比较风险评价在环境风险管理中的应用
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摘要
在环境风险管理中,需要针对不同的管理目标进行评估与排序,实现有限资源供给下的风险管理效率最大化提升。作为环境风险优先管理中的一个重要内容,比较风险评价是针对不同类型环境问题进行评估与排序的方法,它可以从宏观尺度上有效识别出各类环境问题的风险大小顺序,并有针对性进行管理优先级的设置。本文在对国内外比较风险评价研究进行系统梳理的基础上,分析其对我国环境风险管理的意义,提出我国在开展环境问题的比较风险评价、建立与完善环境风险管理工作优先级等方面的建议。
In the field of environmental risk management, it is necessary to rank different management tasks and set priorities to maximize the risk management efficiency under the limited resources. As a useful tool of environmental risk management, comparative risk assessment is a method for evaluating and ranking different types of environmental problems, which can effectively identify the order of different kinds of environmental risks and set priority for different environmental problems different environmental problems. Based on reviewing analysis, this paper analyzed significance of comparative risk assessment to the environmental risk management in China, and proposed some suggestions on how to carry out the future comparative risk assessment in China, aiming to help improve the priority setting in current environmental management.
In the field of environmental risk management, it is necessary to rank different management tasks and set priorities to maximize the risk management efficiency under the limited resources. As a useful tool of environmental risk management, comparative risk assessment is a method for evaluating and ranking different types of environmental problems, which can effectively identify the order of different kinds of environmental risks and set priority for different environmental problems different environmental problems. Based on reviewing analysis, this paper analyzed significance of comparative risk assessment to the environmental risk management in China, and proposed some suggestions on how to carry out the future comparative risk assessment in China, aiming to help improve the priority setting in current environmental management.
引文
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[2]毕军,马宗伟,刘苗苗,等.我国环境风险管理的现状与重点[J].环境保护,2017,45(5):13-19.
[3]毕军,马宗伟,杨蕾,等.中国环境风险优先管理:现状及未来战略[M]//李金惠.中国环境管理发展报告(2017).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[4]USEPA.Unfinished Business:A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems[R].Washington,DC:USEPA,1987.
[5]MCCALLUM D B,SANTOS S L.Comparative risk analysis for priority setting[J].Human and ecological risk assessment:an international journal,1997,3(6):1215-1234.
[6]FELDMAN D L,HANAHAN R A,PERHAC R.Environmental prioritysetting through comparative risk assessment[J].Environmental management,1999,23(4):483-493.
[7]GERRARD M B,GOLDBERG D.Comparative Risk Assessment in New York[J].Albany Law Journal of Science&Technology,1996,171-183
[8]ANDREWS C J,APUL D S,LINKOV I.Comparative risk assessment:past experience,current trends and future directions[M]//LINKOV I,RAMADAN A B,eds.Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making.Dordrecht:Springer,2004.
[9]USAID.Ranking Environmental Health Risks in Bangkok,Thailand[R].Washington,DC:USAID,PDC-1008-I-00-9066-00,1990.
[10]USAID.Comparing Environmental Health Risks in Cairo,Egypt[R].Washington,DC:USAID,Project 398-0365,1994.
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[18]ROBSON M,TOSCANO W.Risk Assessment for Environmental Health[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2007.
[19]BOBYLEV N.Comparative risk assessment and environmental impact assessment:similarity in quantitative methods[M]//LINKOV I,RAMADAN A B,eds.Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making.Dordrecht:Springer,2004.
[20]FISCHHOFF B.Ranking risks[J].RISK:health,safety&environment(1990-2002),1995,6(3):191-202.
[21]DEISLER JR P F.A score comparison method as an aid to integrating separate comparative risk rankings into a single,comparative risk ranking[J].Risk analysis,1997,17(6):797-806.
[22]MORGAN M G,FLORIG H K,DEKAY M L,et al.Categorizing risks for risk ranking[J].Risk analysis,2000,20(1):49-58.
[23]FLORIG H K,MORGAN M G,MORGAN K M,et al.A deliberative method for ranking risks(I):overview and test bed development[J].Risk analysis,2001,21(5):913-921.
[24]MORGAN K M,DEKAY M L,FISCHBECK P S,et al.A deliberative method for ranking risks(II):evaluation of validity and agreement among risk managers[J].Risk analysis,2001,21(5):923-937.
