西藏林芝地区高等级公路生态袋边坡修复技术应用研究
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摘要
西藏公路建设快速发展的同时产生大量的公路边坡工程创面,且公路边坡修复的难度和投入巨大;因此,探索一种有效水土保持且能促进边坡植被修复的技术,对西藏公路建设中生态保护及生态修复具有重要的指导意义。本研究采用生态袋边坡修复技术,在林芝地区林拉高等级公路起始路段进行边坡与平地的植被修复对比试验。植被修复草种选用经高原地区引种驯化筛选出来的抗逆性极强的4种优良禾本科草种黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)为供试材料,根据试验用沙壤土的饱和含水量(85%～90%)和当地作物施氮水平(0. 05～0. 10 g/kg),设计2个供水量水平(60%～70%,W_1=60m L/kg,85%～90%,W_2=85 m L/kg)和4个供氮量水平(N_0=0 g/kg,N_1=0. 027 8 g/kg,N_2=0. 055 6 g/kg,N_3=0. 083 3 g/kg)共8个处理,通过比较边坡和平地生态袋不同水氮供应条件下植被生长量和生物量变化,揭示该技术的植被修复效果及最佳水肥组合。结果显示:植被的生长发育明显受到生态袋水氮耦合效应的影响。在充分灌水低氮(W_2N_1)时,边坡植被的出苗率为79%、株高为4. 97～13. 70 cm、盖度为68. 33%～81. 67%、密度为1万3 600株/m~2、地上生物量为0. 032 5 g/株,均达到最高水平;而平地植被在充分灌水中高氮(W_2N_2/N_3)时,植株较高大,出苗率、盖度和密度均最高;但在低水无供氮(W_1N_0)时边坡和平地植被在出苗后期出苗率、高度、盖度均较低。此外,在2种灌水(W_1W_2)低氮(N_1)时,边坡生态袋植被的出苗率、高度、盖度均较平地高。综上表明,生态袋具有明显的植被修复作用,且在某一特定的水氮耦合条件下,边坡植被修复效果比平地好。生态袋在边坡上植被修复最适水氮条件为:W_2N_1;平地上为:W_2N_2/N_3。该技术适合在高原地区公路边坡植被修复中推广应用。
[Background]The rapid development of highway construction in Tibet has produced a large number of highway slope engineering wounds,naturally the difficulty and investment for the restoration of slope vegetation is huge. Therefore,to explore a slope vegetation restoration measures with strong soil and water conservation for the long-term stability has important guiding significance for ecological protection and ecological restoration in highway construction in Tibet. [Methods] The vegetation restoration experiment using ecological bags were conducted on the slope and flat land in the starting section of Lin La high-grade highways. The plants were Lolium perenne,Festuca elata,Poa pratensis,and Elymus sibiricus, all are of high resistance, domesticated and screened from plateaus. The experiment incorporated 2 irrigation levels( W1= 60 m L/kg and W2= 85 m L/kg) and 4 nitrogen levels( N_0= 0 g/kg,N_1= 0. 027 8 g/kg,N_2= 0. 055 6 g/kg,and N_3= 0. 083 3 g/kg) according to the saturated water content( 85%-90%) of sandy loam used in the experiment and nitrogen supply level( 0. 05-0. 10 g/kg) of local crops,for a total 8 treatments. By analyzing the change of vegetation growth and biomass under different water and fertilizer conditions for ecological bags,the effect of vegetation restoration( especially on a slope) and the best combination of water and fertilizer were obtained. [Results]The vegetation growth in ecological bags were affected by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. When in full irrigation and low nitrogen,for example W2 N1,the seedling emergence rate was 79%,plant height was4. 97-13. 70 cm,coverage was 68. 33%-81. 67%,density was 13 600 plants/m2 and aboveground biomass was 0. 032 5 g/plant,slope vegetation reached the highest level. The seedling emergence rate,coverage,density of flat land vegetation were the highest with full irrigation,medium and high nitrogen( W2 N2/W2 N3). However,with low water and no nitrogen( W_1N_0),the seedling emergence rate,height and coverage of both slope and flat land vegetation were low in the later seedling emergence stage.In addition,the seedling emergence rate,height and coverage of slope vegetation were higher than those of the flat land with 2 levels of irrigation and low nitrogen( W_1N_1 and W_2N_1). [Conclusions]The vegetation growth needs a certain water and nitrogen content,but there is limited distribution in an environment with excessive or insufficient water or nutrients,which is closely related to their resistances.Ecological bags lead to a strong regulation performance of water and fertilizer and play a protective role on the slope. Under a certain water and nitrogen coupling condition,the growth of the vegetation on the slope is better than that of the flat land. Moreover,the optimal condition of water and fertilizer in slope vegetation restoration of ecological bags is that: W_2N_1; that in the flat land is: W_2N_2/W_2N_3. It can be concluded that this technology is suitable for the promotion and utilization of highway slope restoration in the tableland area.
