处理5肥料中P_2O_5的养分利率最高(46. 9%);肥料表观利用率最高的是处理3 (86. 84%),其次是处理5 (85. 27%),且处理5肥料农学利用率最大(4. 837 0),较习惯用肥(处理2)高出2. 037。【结论】在新疆春油菜区施用专用肥600 kg/hm~2(处理5),N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为10. 0、4. 8和3. 6 kg/hm~2,肥料增产率最高(54. 16%),籽粒产量3 799. 92 kg/hm~2,与对照、习惯用肥达到显著差异,且实现油菜高产目标同时更需要关注地力培肥和平衡施肥。
【Objective】To study the effect of special long-acting formula fertilizer on yield and fertilizer use efficiency of spring rapeseed in Xinjiang,the optimum fertilization rate was selected. 【Method】In this study,the shoot biomass yield,nutrient accumulation and yield were measured at mature stage with different NPK ratios of special long-acting formula fertilizer as control treatment and farmers' conventional fertilization as test treatment and the fertilizer utilization efficiency were calculated and analyzed.【Results】With the increase of special fertilizer use in rapeseed,the number of effective plants,pod angle per plant,grain number per pod,grain yield and fertilizer yield increased at first and then decreased. Among the different treatment,Treatment 5 had the largest yield increase( 55. 64%),followed by Treatment 2( 51. 79%); The grain yield of treatment 5 was the highest,so was the stem yield' They were 3,799. 92 kg/hm~2 and 7,579. 95 kg/hm~2,respectively. There were significant differences in nutrient input and output among different treatments,and the nitrogen outputs of treatments 3,4 and 5 were higher than the inputs. The calculation and analysis of fertilizer utilization efficiency indicated that the highest N nutrient rate was found in treatment 3( 89. 8%),the highest P_2O_5 nutrient rate was found in treatment 5( 46. 9%),the highest fertilizer apparent utilization rate was found in treatment 3( 86. 84%),followed by treatment 5( 85. 27%),and the fertilizer agronomic utilization rate of treatment 5 was the highest( 4. 837,0),which was higher than that the conventional fertilizer( treatment 2)( 2. 037).【Conclusion】The application of special fertilizer 600 kg/hm~2( treatment 5) in spring rape area of Xinjiang showed that N,P_2O_5 and K_2O were 10. 0 kg/hm~2,4. 8 kg/hm~2 and 3. 6 kg/hm~2,respectively. The fertilizer yield was the highest( 54. 16%) and the grain yield was 3,799. 92 kg/hm~2,which was significantly different from those of the CK and the farmers' conventional fertilization. In addition,attention should be paid to two aspects of the fertility of the land and balanced fertilization in the field.
【Objective】To study the effect of special long-acting formula fertilizer on yield and fertilizer use efficiency of spring rapeseed in Xinjiang,the optimum fertilization rate was selected. 【Method】In this study,the shoot biomass yield,nutrient accumulation and yield were measured at mature stage with different NPK ratios of special long-acting formula fertilizer as control treatment and farmers' conventional fertilization as test treatment and the fertilizer utilization efficiency were calculated and analyzed.【Results】With the increase of special fertilizer use in rapeseed,the number of effective plants,pod angle per plant,grain number per pod,grain yield and fertilizer yield increased at first and then decreased. Among the different treatment,Treatment 5 had the largest yield increase( 55. 64%),followed by Treatment 2( 51. 79%); The grain yield of treatment 5 was the highest,so was the stem yield' They were 3,799. 92 kg/hm~2 and 7,579. 95 kg/hm~2,respectively. There were significant differences in nutrient input and output among different treatments,and the nitrogen outputs of treatments 3,4 and 5 were higher than the inputs. The calculation and analysis of fertilizer utilization efficiency indicated that the highest N nutrient rate was found in treatment 3( 89. 8%),the highest P_2O_5 nutrient rate was found in treatment 5( 46. 9%),the highest fertilizer apparent utilization rate was found in treatment 3( 86. 84%),followed by treatment 5( 85. 27%),and the fertilizer agronomic utilization rate of treatment 5 was the highest( 4. 837,0),which was higher than that the conventional fertilizer( treatment 2)( 2. 037).【Conclusion】The application of special fertilizer 600 kg/hm~2( treatment 5) in spring rape area of Xinjiang showed that N,P_2O_5 and K_2O were 10. 0 kg/hm~2,4. 8 kg/hm~2 and 3. 6 kg/hm~2,respectively. The fertilizer yield was the highest( 54. 16%) and the grain yield was 3,799. 92 kg/hm~2,which was significantly different from those of the CK and the farmers' conventional fertilization. In addition,attention should be paid to two aspects of the fertility of the land and balanced fertilization in the field.
