极小种群野生植物峨眉含笑的种群结构与数量动态
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摘要
该研究以极小种群野生植物——峨眉含笑(Michelia wilsonii)为对象,采用样地调查法对雅安市周公山峨眉含笑野生种群进行群落调查,依据空间代替时间理论及匀滑技术,将种群动态变化情况量化,编制种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线分析其年龄结构现状,并用时间序列预测模型对其未来的数量动态进行预测,以揭示峨眉含笑的生存潜力和濒危机制,为该种群的恢复与重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)研究区内峨眉含笑种群的数量变化动态指数V_(pi)和V_(pi)′均大于0,年龄结构呈倒J型,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,种群结构属于增长型,但种群的演替过程存在波动性,幼苗的数量丰富但向幼树的发展受阻,幼树向中、壮树阶段的补充也有所减少,种群存在衰退风险。(2)峨眉含笑野生种群的死亡率和消失率均在第Ⅰ龄级、第Ⅶ～Ⅷ龄级和第Ⅹ龄级出现高峰,而在第Ⅱ～Ⅵ龄级阶段比较稳定。(3)随龄级增加,峨眉含笑种群的生存率持续下降,累积死亡率持续上升,危险率在第Ⅰ龄级时最高(1.308),死亡密度在第Ⅶ～Ⅷ龄级降至最低,在整个龄级阶段中对应龄级的危险率均高于生存率,种群存在断代衰退的风险。(4)时间序列预测分析表明,经历未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后,中、壮树阶段个体数量有减少的趋势。研究认为,峨眉含笑野生种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。
The study focused on the extremely small population of wild plants——Michelia wilsonii. The plot investigation method was used to investigate the community of the wild population of M. wilsonii in Zhougong Mountain, Ya'an City. According to the theory of space replacement time and smooth out method, we compiled the static life table and plotted the survival curve, mortality curve, disappearance rate curve and survival function curve to analyze its current population structure. The forecasting model of time sequence analysis were used to predict its future quantitative dynamics. in order to reveal the survival potential and endangered mechanism, provide a basis for the restoration and reconstruction of the population. The results showed that:(1) at the study area, the age structure dynamic index V_(pi) and V_(pi)′ both are greater than 0. The age structure of M. wilsonii population showed an inverted J-shaped, survival curve tends to Deevey-Ⅱ type, which showed that the M. wilsonii population was the growing type, but the population structure also has volatility. The number of seedlings is abundant, the development of saplings is hindered, the supplement of saplings to the middle and strong trees was reduced, which means there was a risk of decline.(2) The trends of mortality, disappearance rate of the M. wilsonii wild population were similar, they all peaked at age class Ⅰ, Ⅶ-Ⅷ and Ⅹ, and more stable at age class Ⅱ-Ⅵ.(3) With the increase of the age class, the survival rate of the M. wilsonii population continue to fall, the cumulative mortality continue to rise. The highest hazard rate was showed in the first I age class, reached 1.308, in the Ⅶ-Ⅷ age class, death density lowered to a minimum, and in the stage of the whole age class corresponding to the hazard rate are higher than the survival rate, the population was at risk of decline.(4) The forecasting model of time sequence analysis indicated that after 2, 4, 6, 8 years of age class in the future, there is a decreasing trend in the number of individuals in the middle and strong tree stage. Based on this study, the M. wilsonii wild population had the characteristics of sharp reduction in the early age period, stable in the middle age period and decline in the late age period.
The study focused on the extremely small population of wild plants——Michelia wilsonii. The plot investigation method was used to investigate the community of the wild population of M. wilsonii in Zhougong Mountain, Ya'an City. According to the theory of space replacement time and smooth out method, we compiled the static life table and plotted the survival curve, mortality curve, disappearance rate curve and survival function curve to analyze its current population structure. The forecasting model of time sequence analysis were used to predict its future quantitative dynamics. in order to reveal the survival potential and endangered mechanism, provide a basis for the restoration and reconstruction of the population. The results showed that:(1) at the study area, the age structure dynamic index V_(pi) and V_(pi)′ both are greater than 0. The age structure of M. wilsonii population showed an inverted J-shaped, survival curve tends to Deevey-Ⅱ type, which showed that the M. wilsonii population was the growing type, but the population structure also has volatility. The number of seedlings is abundant, the development of saplings is hindered, the supplement of saplings to the middle and strong trees was reduced, which means there was a risk of decline.(2) The trends of mortality, disappearance rate of the M. wilsonii wild population were similar, they all peaked at age class Ⅰ, Ⅶ-Ⅷ and Ⅹ, and more stable at age class Ⅱ-Ⅵ.(3) With the increase of the age class, the survival rate of the M. wilsonii population continue to fall, the cumulative mortality continue to rise. The highest hazard rate was showed in the first I age class, reached 1.308, in the Ⅶ-Ⅷ age class, death density lowered to a minimum, and in the stage of the whole age class corresponding to the hazard rate are higher than the survival rate, the population was at risk of decline.(4) The forecasting model of time sequence analysis indicated that after 2, 4, 6, 8 years of age class in the future, there is a decreasing trend in the number of individuals in the middle and strong tree stage. Based on this study, the M. wilsonii wild population had the characteristics of sharp reduction in the early age period, stable in the middle age period and decline in the late age period.
