修枝对杨树人工林林内小气候及林下植被的短期效应
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摘要
通过研究不同修枝强度对杨树林内小气候和林下植被的影响,为杨树人工林合理修枝和林下间作提供理论依据。对5年生的南林3804杨(Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’)人工林进行不同强度的修枝处理,分别为1/2修枝强度(修去下部枝条,使枝下高达到树高的1/2)、1/3修枝强度(修去下部枝条,使枝下高达到树高的1/3)和CK(对照,不修枝)。修枝4个月后(7月)对不同处理的林下光照强度、气温、相对湿度等林内小气候以及林下植被状况进行调查与分析。结果表明,(1)修枝改变了林下光照强度和空气温湿度。与CK相比,1/2修枝强度下林内不同位点的日平均光照强度和气温分别提高了37.83%和5.30%,而空气相对湿度降低了9.56%;1/3修枝强度下不同位点的日平均光照强度和气温分别提高了15.03%和3.93%,空气相对湿度降低了7.72%。(2)1/2和1/3修枝强度的林分地表温度分别比CK提高了0.89℃和0.62℃;不同处理之间的5cm深土壤温度和土壤湿度差异均不显著。(3)修枝后林下植被会发生较大变化。与CK相比,1/2和1/3修枝强度下的林下植被生物量分别提高了76.24%和51.26%,Shannon-Weiner指数分别提高了43.63%和19.47%;1/3修枝强度下的Menhinick丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均高于CK,但1/2修枝强度下的Menhinick丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均低于CK。总体而言,修枝能增强林下光照强度,提高林内气温和地表温度,降低空气相对湿度,改变林下植被组成,提高林下植物物种多样性和生物量。
The effects of pruning on microclimate and vegetation in a poplar plantation were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the plantation management. In March 2018, the plantation of poplar clone Nanlin 3804(Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’) in five years old was pruned in 1/2 treatment(height under branch was up to 1/2 of tree height after pruning), 1/3 treatment(height under branch was up to 1/3 of tree height after pruning) and CK(control treatment without pruning). Four months after pruning(in July 2018), the changes of microclimate such as light intensity, air temperature, relative humidity and understory vegetation situation were investigated. The result showed that:(1) Pruning changed the light intensity, air temperature and air humidity of plantation. Compared with the CK, the daily average light intensity and air temperature at different sites under 1/2 pruning treatment increased by 37.83% and 5.30%, respectively, but the air relative humidity decreased by 9.56%. Meanwhile, the daily average light intensity and air temperature at different sites under 1/3 pruning treatment increased by 15.03% and 3.93%, respectively, and the air relative humidity decreased by 7.72% compared to the CK.(2) Compared with the CK, ground surface temperatures in 1/2 and 1/3 pruning treatments increased by 0.89 ℃ and 0.62 ℃ respectively. There was no significant difference in soil temperature and soil moisture at 5 cm depth among different treatments. And(3) the undergrowth vegetation changed greatly after pruning. Compared with the CK, the biomass of understory vegetations under 1/2 and 1/3 pruning treatments increased by 76.24% and 51.26% respectively. Menhinick richness index and Pielou evenness index of the undergrowth vegetations under 1/3 pruning treatment were higher than that of the CK. However, the Menhinick richness index and Pielou evenness index under 1/2 pruning treatment were lower than that of the CK. On the whole, poplar pruning could enhance the light intensity, increase the soil surface temperature, while reducing the air relative humidity, changing the understory vegetation composition, and increasing the understory vegetation diversity and biomass as well.