引文
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[10]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):745-752.ZOU Juan,LU Jian-wei,CHEN Fang,et al.(2011). Study on Yield Increasing and Nutrient Uptake Effect by Nitrogen Application and Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Winter Rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,44(4):745-752.(in Chinese)
[11]黄晓婷,赵亚丽,杨艳,等.不同土壤类型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施肥效应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(16):3 140-3 151.HUANG Xiao-ting, ZHAO Ya-li, YANG Yan, et al.(2016). Effects of Fertilization on Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System in Different Soil Types[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,49(16):3,140-3,151.(in Chinese)
[12]刘芬,同延安,王小英,等.渭北旱塬春玉米施肥效果及肥料利用效率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(1):48-55.LIU Fen,TONG Yan-an,WANG Xiao-ying,et al.(2014).Effects of N,P and K fertilization on spring maize yield and fertilizer use efficiency in Weibei rainfed highland[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,20(1):48-55.(in Chinese)
[13]王伟妮,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.湖北省水稻施肥效果及肥料利用效率现状研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2):289-295.WANG Wei-ni,LU Jian-wei,CHEN Fang,et al.(2010).Study on fertilization effect and fertilizer use efficiency of rice in Hubei Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,16(2):289-295.(in Chinese)
[14]罗龙皂,李渝,张文安,等.长期施肥下黄壤旱地玉米产量及肥料利用率的变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2793-2 798.LUO Long-zao,LI Yu,ZHANG Wen-an,et al.(2013).Variation characteristics of maize yield and fertilizer utilization rate on an upland yellow soil under long term fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(10):2,793-2,798.(in Chinese)
[15]鲁泽刚,周龙,杨丽梅.不同施肥水平对大麦产量的影响及肥料效应[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2018,(5):1-5.LU Ze-gang,ZHOU Long,YANG Li-mei.(2018). Effect of Different Fertilization Levelson BarleyYield and Fertilizer Effect[J]. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Ed.),(5):1-5.(in Chinese)
[16]王洪预,崔正果,伍舒悦,等.氮磷钾肥料配施对粒用高粱籽粒产量的影响[J].东北农业科学,2018,43(3):1-4.WANG Hong-yu,CUI Zheng-guo,WU Shu-yue,et al.(2018). Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Application on Yield of Sorghum[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences,43(3):1-4.(in Chinese)
[17]王耀,孙小娟.不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(2):203-212.WANG Yao,SUN Xiao-juan.(2018). Effects of Fertilization on Tuber Yield,Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency under Different Rainfall Harvesting Planting Modes of Potato[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,27(2):203-212.(in Chinese)
[18]赵欢,张萌,秦松,等.贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1 320-1 327.ZHAO Huan,ZHANG Meng,QIN Song,et al.(2016). Response of Chinese cabbage growth,quality,photosynthesis and nitrogen utilization to new fertilizers in Guizhou yellow soil[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,24(10):1,320-1,327.(in Chinese)
[2]刘德平,杨树青,史海滨,等.小麦/玉米套作条件下氮、磷配施的肥料效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(3):262-269.LIU De-ping,YANG Shu-qing,SHI Hai-bin,et al.(2014). Effect of combined nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application of wheat-maize intercropping system[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,22(3):262-269.(in Chinese)
[3]李月梅.氮磷钾肥施用对甘蓝型春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2012,34(2):174-180.LI Yue-mei.(2012). Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on yield and chemical fertilizers utilization of spring hybrid oilseed rape in Qinghai[J]. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,34(2):174-180.(in Chinese)
[4]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(4):729-734.ZOU Juan,LU Jian-wei,CHEN Fang,et al.(2011). Status of Nutrient Use Efficiencies of Rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,37(4):729-734.(in Chinese)
[5]罗照霞,杨志奇,俄胜哲,等.长期施肥对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2017,26(7):1 007-1013.LUO Zhao-xia, YANG Zhi-qi, E Sheng-zhe, et al.(2017). Effects of long term fertilization on Winter Wheat Yield and water use efficiency[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,26(7):1,007-1,013.(in Chinese)
[6]Fageria,N. K.,&Baligar,V. C..(2003). Methodology for evaluation of lowland rice genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency.Journal of Plant Nutrition,26(6):1,315-1,333.