[Background]The rapid development of highway construction in Tibet has produced a large number of highway slope engineering wounds,naturally the difficulty and investment for the restoration of slope vegetation is huge. Therefore,to explore a slope vegetation restoration measures with strong soil and water conservation for the long-term stability has important guiding significance for ecological protection and ecological restoration in highway construction in Tibet. [Methods] The vegetation restoration experiment using ecological bags were conducted on the slope and flat land in the starting section of Lin La high-grade highways. The plants were Lolium perenne,Festuca elata,Poa pratensis,and Elymus sibiricus, all are of high resistance, domesticated and screened from plateaus. The experiment incorporated 2 irrigation levels( W1= 60 m L/kg and W2= 85 m L/kg) and 4 nitrogen levels( N_0= 0 g/kg,N_1= 0. 027 8 g/kg,N_2= 0. 055 6 g/kg,and N_3= 0. 083 3 g/kg) according to the saturated water content( 85%-90%) of sandy loam used in the experiment and nitrogen supply level( 0. 05-0. 10 g/kg) of local crops,for a total 8 treatments. By analyzing the change of vegetation growth and biomass under different water and fertilizer conditions for ecological bags,the effect of vegetation restoration( especially on a slope) and the best combination of water and fertilizer were obtained. [Results]The vegetation growth in ecological bags were affected by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. When in full irrigation and low nitrogen,for example W2 N1,the seedling emergence rate was 79%,plant height was4. 97-13. 70 cm,coverage was 68. 33%-81. 67%,density was 13 600 plants/m2 and aboveground biomass was 0. 032 5 g/plant,slope vegetation reached the highest level. The seedling emergence rate,coverage,density of flat land vegetation were the highest with full irrigation,medium and high nitrogen( W2 N2/W2 N3). However,with low water and no nitrogen( W_1N_0),the seedling emergence rate,height and coverage of both slope and flat land vegetation were low in the later seedling emergence stage.In addition,the seedling emergence rate,height and coverage of slope vegetation were higher than those of the flat land with 2 levels of irrigation and low nitrogen( W_1N_1 and W_2N_1). [Conclusions]The vegetation growth needs a certain water and nitrogen content,but there is limited distribution in an environment with excessive or insufficient water or nutrients,which is closely related to their resistances.Ecological bags lead to a strong regulation performance of water and fertilizer and play a protective role on the slope. Under a certain water and nitrogen coupling condition,the growth of the vegetation on the slope is better than that of the flat land. Moreover,the optimal condition of water and fertilizer in slope vegetation restoration of ecological bags is that: W_2N_1; that in the flat land is: W_2N_2/W_2N_3. It can be concluded that this technology is suitable for the promotion and utilization of highway slope restoration in the tableland area.
引文
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[9]刘治兴,杨建英,杨阳,等.高速公路不同植物防护边坡根土复合体抗剪能力研究[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):631.LIU Zhixing,YANG Jianying,YANG Yang,et al.Research on the root-soil composite anti-shearing strength on expressway slope in different plant protection measures[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(4):631.
[10]郭延军.河道生态化整治研究[J].水电与新能源,2014,24(4):75.GUO Yanjun.Study on ecological restoration of rivers[J].Hydropower and New Energy,2014,24(4):75.
