秦山核电基地放射性废物最小化技术实践与探讨
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摘要
介绍了秦山核电基地在放射性废物最小化方面的实践。包括建立了蒸汽发生器排污树脂和通风过滤器金属框架清洁解控工作流程;改进了水泥固化线工艺,水泥固化包装容器采用金属桶代替水泥桶;开发了废过滤器芯子暂存衰变法分类处理及一桶装多芯方案;开发了技术废物"三明治"式废物装桶和超级压实提高外包装容器效率等最小化实践。对废液、废树脂、技术废物、有机废液等处理技术进行了比较分析,建议采用废液蒸干压实技术、废树脂蒸汽重整技术、可燃废物和有机废液焚烧技术,预计秦山核电基地废物产生量可由541 m~3/a减至约94 m~3/a。
The practices of radioactive waste minimization in Qinshan Nuclear Power Base are introduced, including the clearance flowcharts of spent resins from steam generators and metal frameworks of ventilation filters, improvements on their cementation processes, package containers using metal drums to replace original cement drums. The development of some minimizing measures are also introduced, for example, the storage-decay method and multi-in-one drum method for wet spent filters treatment. The drum filling process with a "Sandwich" type mode and super compaction is also used to improve the utilization efficiency of packaging containers. Comparative analyses for treatment technologies of concentrates, spent resins, technological wastes, organic liquid wastes are accomplished and recommendations are provided, for example, drying compaction for concentrate wastes, steam reforming for spent resins, incineration for combustible wastes and organic liquid wastes, etc. The total waste amount is expected to reduce from 541 m~3/a approximately to 94 m~3/a in Qinshan Nuclear Power Base.
The practices of radioactive waste minimization in Qinshan Nuclear Power Base are introduced, including the clearance flowcharts of spent resins from steam generators and metal frameworks of ventilation filters, improvements on their cementation processes, package containers using metal drums to replace original cement drums. The development of some minimizing measures are also introduced, for example, the storage-decay method and multi-in-one drum method for wet spent filters treatment. The drum filling process with a "Sandwich" type mode and super compaction is also used to improve the utilization efficiency of packaging containers. Comparative analyses for treatment technologies of concentrates, spent resins, technological wastes, organic liquid wastes are accomplished and recommendations are provided, for example, drying compaction for concentrate wastes, steam reforming for spent resins, incineration for combustible wastes and organic liquid wastes, etc. The total waste amount is expected to reduce from 541 m~3/a approximately to 94 m~3/a in Qinshan Nuclear Power Base.
引文
[1] 汪萍,廖运璇,魏国良,等.放射性物料的清洁解控[J].核安全,2015,14(2):6-11.WANG Ping,LIAO Yunxuan,WEI Guoliang,et al.Clearance of radioactive materials [J].Nuclear Safety,2015,14(2):6-11.
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[9] 张雅琴,张林,候立安,等.膜分离技术在放射性废水处理中的应用[J].科技导报,2015,33(14):24-27.ZHANG Yaqin,ZHANG Lin,HOU Lian,et al.Application of membrane separation technology in radioactive wastewater treatment[J].Tech Review,2015,33(14):24-27.
[10] 林力,马兴均,陈先林,等.放射性废物蒸汽重整处理及矿化技术发展现状及展望[J].科技创新导报,2015,18:6-10.LIN Li,MA Xingjun,CHEN Xianlin,et al.Present situation and prospect of steam reforming treatment and mineralization technology of radioactive waste.Tech Review,2015,18:6-10
[11] 李斗,华伟,廖能斌,等.蒸汽重整处理核电厂放射性废树脂的探讨[J].广州化工,2015,43(15):157-158.LI Dou,HUA Wei,LIAO Nengbin,et al.Discussion on the treatment of radioactive spent resin by steam reforming in nuclear power plant[J].Guangzhou Chemical Industry and Technology,2015,43(15):157-158.
[12] 周焱,张海峰.核电站低中放废树脂热态超压处理技术应用探讨[J].原子能科学技术,2012,46(增刊):142-146.ZHOU Yan,ZHANG Haifeng.Discussion on application of thermal supercompaction treatment technology of low and medium-level radioactive spent resin in nuclear power plant[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2012,46(Sup.):142-146.
[13] 程昌明,童洪辉,兰伟,等.模拟放射性废树脂热等离子体处理系统设计及试验分析[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1 584-1 589.CHENG Changming,TONG Honghui,LAN Wei,et al.Design and experimental analysis of a thermal plasma treatment system for simulated radioactive spent resin[J].High Voltage Technology,2013,39(7):1 584-1 589.
[14] 江贻满,倪国华,宋晔,等.热等离子体对模拟有机低放射性废物固化处理试验分析[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1 750-1 756.JIANG Yimang,NI Guohua,SONG Ye,et al.Experimental analysis of solidification treatment of simulated organic low-radioactive waste by thermal plasma[J].High Voltage Technology,2013,39(7):1 750-1 756.
[15] 王培义,周连泉,马明燮,等.多用途放射性废物焚烧系统的工艺流程[J].辐射防护,2002,22(6):321-333.WANG Peiyi,ZHOU Lianquan,MA Mingxie,et al.Process flow of multi-purpose radioactive waste incineration system[J].Radiation Protection,2002,22(6):321-333.