[7] Rathke,G. W.,Behrens,T.,&Diepenbrock,W..(2006). Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield,oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape(brassica napus l.):a review. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,117(2):80-108.
[8]闫湘,金继运,梁鸣早.我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率[J].土壤,2017,49(6):1 067-1 077.YAN Xiang,JIN Ji-yun,LIANG Ming-zao.(2017). Fertilizer Use Efficiencies and Yield-increasing Rates of Grain Crops in China[J]. Soils,49(6):1,067-1,077.(in Chinese)
[9]李文证,马国成,尹娟.不同水肥处理对马铃薯肥料利用效率的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016,(9):44-47,51.LI Wen-zheng,MA Guo-cheng,YIN Juan.(2016). The Effect of Different Water and Fertilizer Conditions on the Fertilizer Using Efficiency of Potato[J]. Water Saving Irrigation,(9):44-47,51.(in Chinese)
[10]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.冬油菜施氮的增产和养分吸收效应及氮肥利用率研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(4):745-752.ZOU Juan,LU Jian-wei,CHEN Fang,et al.(2011). Study on Yield Increasing and Nutrient Uptake Effect by Nitrogen Application and Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Winter Rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,44(4):745-752.(in Chinese)
[11]黄晓婷,赵亚丽,杨艳,等.不同土壤类型冬小麦-夏玉米轮作施肥效应[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(16):3 140-3 151.HUANG Xiao-ting, ZHAO Ya-li, YANG Yan, et al.(2016). Effects of Fertilization on Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System in Different Soil Types[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,49(16):3,140-3,151.(in Chinese)
[12]刘芬,同延安,王小英,等.渭北旱塬春玉米施肥效果及肥料利用效率研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(1):48-55.LIU Fen,TONG Yan-an,WANG Xiao-ying,et al.(2014).Effects of N,P and K fertilization on spring maize yield and fertilizer use efficiency in Weibei rainfed highland[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,20(1):48-55.(in Chinese)
[13]王伟妮,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.湖北省水稻施肥效果及肥料利用效率现状研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2):289-295.WANG Wei-ni,LU Jian-wei,CHEN Fang,et al.(2010).Study on fertilization effect and fertilizer use efficiency of rice in Hubei Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,16(2):289-295.(in Chinese)
[14]罗龙皂,李渝,张文安,等.长期施肥下黄壤旱地玉米产量及肥料利用率的变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2793-2 798.LUO Long-zao,LI Yu,ZHANG Wen-an,et al.(2013).Variation characteristics of maize yield and fertilizer utilization rate on an upland yellow soil under long term fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,24(10):2,793-2,798.(in Chinese)
[15]鲁泽刚,周龙,杨丽梅.不同施肥水平对大麦产量的影响及肥料效应[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2018,(5):1-5.LU Ze-gang,ZHOU Long,YANG Li-mei.(2018). Effect of Different Fertilization Levelson BarleyYield and Fertilizer Effect[J]. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(Natural Science Ed.),(5):1-5.(in Chinese)
[16]王洪预,崔正果,伍舒悦,等.氮磷钾肥料配施对粒用高粱籽粒产量的影响[J].东北农业科学,2018,43(3):1-4.WANG Hong-yu,CUI Zheng-guo,WU Shu-yue,et al.(2018). Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Application on Yield of Sorghum[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural Sciences,43(3):1-4.(in Chinese)
[17]王耀,孙小娟.不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(2):203-212.WANG Yao,SUN Xiao-juan.(2018). Effects of Fertilization on Tuber Yield,Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency under Different Rainfall Harvesting Planting Modes of Potato[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,27(2):203-212.(in Chinese)
[18]赵欢,张萌,秦松,等.贵州黄壤小白菜生长、品质、光合特性及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(10):1 320-1 327.ZHAO Huan,ZHANG Meng,QIN Song,et al.(2016). Response of Chinese cabbage growth,quality,photosynthesis and nitrogen utilization to new fertilizers in Guizhou yellow soil[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,24(10):1,320-1,327.(in Chinese)
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