The effects of pruning on microclimate and vegetation in a poplar plantation were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the plantation management. In March 2018, the plantation of poplar clone Nanlin 3804(Populus deltoides ‘Nanlin 3804’) in five years old was pruned in 1/2 treatment(height under branch was up to 1/2 of tree height after pruning), 1/3 treatment(height under branch was up to 1/3 of tree height after pruning) and CK(control treatment without pruning). Four months after pruning(in July 2018), the changes of microclimate such as light intensity, air temperature, relative humidity and understory vegetation situation were investigated. The result showed that:(1) Pruning changed the light intensity, air temperature and air humidity of plantation. Compared with the CK, the daily average light intensity and air temperature at different sites under 1/2 pruning treatment increased by 37.83% and 5.30%, respectively, but the air relative humidity decreased by 9.56%. Meanwhile, the daily average light intensity and air temperature at different sites under 1/3 pruning treatment increased by 15.03% and 3.93%, respectively, and the air relative humidity decreased by 7.72% compared to the CK.(2) Compared with the CK, ground surface temperatures in 1/2 and 1/3 pruning treatments increased by 0.89 ℃ and 0.62 ℃ respectively. There was no significant difference in soil temperature and soil moisture at 5 cm depth among different treatments. And(3) the undergrowth vegetation changed greatly after pruning. Compared with the CK, the biomass of understory vegetations under 1/2 and 1/3 pruning treatments increased by 76.24% and 51.26% respectively. Menhinick richness index and Pielou evenness index of the undergrowth vegetations under 1/3 pruning treatment were higher than that of the CK. However, the Menhinick richness index and Pielou evenness index under 1/2 pruning treatment were lower than that of the CK. On the whole, poplar pruning could enhance the light intensity, increase the soil surface temperature, while reducing the air relative humidity, changing the understory vegetation composition, and increasing the understory vegetation diversity and biomass as well.
引文
ABD LATIF Z,BLACKBURN G A,2010.The effects of gap size on some microclimate variables during late summer and autumn in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,54(2):119-129.
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FANG S Z,LI H L,SUN Q X,et al.,2010.Biomass production and carbon stocks in poplar-crop intercropping systems:a case study in northwestern Jiangsu,China[J].Agroforestry Systems,79(2):213-222.
GORELICK R,2006.Combining richness and abundance into a single diversity index using matrix analogues of Shannon's and Simpson's indices[J].Ecography,29(4):525-530.
TINYA F,óDOR P,2016.Congruence of the spatial pattern of light and understory vegetation in an old-growth,temperate mixed forest[J].Forest Ecology and Management,381:84-92.
VAN DEN BERG E,CHAZDON R,CORREA B S,2012.Tree growth and death in a tropical gallery forest in Brazil:understanding the relationships among size,growth,and survivorship for understory and canopy dominant species[J].Plant Ecology,213(7):1081-1092.
VERSCHUYL J,RIFFELL S,MILLER D,et al.,2011.Biodiversity response to intensive biomass production from forest thinning in North American forests-A meta-analysis[J].Forest Ecology and Management,261(2):221-232.
ZOU C B,BARRON-GAFFORD G A,BRESHEARS D D,2007.Effects of topography and woody plant canopy cover on near-ground solar radiation:Relevant energy inputs for ecohydrology and hydropedology[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(24):1-6.
包和平,王晓波,陈光,2007.旱田几种禾本科杂草结实期光合特性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,28(1):82-85.BAO H P,WANG X B,CHEN G,2007.Photosynthetic characteristics of several gramineous weeds during fructification period in dry farm land[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,28(1):82-85.
段劼,马履一,贾黎明,等,2010.抚育间伐对侧柏人工林及林下植被生长的影响[J].生态学报,30(6):1431-1441.DUAN J,MA L Y,JIA L M,et al.,2010.Effect of thinning on Platycladus orientalis plantation and the diversity of undergrowth vegetation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(6):1431-1441.
杜有新,刘伟,王军峰,等,2018.采伐林窗对白云山3种人工林林下植物多样性的早期影响[J].应用生态学报,29(7):2121-2128.DU Y X,LIU W,WANG J F,et al.,2018.Early effects of forest harvesting gap on understory plant diversity of three different plantation s in Baiyun Mountain,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29(7):2121-2128.
杜忠,蔡小虎,包维楷,等,2016.林下层植被对上层乔木的影响研究综述[J].应用生态学报,27(3):963-972.DU Z,CAI X H,BAO W K,et al.,2016.Understory effects on overstory trees:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,27(3):963-972.
方升佐,2008.中国杨树人工林培育技术研究进展[J].应用生态学报,19(10):2308-2316.FANG S Z,2008.Silviculture of poplar plantation in China:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,19(10):2308-2316.
郝建,蒙明君,黄德卫,等,2017.格木人工林节子的分布特征及预测模型[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),41(3):100-104.HAO J,MENG M J,HUANG D W,et al.,2017.Distribution and statistical analysis of knots in Erythrophleum fordii plantations[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),41(3):100-104.
黄开栋,钱壮壮,唐罗忠,2018.林木修枝对林地环境的影响研究进展[J].世界林业研究,31(2):43-48.HUANG K D,QIAN Z Z,TANG L Z,2018.Research progress in the effect of pruning on plantation environment[J].World Forestry Research,31(2):43-48.
