基于生命周期法的中国2004—2015年油菜生产氮足迹分析
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摘要
农业领域的活性氮排放日趋严重,系统分析农业生产过程中活性氮排放有利于促进我国农业绿色健康发展。本文基于2004—2015年我国油菜产量、农资投入产出等统计资料数据,运用氮足迹理论和生命周期法系统评价我国油菜生产氮足迹时空分布状况及其构成。结果表明,我国油菜生产单位面积氮足迹为7572.0 g N-eq hm–2,呈现逐年下降的趋势。氮肥投入和NH3挥发是我国油菜生产活性氮排放主要来源,分别占油菜生产氮足迹的20%和54%。内蒙古、上海、江苏3个省、区、市的单位面积氮足迹和单位产量氮足迹显著高于低产省市,其中氮肥、磷肥、复合肥产生的氮足迹值分别高80.6%、76.9%和57.8%(P <0.05)。我国油菜单位面积氮足迹随着油菜产量的增加呈增加的趋势,但不存在显著相关性。研究结论表明,发展油菜生产节肥技术是我国油菜绿色健康发展的重要举措。
The loss of reactive nitrogen in agriculture has increasingly become serious, systematic analysis of reactive nitrogen emissions from agricultural production is conducive to promoting the green and healthy development of agriculture in China. Based on the statistical data of crop yield and farmland investment in the oilseed rape production of China, the spatiotemporal dynamic change of nitrogen footprint(NF) and its composition of oilseed rape during 2004-2015 in China was estimated using the theory of NF and life cycle assessment method in the agricultural sector. The NF of oilseed rape was 7572.0 g N-eq ha–1 during 2004-2015, and decreasing year by year, with an average annual decline of 1.0%. The main components of the NF were from fertilizer application(20%) and NH3 emission(54%) in the oilseed rape production. Obvious differences also were observed among mainly agricultural provinces in China, that is, the higher nitrogen footprint per area(NFa) and nitrogen footprint per yield(NFy) in Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, and Jiangsu region. The NFa and NFy in high yield region were significantly higher than those in low yield region. Among them, the NF of nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer increased by 80.6%, 76.9%, and 57.8%, respectively(P < 0.05). The NFa of rapeseed in China showed a trend of increase with the increase of rapeseed yield, but there was no significant correlation. The results suggest that improving crop management practices that limit fertilizer consumption is an important measure for the green and healthy development of rapeseed in China.
The loss of reactive nitrogen in agriculture has increasingly become serious, systematic analysis of reactive nitrogen emissions from agricultural production is conducive to promoting the green and healthy development of agriculture in China. Based on the statistical data of crop yield and farmland investment in the oilseed rape production of China, the spatiotemporal dynamic change of nitrogen footprint(NF) and its composition of oilseed rape during 2004-2015 in China was estimated using the theory of NF and life cycle assessment method in the agricultural sector. The NF of oilseed rape was 7572.0 g N-eq ha–1 during 2004-2015, and decreasing year by year, with an average annual decline of 1.0%. The main components of the NF were from fertilizer application(20%) and NH3 emission(54%) in the oilseed rape production. Obvious differences also were observed among mainly agricultural provinces in China, that is, the higher nitrogen footprint per area(NFa) and nitrogen footprint per yield(NFy) in Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, and Jiangsu region. The NFa and NFy in high yield region were significantly higher than those in low yield region. Among them, the NF of nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer increased by 80.6%, 76.9%, and 57.8%, respectively(P < 0.05). The NFa of rapeseed in China showed a trend of increase with the increase of rapeseed yield, but there was no significant correlation. The results suggest that improving crop management practices that limit fertilizer consumption is an important measure for the green and healthy development of rapeseed in China.
引文
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[21]陈魏涛,曹宏鑫,张保军,张文宇.氮素营养诊断技术及其在油菜上的应用研究进展.江苏农业学报,2016,32:953-960.Chen W T,Cao H X,Zhang B J,Zhang W Y.Research progresses in nitrogen diagnosis technology and its application in rapeseed.Jiangsu J Agric Sci,2016,32:953-960(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]张筱蕾,刘飞,聂鹏程.高光谱成像技术的油菜叶片氮含量及分布快速检测.光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34:2514-2518.Zhang X L,Liu F,Nie P C.Rapid detection of nitrogen content and distribution in oilseed rape leaves based on hyperspectral imaging.Spectroscopy Spectral Anal,2014,34:2514-2518(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]任涛,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜氮素养分管理策略.中国农业科学,2016,49:3506-3521.Ren T,Lu J W.Integrated nitrogen management strategy for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)in China.Sci Agric Sin,2016,49:3506-3521(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2]Erisman J W,Sutton M A,Galloway J,Klimont Z,Winiwarter W.How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world.Nat Geosci,2008,1:636-639.
[3]秦树平,胡春胜,张玉铭,王玉英,董文旭,李晓欣.氮足迹研究进展.中国生态农业学报,2011,19:462-467.Qin S P,Hu C S,Zhang Y M,Wang Y Y,Dong W X,Li X X.Advances in nitrogen footprint research.Chin J Eco-Agric,2011,19:462-467(in Chinese with English abstract).
[4]Xue X B,Landis A E.Eutrophication potential of food consumption patterns.Environ Sci Technol,2010,44:6450-6456.
