不同放牧强度下荒漠草原土壤氮矿化季节性动态研究
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摘要
放牧是中国北方主要的草地利用方式。放牧强度通过影响群落结构和土壤的理化性状以及土壤微生物活性对草地生态系统的养分循环产生显著影响。以位于内蒙古四子王旗的荒漠草原长期放牧控制试验平台为研究对象,通过设置四个放牧强度,即对照(CK)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG),探讨了放牧强度对土壤无机氮库和氮矿化过程季节变化的影响。根据该地区气候特点和植物生长季节,将一年划分为3个时期,分别为生长季初期(5-6月)、生长季盛期(7-9月)和非生长季(10月至次年4月)。结果表明,(1)在生长季初期,放牧抑制了土壤氮矿化作用,土壤温度与土壤无机氮含量呈显著负相关。(2)在生长季盛期,放牧促进了土壤净氮矿化作用,其中LG区的净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率显著高于对照区均较高;土壤净氮矿化和净硝化速率与土壤温度和含水量均呈显著正相关关系。(3)在非生长季,放牧抑制了土壤氮矿化作用,对照区不放牧处理的土壤净氮矿化速率显著高于放牧区;土壤含水量与土壤无机氮含量呈显著正相关,而与净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率均呈显著负相关关系。综上,高强度放牧抑制了土壤氮矿化过程,可能会进一步加剧净初级生产力的氮素限制。同时,放牧对土壤氮素转换过程的影响存在显著的季节性差异。
Grazing is major utilization of grasslands in Northern China, and the grazing intensity can be a driving factor for nutrient cycling, especially for the soil nitrogen(N) transformation processes. This study tried to explore the seasonal variation of soil inorganic nitrogen pool and nitrogen mineralization process under different grazing intensities in a long-term grazing experimental site with four grazing intensity treatments including control(CK), light grazing(LG), moderate grazing(MG), and heavy grazing(HG). In this study, we divided a year into three periods which were regarded as early growing season(from May to June), peak growing season(from July to September), and non-growing season(from October to the following March), according to the characteristics of climate and vegetation growth. Our results showed that,(1) in early growing season, grazing restrained soil nitrogen mineralization. There was significant negative correlation between soil temperature and inorganic nitrogen content.(2) In peak growing season, grazing accelerated soil nitrogen mineralization, and the higher rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification occurred in light grazing plots. There were significant positive correlations between soil net nitrogen mineralization,nitrification rate and soil temperature, humidity. And(3) in non-growing season, grazing decreased soil nitrogen mineralization, and the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate in CK plots was significantly higher than in grazing plots. Soil humidity showed significant positive correlation with the inorganic nitrogen pool while significant negative correlation with net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates. Our results reveal that the soil N mineralization may be inhibited by heavy grazing, and this will aggravate nitrogen limitation for net primary productivity in this desert steppe area. Besides, there is significant seasonality in the impacts of grazing on soil N storage and soil N transformation processes.
Grazing is major utilization of grasslands in Northern China, and the grazing intensity can be a driving factor for nutrient cycling, especially for the soil nitrogen(N) transformation processes. This study tried to explore the seasonal variation of soil inorganic nitrogen pool and nitrogen mineralization process under different grazing intensities in a long-term grazing experimental site with four grazing intensity treatments including control(CK), light grazing(LG), moderate grazing(MG), and heavy grazing(HG). In this study, we divided a year into three periods which were regarded as early growing season(from May to June), peak growing season(from July to September), and non-growing season(from October to the following March), according to the characteristics of climate and vegetation growth. Our results showed that,(1) in early growing season, grazing restrained soil nitrogen mineralization. There was significant negative correlation between soil temperature and inorganic nitrogen content.(2) In peak growing season, grazing accelerated soil nitrogen mineralization, and the higher rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification occurred in light grazing plots. There were significant positive correlations between soil net nitrogen mineralization,nitrification rate and soil temperature, humidity. And(3) in non-growing season, grazing decreased soil nitrogen mineralization, and the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate in CK plots was significantly higher than in grazing plots. Soil humidity showed significant positive correlation with the inorganic nitrogen pool while significant negative correlation with net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates. Our results reveal that the soil N mineralization may be inhibited by heavy grazing, and this will aggravate nitrogen limitation for net primary productivity in this desert steppe area. Besides, there is significant seasonality in the impacts of grazing on soil N storage and soil N transformation processes.