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[27]MOFFET J.Environmental priority setting based on comparative risk and public input[J].Canadian Public administration-administration publique du canada,1996,39(3):362-385.
[28]PERHAC R M JR.Comparative risk assessment:where does the public fit in?[J].Science,technology,&human values,1998,23(2):221-241.
[29]APPLEGATE J S.Comparative risk assessment and environmental priorities projects:a forum,not a formula[R].Maurer School of Law:Indiana University.1998,25(1):71-109.
[30]J O N E S K.C a n c o m p a r a t i v e r i s k b e u s e d t o d e v e l o p b e t t e r environmental decisions?[R].Duke Environmental Law&Policy Forum,1997,8(1):33-46.
[31]LINKOV I,SAT TERSTROM F K,KIKER G,et al.From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management:recent developments and applications[J].Environment international,2006,32(8):1072-1093.
[32]KONISKY D M.Comparative risk projects:a methodology for crossproject analysis of human health risk rankings[R].//Resource for the future Discussion papers.Washington,DC:Resource for the future,1999.
[33]KONISKY D.Over a decade of comparative risk analysis:a review of the human health rankings[J].RISK:health,safety&environment,2001,12(1-2):41-58.
[34]JONES K,KLEIN H.Lessons from 12 years of comparative risk projects[J].Annual review of public health,1999,20:159-172.
[35]MORGENSTERN R,SESSIONS S.Weighing environmental risks:epa's unfinished business[J].Environment:science and policy for sustainable development,1988,30(6):14-39.
[36]MINARD R A.A focus on risk:states reconsider their environmental priorities[J].Maine policy review,1991,1(1):13-27.
[37]JONES K.A Retrospec tive on ten Years of Comparative R isk[R].Montpelier,VT:American Industrial Health Council,1997,
[38]JOHNSON B L.A review of health-based comparative risk assessments in the United States[J].Reviews on environmental health,2000,15(3):273-287.
[39]LIM S S,VOS T,FLAXMAN A D,et al.A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions,1990-2010:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010[J].The lancet,2012,380(9859):2224-2260.
[40]FOROUZANFAR M H,AFSHIN A,ALEXANDER L T,et al.Global,regional,and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural,environmental and occupational,and metabolic risks or clusters of risks,1990-2015:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015[J].The lancet,2016,388(10053):1659-1724.
[41]VIENNEAU D,PEREZ L,SCHINDLER C,et al.Years of life lost and morbidity cases attributable to transportation noise and air pollution:a comparative health risk assessment for Switzerland in 2010[J].International journal of hygiene and environmental health,2015,218(6):514-521.
[42]INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES(ICLEI).Risk-based planning:the troyan environmental action project[M]//ICLEI.The Local Agenda 21 Planning Guide.Toronto,ON,Canada:ICLEI,1995.
[43]DANIEL I.R,SHERYL T,et al..Final Report of the New Jersey Comparative Risk Project[R].Trenton,NJ:New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,2003.
[44]ROCKS S A,SCHUBERT I,SOANE E,et al.Engaging with comparative risk appraisals:public views on policy priorities for environmental risk governance[J].Risk analysis,2017,37(9):1683-1692.
[45]王静,钱瑜.区域环境风险评价方法初探[J].污染防治技术,2009,22(01):19-21,27-27.
[46]唐征,吴昌子,谢白,等.区域环境风险评估研究进展[J].环境监测管理与技术,2012,24(01):8-11.
[47]曲常胜,毕军,葛怡,等.基于风险系统理论的区域环境风险优化管理[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(11):167-170.
[48]袁鹏,许伟宁,宋永会.企业突发环境事件风险等级评估与实践探索[J].环境保护,2013,41(21):39-40.
[49]宋永会,袁鹏,彭剑峰,等.突发环境事件风险源识别与监控技术创新进展--(Ⅰ)环境风险源识别技术与应用[J].环境工程技术学报,2015,5(5):347-352.
[50]李凤英,毕军,曲常胜,等.环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(6):858-864.
[51]张剑智,李淑媛,李玲玲,等.关于我国环境风险全过程管理的几点思考[J].环境保护,2018,46(15):41-43.
[52]BI J,ZHANG S Q,ZHANG J L,et al.Special Policy Study Report on Eco-Environmental Risk Management[R].Beijing:China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development(CCICED),2015.
[53]吕培辰,李舒,马宗伟,等.中国环境风险评价体系的完善:来自美国的经验和启示[J].环境监控与预警,2018,(2):1-5.