[16] 唐德仲,周小玲,范大名,等.放射性金属废物熔融去污清洁解控控制方法[J].工业科技,2014,43(10):31-33.TANG Dezhong,ZHOU Xiaoling,FAN Daming,et al.Control method of melting decontamination clearance for radioactive metal waste[J].Industry Technology,2014,43(10):31-33.
[17] 国家核安全局.核设施放射性废物最小化:HAD 401/08—2016[S].2016.
[2] 郭喜良,徐春艳,冯文东,等.核电站放射性轻微污染物料的清洁解控[J].辐射防护,2014,34(2):74-80.GUO Xiliang,XU Chunyan,FENG Wendong,et al.Clearance of radioactive slightly contaminated material in nuclear power plant[J].Radiation Protection,2014,34(2):74-80.
[3] 余达万,徐宏明,杨永亮,等.核电厂废过滤器芯子分类处理方法与实践[J].辐射防护,2018,38(1):65-70.YU Dawan,XU Hongming,YANG Yongliang,et al.Sorting-treatment method and practice of spent filter cartridges in nuclear power plants[J].Radiation Protection,2018,38(1):65-70.
[4] 陈德冲.秦山二期放射性固体废物最小化研究与应用[J].科技视界,2017,(1):343-345.CHEN Dechong.Research and application of radioactive solid waste minimization for Qinshan Ⅱ Nuclear Power Plant[J].Science and Technology Vision,2017,(1):343-345.
[5] 邓才远,高歌.群堆模式下核电站放射性废物最少化的实践和探索[J].辐射防护,2008,28(2):65-71.DENG Caiyuan,GAO Ge.Discussion and practice on waste minimization in multi-reactor operational mode for nuclear power plants[J].Radiation Protection,2008,28(2):65-71.
[6] 核工业标准化研究所.放射性废物体和废物包的特性鉴定:EJ 1186[S].北京:国防科学技术工业委员会,2005.Institute of standardization of the nuclear industry,Characterization of radioactive waste bodies and packages:EJ 1186[S].Beijing:The Commission of Science,Technology and Industry for National Defense,2005.
[7] 靳海睿.三门核电站放射性废物处理工艺[J].辐射防护通讯,2015,35(2):1-6.JIN Hairui.Radwaste treatment process in Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant[J].Radiation Protection Bulletin,2015,35(2):1-6.
[8] 郭喜良,徐春艳,杨卫兵.放射性废物固化/固定处理技术[M].黑龙江:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2016:72-74.GUO Xiliang,XU Chunyan,YANG Weibing.Technology of solidification and fixation of radioactive waste[M].Hei Longjiang:Harbin Engineering University Press,2016:72-74.
[9] 张雅琴,张林,候立安,等.膜分离技术在放射性废水处理中的应用[J].科技导报,2015,33(14):24-27.ZHANG Yaqin,ZHANG Lin,HOU Lian,et al.Application of membrane separation technology in radioactive wastewater treatment[J].Tech Review,2015,33(14):24-27.
[10] 林力,马兴均,陈先林,等.放射性废物蒸汽重整处理及矿化技术发展现状及展望[J].科技创新导报,2015,18:6-10.LIN Li,MA Xingjun,CHEN Xianlin,et al.Present situation and prospect of steam reforming treatment and mineralization technology of radioactive waste.Tech Review,2015,18:6-10
[11] 李斗,华伟,廖能斌,等.蒸汽重整处理核电厂放射性废树脂的探讨[J].广州化工,2015,43(15):157-158.LI Dou,HUA Wei,LIAO Nengbin,et al.Discussion on the treatment of radioactive spent resin by steam reforming in nuclear power plant[J].Guangzhou Chemical Industry and Technology,2015,43(15):157-158.
[12] 周焱,张海峰.核电站低中放废树脂热态超压处理技术应用探讨[J].原子能科学技术,2012,46(增刊):142-146.ZHOU Yan,ZHANG Haifeng.Discussion on application of thermal supercompaction treatment technology of low and medium-level radioactive spent resin in nuclear power plant[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2012,46(Sup.):142-146.
[13] 程昌明,童洪辉,兰伟,等.模拟放射性废树脂热等离子体处理系统设计及试验分析[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1 584-1 589.CHENG Changming,TONG Honghui,LAN Wei,et al.Design and experimental analysis of a thermal plasma treatment system for simulated radioactive spent resin[J].High Voltage Technology,2013,39(7):1 584-1 589.
[14] 江贻满,倪国华,宋晔,等.热等离子体对模拟有机低放射性废物固化处理试验分析[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1 750-1 756.JIANG Yimang,NI Guohua,SONG Ye,et al.Experimental analysis of solidification treatment of simulated organic low-radioactive waste by thermal plasma[J].High Voltage Technology,2013,39(7):1 750-1 756.
[15] 王培义,周连泉,马明燮,等.多用途放射性废物焚烧系统的工艺流程[J].辐射防护,2002,22(6):321-333.WANG Peiyi,ZHOU Lianquan,MA Mingxie,et al.Process flow of multi-purpose radioactive waste incineration system[J].Radiation Protection,2002,22(6):321-333.
[16] 唐德仲,周小玲,范大名,等.放射性金属废物熔融去污清洁解控控制方法[J].工业科技,2014,43(10):31-33.TANG Dezhong,ZHOU Xiaoling,FAN Daming,et al.Control method of melting decontamination clearance for radioactive metal waste[J].Industry Technology,2014,43(10):31-33.
[17] 国家核安全局.核设施放射性废物最小化:HAD 401/08—2016[S].2016.
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