不同培肥措施对红壤坡耕地土壤有机碳流失的影响
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摘要
基于侵蚀小区三年的田间监测(2015—2017年),分析不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥与秸秆覆盖(NPK+Str)、化肥与生物质炭(NPK+BC)、化肥与猪粪(NPK+OM)等五种培肥措施对红壤坡耕地水土流失及其有机碳流失的影响。结果表明,不同培肥措施地表径流表现为NPK+BC>CK>NPK>NPK+OM>NPK+Str(P<0.05),泥沙流失量表现为CK、NPK+BC、NPK>NPK+OM>NPK+Str(P<0.05),约有69%～83%径流和70%～90%侵蚀发生在花生生长季(4—8月)。与NPK相比,NPK+Str、NPK+BC和NPK+OM均显著增加泥沙有机碳含量(P <0.05),而有机碳流失总量以NPK+BC处理最多(C 52.1 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)),NPK+OM和NPK+Str最少。泥沙中有机碳含量无明显的季节变化,但是78%以上泥沙有机碳流失量发生在花生生长季。说明NPK+Str和NPK+OM的培肥措施能有效减少红壤坡耕地土壤侵蚀,阻控有机碳流失,而NPK+BC由于生物质炭颗粒小、密度低而易流失,阻控土壤侵蚀效果并不显著。
【Objective】Soil is the largest carbon pool in the terrestrial ecosystem. Storage and sequestration of soil organic carbon(SOC) is an important factor affecting balance between input of organic carbon with organic matter incorporated into the soil and loss of SOC. Being a major hydraulic erosion stricken area in China, red soil sloping farmlands suffer serious soil erosion, which in turn drives heavy losses of soil organic carbon from the farmlands, posing a problem that should not be ignored. However,so far little is known about status of soil erosion on and SOC loss via soil erosion from red soil sloping farmlands subjected to different fertility-building practices, which seriously affects sustainable development of the local agriculture and eco-environment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate effects of fertility-building practices on surface runoff and soil erosion, and to elucidate dynamics of organic carbon loss with erosion sediment from red soil sloping croplands. 【Method】A field experiment was initiated in 2012 and designed to have 15 erosion plots laid out on a sloping cropland, for five treatments different in fertility building pattern and three replicates for each treatment. The 5 treatments include CK(zero fertilization), NPK(application of chemical NPK fertilizers), NPK+Str(application of NPK fertilizer plus rice straw mulch), NPK+BC(application of NPK fertilizer plus rice straw-derived biochar),and NPK+OM(application of NPK fertilizer plus swine manure).Peanut was planted in all the plots. At the lower end of each plot, a pit was dug for installation of a tipping bucket runoff flow meterconnected with an rainfall event counter to keep real-time records of runoff, and entire process of a soil erosion event.A 300 mesh screen was placed under the bucket sm to collect sediment.Runoff, soil erosion sediment and organic carbon concentration in the soil sediment were monitored during the period of 2015—2017.【Result】Results show that in terms of volume of runoff, the five treatments displayed an order of NPK+BC > CK > NPK > NPK+OM > NPK+Str(P < 0.05), and in terms of sediment loss was in the order of CK≈NPK+BC≈NPK > NPK+OM > NPK+Str(P < 0.05). About 69%～83% of the surface runoff and70%～89% of the soil erosion occurred during the peanut growing season(April—August). Compared with Treatment NPK treatments, Treatment NPK+Str, NOK+BC and NPK+OM significantly increased the concentration of organic carbon in the sediment(P < 0.05). However, Treatment NPK+BC was the highest in total organic carbon loss via soil sediment( C 52.1 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)), while Treatments NPK+OM and NPK+Str the lowest. No significant seasonal changes were observed in organic carbon content in sediment. About78% of the loss of organic carbon with sediment occurred during the peanut growing season(April—August)in each year. 【Conclusion】 All the findings in this study demonstrate that application of NPK Fertilizer plus rice straw mulch and NPK fertilizer plus swine manure(or Treatment NPK+Str and NPK+OM) can reduce soil erosion and organic carbon loss effectively, while application of NPK fertilizer plus rice strawderived biochar(or Treatment NPK+BC) does not have much effect on soil erosion, and instead it increases the concentration of organic carbon in the sediment, which is attributed to characteristics of the local physical environment and texture of the rice straw-derived biochar, small in particle compositions, and low in density, and making it easy to get lost with surface runoff and erosion sediment and hard to retain in the soil. So it is not recommended to use biochar as supplement in fertility-building for soil erosion control in the red soil regions of China.
