秸秆及其生物炭对土壤碳库管理指数及有机碳矿化的影响
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摘要
以河南省粮食主产区壤质潮土和砂土为研究对象,通过盆栽试验和室内恒温培养试验,研究了生物炭与不同腐殖化程度的传统有机物料(秸秆和腐熟鸡粪)单施及配施对壤质潮土和砂土有机碳储量、活性及碳库管理指数的影响,并进一步比较了小麦秸秆直接还田和制炭还田对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,以及生物炭对土壤原有有机碳矿化的调控作用。结果表明:相同添加量下,生物炭对土壤有机碳含量的提升效果优于秸秆和腐熟鸡粪,在壤质潮土和砂土上分别较对照提升了63.15%和115.62%。另外,生物炭显著增加了土壤稳态碳含量和土壤碳库指数(CPI),但降低了土壤碳素有效率(SC)和碳库活度指数(AI),对土壤易氧化有机碳(POXC)和碳库管理指数(CMPI)无显著影响,添加秸秆显著增加了2种土壤POXC含量、基础呼吸和CPMI。进一步通过室内恒温培养试验发现,秸秆可在培养前期(0～37天)大幅度提升2种类型土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量,秸秆制炭还田对土壤有机碳矿化无显著影响。此外生物炭对土壤原有有机碳矿化的调控作用受其施用量、外源活性有机碳输入和土壤类型的影响,高量生物炭(2%)对非秸秆还田土壤有机碳矿化表现出较强的负激发效应,而低量生物炭(0.55%)对秸秆还田土壤有机碳矿化表现出较明显的负激发效应。因此,从"固碳减排"角度考虑,秸秆制炭还田是更合理的利用方式,且应根据土壤施肥管理措施和土壤类型考虑生物炭的施用量,添加质量比为2%的生物炭可显著抑制土壤原有有机碳矿化,降低CO_2排放,但应避开秸秆快速腐解期施用。
Pot experiment and indoor thermostatic incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of single and combined application of biochar and traditional organic materials(wheat straw and chicken manure) on organic carbon storage, activity and carbon pool management index of loamy fluvo-aquic soil and sandy soil in Henan Province, meanwhile, the effect of wheat straw returning and carbon-making returning on soil organic carbon mineralization and the regulation of biochar on soil original organic carbon mineralization were compared furtherly. The results showed that under the same application amount, the biochar and organic materials could increase soil organic carbon(TOC), and the highest TOC content was found in the soil treated by biochar, the content of TOC were increased by 63.15% and 115.62% in loamy fluvo-aquic and sandy soil, respectively. Moreover, biochar significantly increased soil stable organic carbon content and carbon pool index(CPI), while decreased soil carbon activity index(AI) and the effectiveness of carbon(SC), but had no significant effect on the content of potassium permanganate oxidizable carbon(POXC) and carbon pool management index(CPMI), and adding straw significantly increased POXC content, basic respiration and CPMI of two kinds of soils. Through indoor soil incubation experiment, the SOC mineralization rate and cumulative mineralization amount of the two types of soils were increased by straw at the early stage of cultivation(0 ～ 37 days), but there was little impact on SOC mineralization if the straw was made into biochar and added to the soil. The priming effects of biochar on soil native SOC mineralization were restricted by its application amount, exogenous active organic carbon input and soil type. In the soil without straw returning, high biochar(2%) showed stronger negative priming effect on soil organic carbon mineralization, while low biochar(0.55%) showed more apparent negative priming effect soil organic carbon mineralization in the straw returning field. Therefore, from the perspective of carbon sequestration and emission reduction, compared with the direct returning straw to field, returning the straw prepared into biochar was a more reasonable way of utilization, and the application amount of biochar should be considered according to soil fertilization management measures and soil types. Application biochar with a mass ratio of 2% could significantly inhibit the mineralization of soil native organic carbon and reduce CO_2 emissions, but it should not be applied during the rapid decomposition period of straw.