引文
AN H,LI G Q,2015.Effects of grazing on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in a semiarid desert grassland,China[J].Journal of Arid Land,7(3):341-349.
AUSTRHEIM G,SPEED J D M,MARTINSEN V,et al.,2014.Experimental effects of herbivore density on aboveground plant biomass in an alpine grassland ecosystem[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,46(3):535-541.
BAI Y F,HAN X G,WU J G,et al.,2004.Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Nature,431(7005):181-184.
BAI Y F,WU J G,CLARK C M,et al.,2010.Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:evidence from Inner Mongolia Grasslands[J].Global Change Biology,16(1):358-372.
BARDGETT R D,WARDLE D A,2003.Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities[J].Ecology,84(9):2258-2268.
CREGGER M,MCDOWELL N G,PANGLE R E,et al.,2014.The impact of precipitation change on nitrogen cycling in a semi-arid ecosystem[J].Functional Ecology,28(6):1534-1544.
DELGADO-BAQUERIZO M,MAESTRE F T,ESCOLAR C,et al.,2014.Direct and indirect impacts of climate change on microbial and biocrust communities alter the resistance of the N cycle in a semiarid grassland[J].Journal of Ecology,102(6):1592-1605.
DEVI T I,YADAVA P S,GARKOTI S C,2014.Cattle grazing influences soil microbial biomass in sub-tropical grassland ecosystems at Nambol,Manipur,northeast India[J].Tropical Ecology,55(2):195-206.
JIANG L L,WANG S P,PANG Z,et al.,2016.Grazing modifies inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake by coexisting plant species in alpine grassland[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,52(2):211-221.
KIELLAND K,OLSON K,RUESS R W,et al.,2006.Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems[J].Biogeochemistry,81(3):349-360.
LIMA H N B,DUBEUX J C,DOS SANTOS M V F,et al.,2016.Decomposition of cattle dung on grazed signalgrass(Brachiaria decumbens Stapf)pastures in monoculture or intercropped with tree legumes[J].African Joural of Range&Forage Science,33(2):119-126.
PETRIE M D,POCKMAN W T,PANGLE R E,et al.,2016.Winter climate change promotes an altered spring growing season in pinon pine-juniper woodland[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,217:106-107.
RISCH A C,SCHUTZ M,VANDEGEHUCHTE M L,et al.,2015.Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore impact on net Nmineralization in subalpine grasslands[J].Ecology,96(12):3312-3322.
SCHIMEL J P,BILBROUGH C,WELKER J A,2004.Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,36(2):217-227.
SEMMARTIN M,GARIBALDI L A,CHANETON E J,2008.Grazing history effects on above-and below-ground litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in two co-occurring grasses[J].Plant and Soil,303(1-2):177-189.
SHAN Y M,CHEN D M,GUAN X X,et al.,2011.Seasonally dependent impacts of grazing on soil nitrogen mineralization and linkages to ecosystem functioning in Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,43(9):1943-1954.
WAN H W,BAI Y F,SCH?NBACH P,et al.,2011.Effects of grazing management system on plant community structure and functioning in a semiarid steppe:scaling from species to community[J].Plant and Soil,340(1-2):215-226.
WANG C H,BUTTERBACH-BAHL K,HAN Y,et al.,2011.The effects of biomass removal and N additions on microbial N transformations and biomass at different vegetation types in an old-field ecosystem in northern China[J].Plant and Soil,340:397-411.
WANG C H,WAN S Q,XING X R,et al.,2006.Temperature and soil moisture interactively affected soil net N mineralization in temperate grassland in Northern China[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,38(5):1101-1110.