贾亚运,周丽丽,吴鹏飞,等,2016.不同发育阶段杉木人工林林下植被的多样性[J].森林与环境学报,36(1):36-41.JIA Y Y,ZHOU L L,WU P F,et al.,2016.Characterization of understory community of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at different developmental stages[J].Journal of Forest and Environment,36(1):36-41.
沈国舫,2001.森林培育学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.SHEN G F,2001.Silviculture[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
孙尚伟,尹伟伦,夏新莉,等,2009.修枝对复合农林系统内小气候及作物生长的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,31(1):25-30.SUN S W,YIN W L,XIA X L,et al.,2009.Effects of different pruning intensity on microclimate,growth and yield of crops in agroforestry systems[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,31(1):25-30.
汤景明,孙拥康,冯骏,等,2018.不同强度间伐对日本落叶松人工林生长及林下植物多样性的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,38(6):90-93,122.TANG J M,SUN Y K,FENG J,et al.,2018.Influence of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Larix kaempferi plantation forest[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,38(6):90-93,122.
王凯,马履一,贾忠奎,等,2013.不同林龄油松人工林林下植物对不同间伐强度的短期响应[J].东北林业大学学报,41(10):1-9.WANG K,MA L Y,JIA Z K,et al.,2013.Short-term responses of undergrowth of Pinus tabuliformis plantation at different stand ages to different thinning intensity[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,41(10):1-9.
王丽娟,王孝安,原志坚,等,2017.抚育对黄土高原人工油松林林下植被的影响[J].生态环境学报,26(8):1301-1309.WANG L J,WANG X A,YUAN Z J,et al.,2017.Effects of tending on undergrowth vegetation of artificial Pinus tabuliformis forests on the Loess Plateau[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(8):1301-1309.
王祖华,李瑞霞,王晓杰,等,2010.间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及生物量的影响[J].生态环境学报,19(12):2778-2782.WANG Z H,LI R X,WANG X J,et al.,2010.Effects of thinning on biomass and species diversity of understory in Chinese fir plantations[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,19(12):2778-2782.
原志坚,王孝安,王丽娟,等,2018.抚育对黄土高原油松人工林林下植被功能多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,37(2):339-346.YUAN Z J,WANG X A,WANG L J,et al.,2018.Effects of tending on functional diversity of understory vegetation in Pinus tabuliformis plantation on the Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,37(2):339-346.
张金屯,1995.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.ZHANG J T,1995.Method of quantitative plant ecology[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Publishing House.
ALEM S,PAVLIS J,URBAN J,et al.,2015.Pure and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Cupressus lusitanica:Their growth interactions and effect on diversity and density of undergrowth woody plants in relation to light[J].Open Journal of Forestry,5:375-386.
CONNELL J H,1978.Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs[J].Science,199(4335):1302-1310.
FANG S Z,LI H L,SUN Q X,et al.,2010.Biomass production and carbon stocks in poplar-crop intercropping systems:a case study in northwestern Jiangsu,China[J].Agroforestry Systems,79(2):213-222.
GORELICK R,2006.Combining richness and abundance into a single diversity index using matrix analogues of Shannon's and Simpson's indices[J].Ecography,29(4):525-530.
TINYA F,óDOR P,2016.Congruence of the spatial pattern of light and understory vegetation in an old-growth,temperate mixed forest[J].Forest Ecology and Management,381:84-92.
VAN DEN BERG E,CHAZDON R,CORREA B S,2012.Tree growth and death in a tropical gallery forest in Brazil:understanding the relationships among size,growth,and survivorship for understory and canopy dominant species[J].Plant Ecology,213(7):1081-1092.
VERSCHUYL J,RIFFELL S,MILLER D,et al.,2011.Biodiversity response to intensive biomass production from forest thinning in North American forests-A meta-analysis[J].Forest Ecology and Management,261(2):221-232.
ZOU C B,BARRON-GAFFORD G A,BRESHEARS D D,2007.Effects of topography and woody plant canopy cover on near-ground solar radiation:Relevant energy inputs for ecohydrology and hydropedology[J].Geophysical Research Letters,34(24):1-6.
包和平,王晓波,陈光,2007.旱田几种禾本科杂草结实期光合特性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,28(1):82-85.BAO H P,WANG X B,CHEN G,2007.Photosynthetic characteristics of several gramineous weeds during fructification period in dry farm land[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,28(1):82-85.