[54]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013.
[2]毕军,马宗伟,刘苗苗,等.我国环境风险管理的现状与重点[J].环境保护,2017,45(5):13-19.
[3]毕军,马宗伟,杨蕾,等.中国环境风险优先管理:现状及未来战略[M]//李金惠.中国环境管理发展报告(2017).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[4]USEPA.Unfinished Business:A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems[R].Washington,DC:USEPA,1987.
[5]MCCALLUM D B,SANTOS S L.Comparative risk analysis for priority setting[J].Human and ecological risk assessment:an international journal,1997,3(6):1215-1234.
[6]FELDMAN D L,HANAHAN R A,PERHAC R.Environmental prioritysetting through comparative risk assessment[J].Environmental management,1999,23(4):483-493.
[7]GERRARD M B,GOLDBERG D.Comparative Risk Assessment in New York[J].Albany Law Journal of Science&Technology,1996,171-183
[8]ANDREWS C J,APUL D S,LINKOV I.Comparative risk assessment:past experience,current trends and future directions[M]//LINKOV I,RAMADAN A B,eds.Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making.Dordrecht:Springer,2004.
[9]USAID.Ranking Environmental Health Risks in Bangkok,Thailand[R].Washington,DC:USAID,PDC-1008-I-00-9066-00,1990.
[10]USAID.Comparing Environmental Health Risks in Cairo,Egypt[R].Washington,DC:USAID,Project 398-0365,1994.
[11]USAID.Comparative Risk Assessment for Central America:Executive Summary[R].Washington,DC:USAID,ANE-0178-Q-00-1047-00,1996.
[12]SESSIONS S,ZUCCHETTI A,ALEGRE M,et al.Proyecto Ecoriesgo:Ranking Environmental Health Risks in Metropolitan Lima,Perú[R].Prepared for USAID//Perúby Project in Development and the Environment,ANE-0178-Q-00-1047-00,1997.
[13]MORGENSTERN R D,SHIH J S,SESSIONS S L.Comparative risk assessment:an international comparison of methodologies and results[J].Journal of hazardous materials,2000,78(1-3):19-39.
[14]USEPA.A Guidebook to Comparing Risks and Setting Environmental Priorities[R].Washington,DC:USEPA,1993.
[15]USEPA.Reducing Risk:Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection[R].Washington,DC:USEPA,1990.
[16]USEPA.U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's Approach to Risk Reduction Through the Process of Comparative Risk Assessment[R].Washington,DC:USEPA,1993.
[17]TAL A,LINKOV I.Role of comparative risk assessment in addressing environmental security in the middle east[J].Risk analysis,2004,24(5):1243-1248.
[18]ROBSON M,TOSCANO W.Risk Assessment for Environmental Health[M].San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2007.
[19]BOBYLEV N.Comparative risk assessment and environmental impact assessment:similarity in quantitative methods[M]//LINKOV I,RAMADAN A B,eds.Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making.Dordrecht:Springer,2004.
[20]FISCHHOFF B.Ranking risks[J].RISK:health,safety&environment(1990-2002),1995,6(3):191-202.
[21]DEISLER JR P F.A score comparison method as an aid to integrating separate comparative risk rankings into a single,comparative risk ranking[J].Risk analysis,1997,17(6):797-806.
[22]MORGAN M G,FLORIG H K,DEKAY M L,et al.Categorizing risks for risk ranking[J].Risk analysis,2000,20(1):49-58.
[23]FLORIG H K,MORGAN M G,MORGAN K M,et al.A deliberative method for ranking risks(I):overview and test bed development[J].Risk analysis,2001,21(5):913-921.
[24]MORGAN K M,DEKAY M L,FISCHBECK P S,et al.A deliberative method for ranking risks(II):evaluation of validity and agreement among risk managers[J].Risk analysis,2001,21(5):923-937.
[25]ANDREWS C J,HASSENZAHL D M,JOHNSON B B.Accommodating uncertainty in comparative risk[J].Risk analysis,2004,24(5):1323-1335.
[26]ANDREWS C J.Lessons from the new jersey comparative risk project[M]//LINKOV I,RAMADAN A B,eds.Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making.Dordrecht:Environmental Decision Making.Dordrecht:Springer,2004.
[27]MOFFET J.Environmental priority setting based on comparative risk and public input[J].Canadian Public administration-administration publique du canada,1996,39(3):362-385.