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[13]郝琨,刘小刚,张岩,等.干旱胁迫-复水与氮肥耦合对小粒咖啡生长和水氮生产力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(12):4034.HAO Kun,LIU Xiaogang,ZHANG Yan,et al.Coupling effects of periodic rewatering after drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and water and nitrogen productivity of Coffea arabica[J]..Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(12):4034.
[14]倪瑞军,张永清,庞春花,等.藜麦幼苗对水氮耦合变化的可塑性响应[J].作物杂志,2015(6):91.NI Ruijun,ZHANG Yongqing,PANG Chunhua,et al.Plastic responses of Quinoa seedling to change of water and nitrogen coupling[J].Crops,2015(6):91.
[15]刘世全,曹红霞,张建青,等.不同水氮供应对小南瓜根系生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(7):1362.LIU Shiquan,CAO Hongxia,ZHANG Jianqing,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen supplies on root growth,yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of small Pumpkin[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(7):1362.
[16]PASCHKE M W,DELEO C,REDENTEE F.Revegetation of roadcut slopes in Mesa Verde National Park,U.S.A.[J].Restoration Ecology,2000,8(3):276.
[17]洪丕征,刘世荣,王晖,等.正常和环割条件下不同形态氮素添加对红锥幼苗光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(14):4485.HONG Pizheng,LIU Shirong,WANG Hui,et al.Effects of different nitrogen forms on foliar photosynthetic characteristics of Castanopsis hystrix seedlings under ungirdled and girdled conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(14):4485.
[18]韦悦,张翠平,郭双,等.两种形态氮素及其配比对颠茄生长和氮代谢的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(8):1669.WEI Yue,ZHANG Cuiping,GUO Shuang,et al.Effect of nitrogen form on growth and nitrogen metabolism of Atropa belladonna[J].Pratacultural Science,2017,34(8):1669.
[19]陈继康,谭龙涛,喻春明,等.氮素水平对不同氮效率基因型苎麻根系性状的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(11):2316.CHEN Jikang,TAN Longtao,YU Chunming,et al.Effects of nitrogen levels on root characteristics of ramie genotypes possessing different nitrogen recovery efficiency[J].Pratacultural Science,.2017,34(11):2316.
[20]孙誉育,唐波,尹春英,等.水氮耦合效应对红桦幼苗生长的影响及其生理机制[J].应用与环境生物学报,2015,21(4):710.SUN Yuyu,TANG Bo,YIN Chunying,et al.Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on growth of Betual albosinensis seedlings and its physiological mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2015,21(4):710.
[2]李小平,张利权.土壤生物工程在河道坡岸生态修复中应用与效果[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(9):1705.LI Xiaoping,ZHANG Liquan.Application and effectiveness of soil bioengineering in ecological restoration of stream bank[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2006,17(9):1705.
[3]赵名彦,丁国栋,罗俊宝,等.沙地公路取土场植被恢复模式与效果分析[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(1):191.ZHAO Mingyan,DING Guodong,LUO Junbao,et al.Amode of vegetation restoration and its benefits analysis in sand cutting sites of highway[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(1):191.
[4]衷平,杨志峰,崔保山,等.公路网对湿地生态功能的累积效应研究:以云南纵向岭谷区为例[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(2):397.ZHONG Ping,YANG Zhifeng,CUI Baoshan,et al.Cumulative effect of highway networks on ecological functions of wetlands in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge region[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(2):397.
[5]杨建英,赵强,张晓晖,等.3S技术在公路建设项目取土弃渣场规划设计中的应用[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(5):88.YANG Jianying,ZHAO Qiang,ZHANG Xiaohui,et al.Application of 3S technology to the planning and designing of taking sites of soil and waste for the road construction project[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(5):88.
[6]徐国钢,赖庆旺.中国西南部道路边坡生态治理的实践[J].草业科学,2002,19(1):66.XU Guogang,LAI Qinwang.Practice of ecological control of highway slope in Southwest China[J].Pratacultural Science,2002,19(1):66.