WANG Y,WESCHE K,2016.Vegetation and soil responses to livestock grazing in Central Asian grasslands:a review of Chinese literature[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,25(12):2401-2420.
WEI X R,REICH P B,HOBBIE S E,et al.,2017.Disentangling species and functional group richness effects on soil N cycling in a grassland ecosystem[J].Global Change Biology,23(11):4717-4727.
YAN R,YANG G,CHEN B,et al.,2016.Effects of livestock grazing on soil nitrogen mineralization on Hulunber meadow steppe,China[J].Plant Soil and Environment,62(5):202-209.
ZHANG X L,WANG Q B,LI L H,et al.,2008.Seasonal variations in nitrogen mineralization under three land use types in a grassland landscape[J].Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology,34(3):322-330.
ZHAO H T,ZHANG X L,XU S T,et al.,2010.Effect of freezing on soil nitrogen mineralization under different plant communities in a semi-arid area during a non-growing season[J].Applied Soil Ecology,45(3):187-192.
ZHOU G Y,ZHOU X H,HE Y H,et al.,2017.Grazing intensity significantly affects belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems:a meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology,23(3):1167-1179.
陈利顶,傅伯杰,2000.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,20(4):581-586.CHEN L D,FU B J,2000.Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,20(4):581-586.
陈哲,杨世琦,张晴雯,等,2016.冻融对土壤氮素损失及有效性的影响[J].生态学报,36(4):1083-1094.CHEN Z,YANG S Q,ZHANG Q W,et al.,2016.Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil nitrogen loss and availability[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(4):1083-1094.
韩梦琪,潘占磊,靳宇曦,等,2017.短花针茅荒漠草原土壤氮素矿化对载畜率的响应[J].草业学报,26(9):27-35.HAN M Q,PAN Z L,JIN Y X,et al.,2017.Response of soil nitrogen mineralization to different stocking rates on the Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,26(9):27-35.
李德新,1990.短花针茅荒漠草原动态规律及其生态稳定性[J].中国草地(4):1-5.LI D X,1990.Dynamics and ecological stability of Form Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Grassland of China(4):1-5.
李志杰,杨万勤,岳楷,等,2017.温度对川西亚高山3种森林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].生态学报,37(12):4045-4052.LI Z J,YANG W Q,YUE K,et al.,2017.Effects of temperature on soil nitrogen mineralization in three subalpine forests of western Sichuan,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(12):4045-4052.
刘琳,孙庚,吴彦,等,2011.季节性雪被对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,17(4):453-460.LIU L,SUN G,WU Y,et al.,2011.Effect of Seasonal Snow Cover on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization in an Alpine Meadow on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,17(4):453-460.
罗亲普,龚吉蕊,徐沙,等,2016.氮磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原净氮矿化的影响[J].植物生态学报,40(5):480-492.LUO Q P,GONG J R,XU S,et al.,2016.Effects of N and P additions on net nitrogen mineralization in temperate typical grasslands in Nei Mongol,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,40(5):480-492.
马治华,刘桂香,李景平,等,2007.内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境质量评价[J].中国草地学报,29(6):17-21.MA Z H,LIU G X,LI J P,et al.,2007.The Evaluation of Desert-steppe Eco-environment Quality in Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,29(6):17-21.
王常慧,邢雪荣,韩兴国,2004.草地生态系统中土壤氮素矿化影响因素的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(11):2184-2188.WANG C H,XING X R,HAN X G,2004.Advances in study of factors affecting soil N mineralization in grassland ecosystems[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,15(11):2184-2188.
王连峰,蔡延江,解宏图,2007.冻融作用下土壤物理和微生物性状变化与氧化亚氮排放的关系[J].应用生态学报,18(10):2361-2366.WANG L F,CAI Y J,XIE H T,2007.Relationships of soil physical and microbial properties with nitrous oxide emission under effects of freezing-thawing cycles[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(10):2361-2366.
武丹丹,井新,林笠,等,2016.青藏高原高寒草甸土壤无机氮对增温和降水改变的响应[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),52(5):959-966.WU D D,JING X,LIN L,et al.,2016.Responses of soil inorganic nitrogen to warming and altered precipitation in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,52(5):959-966.