[28]PERHAC R M JR.Comparative risk assessment:where does the public fit in?[J].Science,technology,&human values,1998,23(2):221-241.
[29]APPLEGATE J S.Comparative risk assessment and environmental priorities projects:a forum,not a formula[R].Maurer School of Law:Indiana University.1998,25(1):71-109.
[30]J O N E S K.C a n c o m p a r a t i v e r i s k b e u s e d t o d e v e l o p b e t t e r environmental decisions?[R].Duke Environmental Law&Policy Forum,1997,8(1):33-46.
[31]LINKOV I,SAT TERSTROM F K,KIKER G,et al.From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management:recent developments and applications[J].Environment international,2006,32(8):1072-1093.
[32]KONISKY D M.Comparative risk projects:a methodology for crossproject analysis of human health risk rankings[R].//Resource for the future Discussion papers.Washington,DC:Resource for the future,1999.
[33]KONISKY D.Over a decade of comparative risk analysis:a review of the human health rankings[J].RISK:health,safety&environment,2001,12(1-2):41-58.
[34]JONES K,KLEIN H.Lessons from 12 years of comparative risk projects[J].Annual review of public health,1999,20:159-172.
[35]MORGENSTERN R,SESSIONS S.Weighing environmental risks:epa's unfinished business[J].Environment:science and policy for sustainable development,1988,30(6):14-39.
[36]MINARD R A.A focus on risk:states reconsider their environmental priorities[J].Maine policy review,1991,1(1):13-27.
[37]JONES K.A Retrospec tive on ten Years of Comparative R isk[R].Montpelier,VT:American Industrial Health Council,1997,
[38]JOHNSON B L.A review of health-based comparative risk assessments in the United States[J].Reviews on environmental health,2000,15(3):273-287.
[39]LIM S S,VOS T,FLAXMAN A D,et al.A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions,1990-2010:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010[J].The lancet,2012,380(9859):2224-2260.
[40]FOROUZANFAR M H,AFSHIN A,ALEXANDER L T,et al.Global,regional,and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural,environmental and occupational,and metabolic risks or clusters of risks,1990-2015:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015[J].The lancet,2016,388(10053):1659-1724.
[41]VIENNEAU D,PEREZ L,SCHINDLER C,et al.Years of life lost and morbidity cases attributable to transportation noise and air pollution:a comparative health risk assessment for Switzerland in 2010[J].International journal of hygiene and environmental health,2015,218(6):514-521.
[42]INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES(ICLEI).Risk-based planning:the troyan environmental action project[M]//ICLEI.The Local Agenda 21 Planning Guide.Toronto,ON,Canada:ICLEI,1995.
[43]DANIEL I.R,SHERYL T,et al..Final Report of the New Jersey Comparative Risk Project[R].Trenton,NJ:New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection,2003.
[44]ROCKS S A,SCHUBERT I,SOANE E,et al.Engaging with comparative risk appraisals:public views on policy priorities for environmental risk governance[J].Risk analysis,2017,37(9):1683-1692.
[45]王静,钱瑜.区域环境风险评价方法初探[J].污染防治技术,2009,22(01):19-21,27-27.
[46]唐征,吴昌子,谢白,等.区域环境风险评估研究进展[J].环境监测管理与技术,2012,24(01):8-11.
[47]曲常胜,毕军,葛怡,等.基于风险系统理论的区域环境风险优化管理[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(11):167-170.
[48]袁鹏,许伟宁,宋永会.企业突发环境事件风险等级评估与实践探索[J].环境保护,2013,41(21):39-40.
[49]宋永会,袁鹏,彭剑峰,等.突发环境事件风险源识别与监控技术创新进展--(Ⅰ)环境风险源识别技术与应用[J].环境工程技术学报,2015,5(5):347-352.
[50]李凤英,毕军,曲常胜,等.环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(6):858-864.
[51]张剑智,李淑媛,李玲玲,等.关于我国环境风险全过程管理的几点思考[J].环境保护,2018,46(15):41-43.
[52]BI J,ZHANG S Q,ZHANG J L,et al.Special Policy Study Report on Eco-Environmental Risk Management[R].Beijing:China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development(CCICED),2015.
[53]吕培辰,李舒,马宗伟,等.中国环境风险评价体系的完善:来自美国的经验和启示[J].环境监控与预警,2018,(2):1-5.
[54]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013.
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