引文
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[2] 孙卫邦,韩春艳.论极小种群野生植物的研究及科学保护[J].生物多样性,2015,23(3):426-429.SUN W B,HAN C Y.Researches and conservation for plant species with extremely small populations (PSESP)[J].Biodiversity Science,2015,23(3):426-429.
[3] 臧润国,董鸣,李俊清,等.典型极小种群野生植物保护与恢复技术研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7 130-7 135.ZANG R G,DONG M,LI J Q,et al.Conservation and restoration for typical critically endangered wild plants with extremely small population[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(22):7 130-7 135.
[4] MEEK M H,WELLS C,TOMALTY K M,et al.Fear of failure in conservation:The problem and potential solutions to aid conservation of extremely small populations [J].Biological Conservation,2015,184(1):209-217.
[5] 杨立荣,张治礼,云勇,等.濒危植物海南龙血树的种群结构与动态[J].生态学报,2018,38(8):2 802-2 815.YANG L R,ZHANG Z L,YUN Y,et al.The population structure and dynamics of Dracaena cambodiana,an endangered tree on Hainan Island[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(8):2 802-2 815.
[6] WEI X,WU H,MENG H,et al.Regeneration dynamics of Euptelea pleiospermum along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients:Trade-offs between seedling and sprout [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2015,353:232-239.
[7] 王立龙,王亮,张丽芳,等.不同生境下濒危植物裸果木种群结构及动态特征[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(10):980-989.WANG L L,WANG L,ZHANG L F,et al.Structure and dynamic characteristics of Gymnocarpos przewalskii in different habitats[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(10):980-989.
[8] 蒋迎红,项文化,何应会,等.极小种群海南风吹楠种群的数量特征及动态[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(8):66-71+80.JIANG Y H,XIANG W H,HE Y H,et al.Population quantitative characteristics and dynamics of Horsfieldia hainanensis,a rare and extremely small population plant[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology,2017,37(8):66-71+80.
[9] 黄祥童,尹航,黄启健,等.极小种群野生植物对开蕨种群结构特征和群落物种多样性[J].生态学报,2018,38(7):2 481-2 492.HUANG X T,YIN H,HUANG Q J,et al.Characteristics of population structure and community species diversity of an extremely small population of protected Phyllitis scolopendrium[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(7):2 481-2 492.
[10] 许恒,刘艳红.珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内种间竞争关系[J].西北植物学报,2018,38(6):1 160-1 170.XU H,LIU Y H.Relationship between diameter class sructure and intraspecific and interspecific competitions of precious and endangering plant Acer catalpifolium[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2018,38(6):1 160-1 170.
[11] 王世彤,吴浩,刘梦婷,等.极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树群落结构与动态[J].生物多样性,2018,26(7):749-759.WANG S T,WU H,LIU M T,et al.Community structure and dynamics of a remnant forest dominated by a plant species with extremely small population (Sinojackia huangmeiensis) in central China[J].Biodiversity Science,2018,26(7):749-759.
[12] 何飞,马钦彦,刘兴良,等.四川野生木兰科植物生物学特性及其地理分布特点[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(S1):272-277.HE F,MA Q Y,LIU X L,et al.Biological characteristics and geographical distribution of wild Magnoliaceae plants in Sichuan Province,southwest China [J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2008,30(S1):272-277.
[13] 王德艺,郝建锋,李艳,等.川西周公山柳杉人工林群落的边缘效应[J].生物多样性,2016,24(8):940-947.WANG D Y,HAO J F,LI Y,et al.Examination of edge effects in a Cryptomeria fortunei plantation in Zhougong Mountain,western Sichuan[J].Biodiversity Science,2016,24(8):940-947.
[14] FROST I,RYDIN H.Spatial pattern and size distribution of the animal-dispersed tree Quercus robur in two spruce-dominated forests [J].écoscience,2000,7(1):38-44.
[15] 袁春明,孟广涛,方向京,等.珍稀濒危植物长蕊木兰种群的年龄结构与空间分布[J].生态学报,2012,32(12):3 866-3 872.YUAN C M,MENG G T,FANG X J,et al.Age structure and spatial distribution of the rare and endangered plant Alcimandra cathcartii[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3 866-3 872.
[16] 陈晓德.植物种群与群落结构动态量化分析方法研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(2):214-217.CHEN X D.A study on the method of quantitative analysis for plant population and community structural dynamics[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1998,18(2):214-217.
[17] 洪伟,王新功,吴承祯,等.濒危植物南方红豆杉种群生命表及谱分析[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1 109-1 112.HONG W,WANG X G,WU C Z,et al.Population dynamics of endangered plant species Abies chensiensis[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(6):1 109-1 112.
[18] 解婷婷,苏培玺,周紫鹃,等.荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群结构及动态特征[J].生态学报,2014,35(15):4 272-4 279.XIE T T,SU P X,ZHOU Z J,et al.Structure and dynamic characteristics of Calligonum mongolicum population in the desert-Oasis ecotone[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4 272-4 279.
[19] 江洪.云杉种群生态学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:11-12.
[20] DEEVEY EDWARD S J R.Life tables for natural populations of animals [J].Quarterly Review of Biology,1947,22(4):283-314.
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