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朱剑兴,王秋凤,何念鹏,等,2013.内蒙古不同类型草地土壤氮矿化及其温度敏感性[J].生态学报,33(19):6320-6327.ZHU J X,WANG Q F,HE N P,et al.,2013.Soil nitrogen mineralization and associated temperature sensitivity of different Inner Mongolian grasslands[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(19):6320-6327.
朱志成,黄银,许丰伟,等,2017.降雨强度和时间频次对内蒙古典型草原土壤氮矿化的影响[J].植物生态学报,41(9):938-952.ZHU Z C,HUANG Y,XU F W,et al.,2017.Effects of precipitation intensity and temporal pattern on soil nitrogen mineralization in a typical steppe of Nei Mongol grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,41(9):938-952.
AUSTRHEIM G,SPEED J D M,MARTINSEN V,et al.,2014.Experimental effects of herbivore density on aboveground plant biomass in an alpine grassland ecosystem[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,46(3):535-541.
BAI Y F,HAN X G,WU J G,et al.,2004.Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Nature,431(7005):181-184.
BAI Y F,WU J G,CLARK C M,et al.,2010.Tradeoffs and thresholds in the effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:evidence from Inner Mongolia Grasslands[J].Global Change Biology,16(1):358-372.
BARDGETT R D,WARDLE D A,2003.Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities[J].Ecology,84(9):2258-2268.
CREGGER M,MCDOWELL N G,PANGLE R E,et al.,2014.The impact of precipitation change on nitrogen cycling in a semi-arid ecosystem[J].Functional Ecology,28(6):1534-1544.
DELGADO-BAQUERIZO M,MAESTRE F T,ESCOLAR C,et al.,2014.Direct and indirect impacts of climate change on microbial and biocrust communities alter the resistance of the N cycle in a semiarid grassland[J].Journal of Ecology,102(6):1592-1605.
DEVI T I,YADAVA P S,GARKOTI S C,2014.Cattle grazing influences soil microbial biomass in sub-tropical grassland ecosystems at Nambol,Manipur,northeast India[J].Tropical Ecology,55(2):195-206.
JIANG L L,WANG S P,PANG Z,et al.,2016.Grazing modifies inorganic and organic nitrogen uptake by coexisting plant species in alpine grassland[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,52(2):211-221.
KIELLAND K,OLSON K,RUESS R W,et al.,2006.Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems[J].Biogeochemistry,81(3):349-360.
LIMA H N B,DUBEUX J C,DOS SANTOS M V F,et al.,2016.Decomposition of cattle dung on grazed signalgrass(Brachiaria decumbens Stapf)pastures in monoculture or intercropped with tree legumes[J].African Joural of Range&Forage Science,33(2):119-126.
PETRIE M D,POCKMAN W T,PANGLE R E,et al.,2016.Winter climate change promotes an altered spring growing season in pinon pine-juniper woodland[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,217:106-107.
RISCH A C,SCHUTZ M,VANDEGEHUCHTE M L,et al.,2015.Aboveground vertebrate and invertebrate herbivore impact on net Nmineralization in subalpine grasslands[J].Ecology,96(12):3312-3322.
SCHIMEL J P,BILBROUGH C,WELKER J A,2004.Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,36(2):217-227.
SEMMARTIN M,GARIBALDI L A,CHANETON E J,2008.Grazing history effects on above-and below-ground litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in two co-occurring grasses[J].Plant and Soil,303(1-2):177-189.
SHAN Y M,CHEN D M,GUAN X X,et al.,2011.Seasonally dependent impacts of grazing on soil nitrogen mineralization and linkages to ecosystem functioning in Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,43(9):1943-1954.
WAN H W,BAI Y F,SCH?NBACH P,et al.,2011.Effects of grazing management system on plant community structure and functioning in a semiarid steppe:scaling from species to community[J].Plant and Soil,340(1-2):215-226.