Pot experiment and indoor thermostatic incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of single and combined application of biochar and traditional organic materials(wheat straw and chicken manure) on organic carbon storage, activity and carbon pool management index of loamy fluvo-aquic soil and sandy soil in Henan Province, meanwhile, the effect of wheat straw returning and carbon-making returning on soil organic carbon mineralization and the regulation of biochar on soil original organic carbon mineralization were compared furtherly. The results showed that under the same application amount, the biochar and organic materials could increase soil organic carbon(TOC), and the highest TOC content was found in the soil treated by biochar, the content of TOC were increased by 63.15% and 115.62% in loamy fluvo-aquic and sandy soil, respectively. Moreover, biochar significantly increased soil stable organic carbon content and carbon pool index(CPI), while decreased soil carbon activity index(AI) and the effectiveness of carbon(SC), but had no significant effect on the content of potassium permanganate oxidizable carbon(POXC) and carbon pool management index(CPMI), and adding straw significantly increased POXC content, basic respiration and CPMI of two kinds of soils. Through indoor soil incubation experiment, the SOC mineralization rate and cumulative mineralization amount of the two types of soils were increased by straw at the early stage of cultivation(0 ～ 37 days), but there was little impact on SOC mineralization if the straw was made into biochar and added to the soil. The priming effects of biochar on soil native SOC mineralization were restricted by its application amount, exogenous active organic carbon input and soil type. In the soil without straw returning, high biochar(2%) showed stronger negative priming effect on soil organic carbon mineralization, while low biochar(0.55%) showed more apparent negative priming effect soil organic carbon mineralization in the straw returning field. Therefore, from the perspective of carbon sequestration and emission reduction, compared with the direct returning straw to field, returning the straw prepared into biochar was a more reasonable way of utilization, and the application amount of biochar should be considered according to soil fertilization management measures and soil types. Application biochar with a mass ratio of 2% could significantly inhibit the mineralization of soil native organic carbon and reduce CO_2 emissions, but it should not be applied during the rapid decomposition period of straw.
引文
[1] 廖敏,彭英,陈义,等.长期不同施肥管理对稻田土壤有机碳库特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):129-133.
[2] Lefroy R D B,Blair G J,Strong W M.Changes in soil organic matter with cropping as measured by organic carbon fractions and 13C natural isotope abundance [J].Plant and Soil,1993,155/156(1):399-402.
[3] 吴玉红,郝兴顺,田霄鸿,等.秸秆还田对汉中盆地稻田土壤有机碳组分、碳储量及水稻产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(4):325-331.
[4] 黄晶,张杨珠,高菊生,等.长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有机碳储量变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3373-3380.
[5] 蒙世协,刘春岩,郑循华,等.小麦秸秆还田量对晋南地区裸地土壤-大气间甲烷、二氧化碳、氧化亚氮和一氧化氮交换的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2012,17(4):504-514.
[6] Zhang A,Bian R,Pan G,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality,crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy:A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles [J].Field Crops Research,2012,127:153-160.
[7] 李有兵,把余玲,李硕,等.作物残体与其生物炭配施对土壤有机碳及其自身矿化率的提升[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):943-950.
[8] Zhao R,Coles N,Wu J.Carbon mineralization following additions of fresh and aged biochar to an infertile soil [J].Catena,2015,125:183-189.
[9] 匡崇婷,江春玉,李忠佩,等.添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(4):570-575.
[10] 李正东,陶金沙,李恋卿,等.生物质炭复合肥对小麦产量及温室气体排放的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(1):177-183.
[11] Zhang Y,Tan Q L,Hu C X,et al.Differences in responses of soil microbial properties and trifoliate orange seedling to biochar derived from three feedstocks [J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(3):541-551.
[12] 方明,任天志,赖欣,等.花生壳生物炭对潮土和红壤理化性质和温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(6):1300-1310.
[13] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[14] 吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[15] Bekku Y,Koizumi H,Oikawa T,et al.Examination of four methods for measuring soil respiration [J].Applied Soil Ecology,1997,5(3):247-254.
[16] 余健,房莉,卞正富,等.土壤碳库构成研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):4829-4838.
[17] 张杰,黄金生,刘佳,等.秸秆、木质素及其生物炭对潮土CO2释放及有机碳含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):401-408.
[18] 陈颖,刘玉学,陈重军,等.生物炭对土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应及其机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):314-320.
[19] 章明奎,Bayou W D,唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-131.
[20] 韩新辉,佟小刚,杨改河,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳库差异分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(12):223-229.
[21] 高伟,杨军,任顺荣.长期不同施肥模式下华北旱作潮土有机碳的平衡特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1465-1470.
[22] 丁瑞霞,王维钰,张青.两种轮作模式下秸秆还田对土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(8):1106-1118.