【Objective】Soil is the largest carbon pool in the terrestrial ecosystem. Storage and sequestration of soil organic carbon(SOC) is an important factor affecting balance between input of organic carbon with organic matter incorporated into the soil and loss of SOC. Being a major hydraulic erosion stricken area in China, red soil sloping farmlands suffer serious soil erosion, which in turn drives heavy losses of soil organic carbon from the farmlands, posing a problem that should not be ignored. However,so far little is known about status of soil erosion on and SOC loss via soil erosion from red soil sloping farmlands subjected to different fertility-building practices, which seriously affects sustainable development of the local agriculture and eco-environment. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate effects of fertility-building practices on surface runoff and soil erosion, and to elucidate dynamics of organic carbon loss with erosion sediment from red soil sloping croplands. 【Method】A field experiment was initiated in 2012 and designed to have 15 erosion plots laid out on a sloping cropland, for five treatments different in fertility building pattern and three replicates for each treatment. The 5 treatments include CK(zero fertilization), NPK(application of chemical NPK fertilizers), NPK+Str(application of NPK fertilizer plus rice straw mulch), NPK+BC(application of NPK fertilizer plus rice straw-derived biochar),and NPK+OM(application of NPK fertilizer plus swine manure).Peanut was planted in all the plots. At the lower end of each plot, a pit was dug for installation of a tipping bucket runoff flow meterconnected with an rainfall event counter to keep real-time records of runoff, and entire process of a soil erosion event.A 300 mesh screen was placed under the bucket sm to collect sediment.Runoff, soil erosion sediment and organic carbon concentration in the soil sediment were monitored during the period of 2015—2017.【Result】Results show that in terms of volume of runoff, the five treatments displayed an order of NPK+BC > CK > NPK > NPK+OM > NPK+Str(P < 0.05), and in terms of sediment loss was in the order of CK≈NPK+BC≈NPK > NPK+OM > NPK+Str(P < 0.05). About 69%～83% of the surface runoff and70%～89% of the soil erosion occurred during the peanut growing season(April—August). Compared with Treatment NPK treatments, Treatment NPK+Str, NOK+BC and NPK+OM significantly increased the concentration of organic carbon in the sediment(P < 0.05). However, Treatment NPK+BC was the highest in total organic carbon loss via soil sediment( C 52.1 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)), while Treatments NPK+OM and NPK+Str the lowest. No significant seasonal changes were observed in organic carbon content in sediment. About78% of the loss of organic carbon with sediment occurred during the peanut growing season(April—August)in each year. 【Conclusion】 All the findings in this study demonstrate that application of NPK Fertilizer plus rice straw mulch and NPK fertilizer plus swine manure(or Treatment NPK+Str and NPK+OM) can reduce soil erosion and organic carbon loss effectively, while application of NPK fertilizer plus rice strawderived biochar(or Treatment NPK+BC) does not have much effect on soil erosion, and instead it increases the concentration of organic carbon in the sediment, which is attributed to characteristics of the local physical environment and texture of the rice straw-derived biochar, small in particle compositions, and low in density, and making it easy to get lost with surface runoff and erosion sediment and hard to retain in the soil. So it is not recommended to use biochar as supplement in fertility-building for soil erosion control in the red soil regions of China.