WANG C H,BUTTERBACH-BAHL K,HAN Y,et al.,2011.The effects of biomass removal and N additions on microbial N transformations and biomass at different vegetation types in an old-field ecosystem in northern China[J].Plant and Soil,340:397-411.
WANG C H,WAN S Q,XING X R,et al.,2006.Temperature and soil moisture interactively affected soil net N mineralization in temperate grassland in Northern China[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,38(5):1101-1110.
WANG Y,WESCHE K,2016.Vegetation and soil responses to livestock grazing in Central Asian grasslands:a review of Chinese literature[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,25(12):2401-2420.
WEI X R,REICH P B,HOBBIE S E,et al.,2017.Disentangling species and functional group richness effects on soil N cycling in a grassland ecosystem[J].Global Change Biology,23(11):4717-4727.
YAN R,YANG G,CHEN B,et al.,2016.Effects of livestock grazing on soil nitrogen mineralization on Hulunber meadow steppe,China[J].Plant Soil and Environment,62(5):202-209.
ZHANG X L,WANG Q B,LI L H,et al.,2008.Seasonal variations in nitrogen mineralization under three land use types in a grassland landscape[J].Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology,34(3):322-330.
ZHAO H T,ZHANG X L,XU S T,et al.,2010.Effect of freezing on soil nitrogen mineralization under different plant communities in a semi-arid area during a non-growing season[J].Applied Soil Ecology,45(3):187-192.
ZHOU G Y,ZHOU X H,HE Y H,et al.,2017.Grazing intensity significantly affects belowground carbon and nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems:a meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology,23(3):1167-1179.
陈利顶,傅伯杰,2000.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,20(4):581-586.CHEN L D,FU B J,2000.Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,20(4):581-586.
陈哲,杨世琦,张晴雯,等,2016.冻融对土壤氮素损失及有效性的影响[J].生态学报,36(4):1083-1094.CHEN Z,YANG S Q,ZHANG Q W,et al.,2016.Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil nitrogen loss and availability[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(4):1083-1094.
韩梦琪,潘占磊,靳宇曦,等,2017.短花针茅荒漠草原土壤氮素矿化对载畜率的响应[J].草业学报,26(9):27-35.HAN M Q,PAN Z L,JIN Y X,et al.,2017.Response of soil nitrogen mineralization to different stocking rates on the Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,26(9):27-35.
李德新,1990.短花针茅荒漠草原动态规律及其生态稳定性[J].中国草地(4):1-5.LI D X,1990.Dynamics and ecological stability of Form Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Grassland of China(4):1-5.
李志杰,杨万勤,岳楷,等,2017.温度对川西亚高山3种森林土壤氮矿化的影响[J].生态学报,37(12):4045-4052.LI Z J,YANG W Q,YUE K,et al.,2017.Effects of temperature on soil nitrogen mineralization in three subalpine forests of western Sichuan,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(12):4045-4052.
刘琳,孙庚,吴彦,等,2011.季节性雪被对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,17(4):453-460.LIU L,SUN G,WU Y,et al.,2011.Effect of Seasonal Snow Cover on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization in an Alpine Meadow on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,17(4):453-460.
罗亲普,龚吉蕊,徐沙,等,2016.氮磷添加对内蒙古温带典型草原净氮矿化的影响[J].植物生态学报,40(5):480-492.LUO Q P,GONG J R,XU S,et al.,2016.Effects of N and P additions on net nitrogen mineralization in temperate typical grasslands in Nei Mongol,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,40(5):480-492.
马治华,刘桂香,李景平,等,2007.内蒙古荒漠草原生态环境质量评价[J].中国草地学报,29(6):17-21.MA Z H,LIU G X,LI J P,et al.,2007.The Evaluation of Desert-steppe Eco-environment Quality in Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,29(6):17-21.
王常慧,邢雪荣,韩兴国,2004.草地生态系统中土壤氮素矿化影响因素的研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(11):2184-2188.WANG C H,XING X R,HAN X G,2004.Advances in study of factors affecting soil N mineralization in grassland ecosystems[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,15(11):2184-2188.
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