[23] 顾美英,唐光木,葛春辉,等.不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物多样性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):489-498.
[24] 刘昊,曹国军.不同农业废弃物还田对土壤碳排放及碳固定的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):239-243.
[25] 黎嘉成,高明,田冬,等.秸秆及生物炭还田对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响[J].草业学报,2018,27(5):42-53.
[26] Atkinson C J,Fitzgerald J D,Hipps N A.Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils:A review [J].Plant and Soil,2010,337(1):1-18.
[27] Zimmerman A R,Gao B,Ahn M Y.Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(6):1169-1179.
[28] Mitchell P J,Simpson A J,Soong R,et al.Shifts in microbial community and water-extractable organic matter composition with biochar amendment in a temperate forest soil [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,81(2):244-254.
[2] Lefroy R D B,Blair G J,Strong W M.Changes in soil organic matter with cropping as measured by organic carbon fractions and 13C natural isotope abundance [J].Plant and Soil,1993,155/156(1):399-402.
[3] 吴玉红,郝兴顺,田霄鸿,等.秸秆还田对汉中盆地稻田土壤有机碳组分、碳储量及水稻产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(4):325-331.
[4] 黄晶,张杨珠,高菊生,等.长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有机碳储量变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3373-3380.
[5] 蒙世协,刘春岩,郑循华,等.小麦秸秆还田量对晋南地区裸地土壤-大气间甲烷、二氧化碳、氧化亚氮和一氧化氮交换的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2012,17(4):504-514.
[6] Zhang A,Bian R,Pan G,et al.Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality,crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy:A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles [J].Field Crops Research,2012,127:153-160.
[7] 李有兵,把余玲,李硕,等.作物残体与其生物炭配施对土壤有机碳及其自身矿化率的提升[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):943-950.
[8] Zhao R,Coles N,Wu J.Carbon mineralization following additions of fresh and aged biochar to an infertile soil [J].Catena,2015,125:183-189.
[9] 匡崇婷,江春玉,李忠佩,等.添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(4):570-575.
[10] 李正东,陶金沙,李恋卿,等.生物质炭复合肥对小麦产量及温室气体排放的影响[J].土壤通报,2015,46(1):177-183.
[11] Zhang Y,Tan Q L,Hu C X,et al.Differences in responses of soil microbial properties and trifoliate orange seedling to biochar derived from three feedstocks [J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15(3):541-551.
[12] 方明,任天志,赖欣,等.花生壳生物炭对潮土和红壤理化性质和温室气体排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(6):1300-1310.
[13] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[14] 吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2006.
[15] Bekku Y,Koizumi H,Oikawa T,et al.Examination of four methods for measuring soil respiration [J].Applied Soil Ecology,1997,5(3):247-254.
[16] 余健,房莉,卞正富,等.土壤碳库构成研究进展[J].生态学报,2014,34(17):4829-4838.
[17] 张杰,黄金生,刘佳,等.秸秆、木质素及其生物炭对潮土CO2释放及有机碳含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):401-408.
[18] 陈颖,刘玉学,陈重军,等.生物炭对土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应及其机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):314-320.
[19] 章明奎,Bayou W D,唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-131.
[20] 韩新辉,佟小刚,杨改河,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳库差异分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(12):223-229.
[21] 高伟,杨军,任顺荣.长期不同施肥模式下华北旱作潮土有机碳的平衡特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(6):1465-1470.
[22] 丁瑞霞,王维钰,张青.两种轮作模式下秸秆还田对土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(8):1106-1118.
[23] 顾美英,唐光木,葛春辉,等.不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物多样性的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):489-498.
[24] 刘昊,曹国军.不同农业废弃物还田对土壤碳排放及碳固定的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):239-243.
[25] 黎嘉成,高明,田冬,等.秸秆及生物炭还田对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响[J].草业学报,2018,27(5):42-53.
[26] Atkinson C J,Fitzgerald J D,Hipps N A.Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils:A review [J].Plant and Soil,2010,337(1):1-18.
[27] Zimmerman A R,Gao B,Ahn M Y.Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43(6):1169-1179.
[28] Mitchell P J,Simpson A J,Soong R,et al.Shifts in microbial community and water-extractable organic matter composition with biochar amendment in a temperate forest soil [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2015,81(2):244-254.
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