引文
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[2]张平仓,程冬兵.南方坡耕地水土流失过程与调控研究.长江科学院院报,2017,34(3):35-39,49Zhang P C,Cheng D B.Process and regulation of soil and water loss ofslope farmland in south China(In Chinese).Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2017,34(3):35-39,49
[3]魏守才,张晓平,陈学文.土壤水蚀对土壤有机碳动态及全球碳循环平衡的影响.土壤与作物,2015,4(4):156-162Wei S C,Zhang X P,Chen X W.Effects of water-driven erosion on soil organic carbon dynamicsand global carbon balance(In Chinese).Soil and Crop,2015,4(4):156-162
[4]Bronick C J,Lal R.Soil structure and management:Areview.Geoderma,2005,124(1/2):3-22
[5]王全九,杨婷,刘艳丽,等.土壤养分随地表径流流失机理与控制措施研究进展.农业机械学报,2016,47(6):67-82Wang Q J,Yang T,Liu Y L,et al.Review of soil nutrient transport in runoff and its controlling measures(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(6):67-82
[6]肖胜生,汤崇军,王凌云,等.自然降雨条件下红壤坡面有机碳的选择性迁移.土壤学报,2017,54(4):874-884Xiao S S,Tang C J,Wang L Y,et al.Soil erosion-induced selective transfer of organic carbon in red soil slopefield under natural rainfall(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):874-884
[7]聂小东,李忠武,王晓燕,等.雨强对红壤坡耕地泥沙流失及有机碳富集的影响规律研究.土壤学报,2013,50(5):900-908Nie X D,Li Z W,Wang X Y,et al.Effectof rainfall intensity onsoil loss from slope farmland of red soil and organic carbon enrichment in sediment(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(5):900-908
[8]李俊波,华珞,冯琰.坡地土壤养分流失研究概况.土壤通报,2005,36(5):115-121Li J B,Hua L,Feng Y.Soil nutrient lossesfrom sloping land-A review(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(5):115-121
[9]孟祥天,蒋瑀霁,王晓玥,等.生物质炭和秸秆长期还田对红壤团聚体和有机碳的影响.土壤,2018,50(2):326-332Meng X T,Jiang Y J,Wang X Y,et al.Effects of longterm application of biochar and straws on red soil aggregate composition and organic carbon distribution(In Chinese).Soils,2018,50(2):326-332
[10]柳开楼,李大明,黄庆海,等.红壤稻田长期施用猪粪的生态效益及承载力评估.中国农业科学,2014,47(2):303-313Liu K L,Li D M,Huang Q H,et al.Ecological benefits and environmental carrying capacities of red paddy field subjected to long-term pig manure amendments(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(2):303-313
[11]陈敏全,王克勤.坡耕地不同水土保持措施对径流泥沙与土壤碳库的影响.广东农业科学,2015,42(6):124-129Chen M Q,Wang K Q.Properties of runoff,sediment and soil carbon stock under different soil and water conservation measures in sloping farmland(In Chinese).Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2015,42(6):124-129
[12]黄东风,王利民,李卫华,等.培肥措施培肥土壤的效果与机理研究进展.中国生态农业学报,2014,22(2):127-135Huang D F,Wang L M,Li W H,et al.Research progress on the effect and mechanism of fertilization measure on soil fertility(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2014,22(2):127-135
[13]Peng X H,Zhu Q H,Xie Z B,et al.The impact of manure,straw and biochar amendments on aggregation and erosion in a hillslope Ultisol.Catena,2016,138:30-37
[14]朱巧红.有机培肥对红壤团聚体形成、稳定过程及侵蚀的影响.南京:中国科学院南京土壤研究所,2016Zhu Q H.Impact of organic fertilization on aggregation and soil erosion in a red soil(In Chinese).Nanjing:Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016
[15]杨亚利,谢永生,赵暄.红壤区土壤侵蚀危险程度分级初探.水土保持通报,2013,33(3):231-235Yang Y L,Xie Y S,Zhao X.Preliminary study of gradation of soil erosion hazard degree in red soil region of southern China(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(3):231-235
[16]Zhou H,Peng X H,Darboux F.Effect of rainfall kinetic energy on crust formation and interrill erosion of an Ultisol in subtropical China.Vadose Zone Journal,2013,12(4).DOI:10.2136/vzj2013.01.0010
[17]张白雪,何福红,朱巧红,等.有机培肥对红壤坡耕地产流产沙的影响.土壤,2017,49(6):1237-1242Zhang B X,He F H,Zhu Q H,et al.Effect of organic amendment on runoff and soil erosion in slopecropland of red soil(In Chinese).Soils,2017,49(6):1237-1242
[18]赵叶舟,王浩铭,汪自强.豆科植物和根瘤菌在生态环境中的地位和作用.农业环境与发展,2013,30(4):7-12Zhao Y Z,Wang H M,Wang Z Q.The role of leguminous plants and hizobium in ecological environment(In Chinese).Agro-Environment&Development,2013,30(4):7-12
[19]李秋霞,陈效民,靳泽文,等.生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和作物产量的持续效应.水土保持学报,2015,29(3):208-213,261Li Q X,Chen X M,Jin Z W,et al.Persistent effects of biochar on soil physicochemical properties and crop yields in upland red soil(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(3):208-213,261
[20]王红兰,唐翔宇,张维,等.施用生物炭对紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤水力学性质的影响.农业工程学报,2015,31(4):107-112Wang H L,Tang X Y,Zhang W,et al.Effects of biochar application on tilth soil hydraulic properties of slope cropland of purple soil(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(4):107-112
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