[5]Pierer M,Winiwarter W,Leach A M,Galloway J N,The nitrogen footprint of food products and general consumption patterns in Austria.Food Policy,2014,49:128-136.
[6]傅廷栋.中国油菜生产与品种改良.华中农业大学学报,1999,18:501-504.Fu T D.Rapeseed production and variety improvement in China.J Huazhong Agric Univ,1999,18:501-504(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]涂金星,张冬晓,张毅.我国油菜育种目标及品种审定问题的商榷.中国油料作物学报,2007,29:350-352.Tu J X,Zhang D X,Zhang Y.Discussion on some standards of variety registration and breeding goals of Brassica napus in China.Chin J Oil Crop Sci,2007,29:350-352(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]徐华丽.长江流域油菜施肥状况调查及配方施肥效果研究.华中农业大学硕士学位论文,湖北武汉,2012.Xu H L.Investigation of Rapeseed Fertilization in Yangtze River Basin and Study on the Effect of Formula Fertilization.MS Thesis of Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan,Hubei,China,2012(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]MoldanováJ,Grennfelt P,Jonsson?.Nitrogen as a Threat to European Air Quality.New York:Cambridge University Press,2011.pp 405-433.
[10]陈中督.农作措施对双季稻田固碳减排效应与农户低碳技术采纳行为研究.中国农业大学博士学位论文,北京,2017.Chen Z D.Impacts of Farming Practices on Carbon Sequestration and Emission Mitigation in Double Rice Field and Farmers’Adoption Behavior of Low Carbon Technology.PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,Beijing,China,2017(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]Ibá?ez-Forés V,Bovea M D,SimóA.Life cycle assessment of ceramic tiles.environmental and statistical analysis.Int J Life Cycle Assess,2011,16:916-928.
[12]梁龙.基于LCA的循环农业环境影响评价方法探讨及实证研究.中国农业大学博士学位论文,北京,2009.Liang L.Environmental Impact Assessment of Circular Agriculture Based on Life Cycle Assessment:Methods and Case Studies.PhD Dissertation of China Agricultural University,Beijing,China,2009(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]傅廷栋,梁华东,周广生.油菜绿肥在现代农业中的优势及发展建议.中国农技推广,2012,28(8):37-49.Fu T D,Liang H D,Zhou G S.The advantages and development suggestions of rapeseed green manure in modern agriculture.China Agric Technol Extension,2012,28(8):37-49(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,李银水.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究.作物学报,2011,37:729-734.Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,Li Y S.Status of nutrient use efficiencies of rapeseed in the Yangtze River basin.Acta Agron Sin,2011,37:729-734(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]Gan Y,Liang C,Campbell C A,Zentner R P,Lemke R L,Wang H,Yang C.Carbon footprint of spring wheat in response to fallow frequency and soil carbon changes over 25 years on the semiarid Canadian prairie.Eur J Agron,2012,43:175-184.
[16]Breiling M,Hoshino T,Matsuhashi R.Contributions of Rice Production to Japanese Greenhouse Gas Emissions Applying Life Cycle Assessment as a Methodology.Laboratory for Land Resource Sciences,Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering,Graduate School for Agriculture and Life Sciences,Tokyo,and the University of Tokyo,1999,p 32.http://breiling.org/publ/lcaricejap-en.pdf.
[17]王淳,周卫,李祖章.不同施氮量下双季稻连作体系土壤氨挥发损失研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18:349-358.Wang C,Zhou W,Li Z Z.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under double-harvest rice system.Plant Nutr Fert Sci,2012,18:349-358(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]崔晓晨,李安宁,王国占.三大粮食作物农机作业成本及效益分析:基于全国26个省的农机户问卷调查.农机化研究,2011,33(2):15-18.Cui X C,Li A N,Wang G Z.Research on machinery cost of grain-production in China:based on a nationwide questionnaire survey.J Agric Mechanization Res,2011,33(2):15-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]董彦彬.2006年国内油菜籽产量与价格分析.农业展望,2006,2(7):26.Dong Y B.Analysis of domestic rapeseed production and price in2006.Agric Outlook.2006,2(7):26(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]伊然.大豆等6种农产品实行进口备案制.中国油脂,2008,(7):12.Yi R.Soybean and other six agricultural products to implement the import record system.China Oils Fats,2008,(7):12(in Chinese).
[21]陈魏涛,曹宏鑫,张保军,张文宇.氮素营养诊断技术及其在油菜上的应用研究进展.江苏农业学报,2016,32:953-960.Chen W T,Cao H X,Zhang B J,Zhang W Y.Research progresses in nitrogen diagnosis technology and its application in rapeseed.Jiangsu J Agric Sci,2016,32:953-960(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]张筱蕾,刘飞,聂鹏程.高光谱成像技术的油菜叶片氮含量及分布快速检测.光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34:2514-2518.Zhang X L,Liu F,Nie P C.Rapid detection of nitrogen content and distribution in oilseed rape leaves based on hyperspectral imaging.Spectroscopy Spectral Anal,2014,34:2514-2518(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]任涛,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜氮素养分管理策略.中国农业科学,2016,49:3506-3521.Ren T,Lu J W.Integrated nitrogen management strategy for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)in China.Sci Agric Sin,2016,49:3506-3521(in Chinese with English abstract).
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