段劼,马履一,贾黎明,等,2010.抚育间伐对侧柏人工林及林下植被生长的影响[J].生态学报,30(6):1431-1441.DUAN J,MA L Y,JIA L M,et al.,2010.Effect of thinning on Platycladus orientalis plantation and the diversity of undergrowth vegetation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(6):1431-1441.
杜有新,刘伟,王军峰,等,2018.采伐林窗对白云山3种人工林林下植物多样性的早期影响[J].应用生态学报,29(7):2121-2128.DU Y X,LIU W,WANG J F,et al.,2018.Early effects of forest harvesting gap on understory plant diversity of three different plantation s in Baiyun Mountain,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,29(7):2121-2128.
杜忠,蔡小虎,包维楷,等,2016.林下层植被对上层乔木的影响研究综述[J].应用生态学报,27(3):963-972.DU Z,CAI X H,BAO W K,et al.,2016.Understory effects on overstory trees:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,27(3):963-972.
方升佐,2008.中国杨树人工林培育技术研究进展[J].应用生态学报,19(10):2308-2316.FANG S Z,2008.Silviculture of poplar plantation in China:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,19(10):2308-2316.
郝建,蒙明君,黄德卫,等,2017.格木人工林节子的分布特征及预测模型[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),41(3):100-104.HAO J,MENG M J,HUANG D W,et al.,2017.Distribution and statistical analysis of knots in Erythrophleum fordii plantations[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),41(3):100-104.
黄开栋,钱壮壮,唐罗忠,2018.林木修枝对林地环境的影响研究进展[J].世界林业研究,31(2):43-48.HUANG K D,QIAN Z Z,TANG L Z,2018.Research progress in the effect of pruning on plantation environment[J].World Forestry Research,31(2):43-48.
贾亚运,周丽丽,吴鹏飞,等,2016.不同发育阶段杉木人工林林下植被的多样性[J].森林与环境学报,36(1):36-41.JIA Y Y,ZHOU L L,WU P F,et al.,2016.Characterization of understory community of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at different developmental stages[J].Journal of Forest and Environment,36(1):36-41.
沈国舫,2001.森林培育学[M].北京:中国林业出版社.SHEN G F,2001.Silviculture[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
孙尚伟,尹伟伦,夏新莉,等,2009.修枝对复合农林系统内小气候及作物生长的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,31(1):25-30.SUN S W,YIN W L,XIA X L,et al.,2009.Effects of different pruning intensity on microclimate,growth and yield of crops in agroforestry systems[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,31(1):25-30.
汤景明,孙拥康,冯骏,等,2018.不同强度间伐对日本落叶松人工林生长及林下植物多样性的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,38(6):90-93,122.TANG J M,SUN Y K,FENG J,et al.,2018.Influence of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Larix kaempferi plantation forest[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,38(6):90-93,122.
王凯,马履一,贾忠奎,等,2013.不同林龄油松人工林林下植物对不同间伐强度的短期响应[J].东北林业大学学报,41(10):1-9.WANG K,MA L Y,JIA Z K,et al.,2013.Short-term responses of undergrowth of Pinus tabuliformis plantation at different stand ages to different thinning intensity[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,41(10):1-9.
王丽娟,王孝安,原志坚,等,2017.抚育对黄土高原人工油松林林下植被的影响[J].生态环境学报,26(8):1301-1309.WANG L J,WANG X A,YUAN Z J,et al.,2017.Effects of tending on undergrowth vegetation of artificial Pinus tabuliformis forests on the Loess Plateau[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(8):1301-1309.
王祖华,李瑞霞,王晓杰,等,2010.间伐对杉木人工林林下植被多样性及生物量的影响[J].生态环境学报,19(12):2778-2782.WANG Z H,LI R X,WANG X J,et al.,2010.Effects of thinning on biomass and species diversity of understory in Chinese fir plantations[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,19(12):2778-2782.
原志坚,王孝安,王丽娟,等,2018.抚育对黄土高原油松人工林林下植被功能多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,37(2):339-346.YUAN Z J,WANG X A,WANG L J,et al.,2018.Effects of tending on functional diversity of understory vegetation in Pinus tabuliformis plantation on the Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,37(2):339-346.
张金屯,1995.植被数量生态学方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.ZHANG J T,1995.Method of quantitative plant ecology[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Publishing House.
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