[7]金秋,陈文猛.生态护坡在黄河故道整治工程中的应用研究[J].江苏水利,2018(2):37.JIN Qiu,CHEN Wenmeng.Application of ecological slope protection in old course of Yellow River project[J].Jiangsu Water Resources,2018(2):37.
[8]丁国建,蔡茂来.高等级公路植被护坡工程技术发展初探[J].浙江林业科技,2004,24(4):63.DING Guojian,CAI Maolai.Approach to technique for slope vegetation engineering[J].Journal of Zhejiang Forestry Science and Technology,2004,24(4):63.
[9]刘治兴,杨建英,杨阳,等.高速公路不同植物防护边坡根土复合体抗剪能力研究[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):631.LIU Zhixing,YANG Jianying,YANG Yang,et al.Research on the root-soil composite anti-shearing strength on expressway slope in different plant protection measures[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(4):631.
[10]郭延军.河道生态化整治研究[J].水电与新能源,2014,24(4):75.GUO Yanjun.Study on ecological restoration of rivers[J].Hydropower and New Energy,2014,24(4):75.
[11]吴志莲,焦一之.大同聚乐水库库滨带治理策略[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(17):8155.WU Zhilian,JIAO Yizhi.Treatment strategies of the belt along the shore-land of Jule Reservoir in Datong county[J].Journal of Anhui Agri.Sci.2009,37(17):8155.
[12]何永明,潘翔.生态护坡在南昌市瑶湖水上运动中心工程中的应用[J].施工技术,2011,40(343):43.HE Yongming,PAN Xiang.Application of ecological slop protection in Nanchang Yaohu Water Sports Center[J].Construction Technology.2011,40(343):43.
[13]郝琨,刘小刚,张岩,等.干旱胁迫-复水与氮肥耦合对小粒咖啡生长和水氮生产力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(12):4034.HAO Kun,LIU Xiaogang,ZHANG Yan,et al.Coupling effects of periodic rewatering after drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and water and nitrogen productivity of Coffea arabica[J]..Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(12):4034.
[14]倪瑞军,张永清,庞春花,等.藜麦幼苗对水氮耦合变化的可塑性响应[J].作物杂志,2015(6):91.NI Ruijun,ZHANG Yongqing,PANG Chunhua,et al.Plastic responses of Quinoa seedling to change of water and nitrogen coupling[J].Crops,2015(6):91.
[15]刘世全,曹红霞,张建青,等.不同水氮供应对小南瓜根系生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(7):1362.LIU Shiquan,CAO Hongxia,ZHANG Jianqing,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen supplies on root growth,yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of small Pumpkin[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(7):1362.
[16]PASCHKE M W,DELEO C,REDENTEE F.Revegetation of roadcut slopes in Mesa Verde National Park,U.S.A.[J].Restoration Ecology,2000,8(3):276.
[17]洪丕征,刘世荣,王晖,等.正常和环割条件下不同形态氮素添加对红锥幼苗光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(14):4485.HONG Pizheng,LIU Shirong,WANG Hui,et al.Effects of different nitrogen forms on foliar photosynthetic characteristics of Castanopsis hystrix seedlings under ungirdled and girdled conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(14):4485.
[18]韦悦,张翠平,郭双,等.两种形态氮素及其配比对颠茄生长和氮代谢的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(8):1669.WEI Yue,ZHANG Cuiping,GUO Shuang,et al.Effect of nitrogen form on growth and nitrogen metabolism of Atropa belladonna[J].Pratacultural Science,2017,34(8):1669.
[19]陈继康,谭龙涛,喻春明,等.氮素水平对不同氮效率基因型苎麻根系性状的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(11):2316.CHEN Jikang,TAN Longtao,YU Chunming,et al.Effects of nitrogen levels on root characteristics of ramie genotypes possessing different nitrogen recovery efficiency[J].Pratacultural Science,.2017,34(11):2316.
[20]孙誉育,唐波,尹春英,等.水氮耦合效应对红桦幼苗生长的影响及其生理机制[J].应用与环境生物学报,2015,21(4):710.SUN Yuyu,TANG Bo,YIN Chunying,et al.Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on growth of Betual albosinensis seedlings and its physiological mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2015,21(4):710.
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