广西农民自主型细碎化耕地归并整治模式及效果评价
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摘要
随着社会经济的发展,耕地细碎化越来越成为制约农业发展的瓶颈,该文根据广西龙州县弄农屯实地调研,探究破解耕地细碎化的路径——农民自主型"小块并大块"土地整治模式,以期对创新土地整治实践和乡村振兴战略实施提供借鉴。该文主要采用半结构化访谈法,模型定量法和案例研究法。研究结果:1)农民自主型"小块并大块"土地整治模式是农民"自下而上"开展权属调整并主导实施,政府"自上而下"按照相关农田建设标准进行经济补偿相结合的土地整治模式创新;2)该模式机理是,细碎化通过直接或间接影响土地、资本、技术、劳动等耕地利用系统要素,进而影响产量、成本和效率;通过"小块并大块",改进的细碎化与高水平经济发展下耕地利用系统要素重新协调与适应,即"小块并大块"通过调整地块空间位置而调整生产关系,促进了生产关系与生产力的重新协调适应;3)弄农屯农民自主型"小块并大块"土地整治模式,通过填平土沟和归并田埂增加耕地面积,通过地块归并显著减少地块数量,完善田间道路和农田水利设施,从而显著提高耕地利用效率和增加单位面积产量,促进农业结构调整以显著增加收益。研究结论:农民自主型"小块并大块"土地整治模式是农民"自下而上"与政府"自上而下"相结合的典型模式,能够显著降低耕地细碎化程度,促进细碎化与耕地利用系统要素优化与协调,是实现小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的有效路径。
With socio-economic growth, arable land fragmentation has increasingly become a serious obstacle to agricultural development, in terms of waste of scarce land resource, need of intensive labor input, obstruction of application of machineries,increasing production cost and reducing land use efficiency. Land consolidation has widely been taken as a necessary approach for solving this problem. In the context of rural revitalization, it is of great significance to explore novel patterns of land consolidation besides traditional government-dominated pattern. The objective of this paper was to expound on the mechanism and examine the effectiveness of a new land consolidation pattern, namely the farmer-dominated pattern of "merging small plots to large plot", emerging in the rural area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, in hope of making contributions to innovations on land consolidation, rural land reform, and rural revitalization. Methods of semi-structured interviews, quantitative models, and case studies were adopted. This new pattern combined a BOTTOM-UP process of land tenure adjustment, land consolidation plan, design and engineering, spontaneously carried out by farmers, with a TOP-DOWN financial support from government, which was conditional on meeting the requirements of high-standard basic farmland construction. Before "merging small plots to large plot", land fragmentation affected agricultural output, production cost and land use efficiency by directly or indirectly acting on input factors of land, labor, capital, technology among others in arable land use system. While "merging small plots to large plot" could reallocate land parcels and readjust land tenure, enhance the coordination and mutual adaption of various input factors, hence promote the alignment of productive forces and relations of production. In the case study of Nongnong Village, farmer-dominated land consolidation pattern increased the area of arable land through filling earth ditches and merging field ridge, dramatically reduced plot number through merging small plots, significantly improved arable land use efficiency and agricultural productivity through infrastructure construction such as roads and irrigation facilities and agricultural machineries application. Furthermore, this new pattern substantially increased farmers' income through adjustment of cropping structure and transfer of rural labor into non-farm employments. It was concluded that farmer-dominated land consolidation pattern was a typical model of the BOTTOM-UP land consolidation by the farmers combined with the TOP-DOWN supervision and support by government, could effectively solve the problem of arable land fragmentation and promote optimization and coordination among various input factors of arable land use system, and proved itself as an effective approach to bridge the gap between smallholders and modern agriculture characterized of industrialization and mechanization, which could contribute to rural revitalization and be extended to other regions in China as well as other developing countries. Three insights are suggested to extend this innovation pattern. First, central and provincial governments should issue policies to address the legitimacy problem concerning farmers self-organized land merger and consolidation and to provide financial supports for construction of farmland infrastructures. Second, village elites should play an important role as facilitators, coordinators, or brokers in whole process. Third, a special work team on site, comprised of village cadres, village elites, representatives of all clans and interest groups, should be assembled to deal with conflicts of interests and ensure the synergy of multiple interests and objectives.
With socio-economic growth, arable land fragmentation has increasingly become a serious obstacle to agricultural development, in terms of waste of scarce land resource, need of intensive labor input, obstruction of application of machineries,increasing production cost and reducing land use efficiency. Land consolidation has widely been taken as a necessary approach for solving this problem. In the context of rural revitalization, it is of great significance to explore novel patterns of land consolidation besides traditional government-dominated pattern. The objective of this paper was to expound on the mechanism and examine the effectiveness of a new land consolidation pattern, namely the farmer-dominated pattern of "merging small plots to large plot", emerging in the rural area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, in hope of making contributions to innovations on land consolidation, rural land reform, and rural revitalization. Methods of semi-structured interviews, quantitative models, and case studies were adopted. This new pattern combined a BOTTOM-UP process of land tenure adjustment, land consolidation plan, design and engineering, spontaneously carried out by farmers, with a TOP-DOWN financial support from government, which was conditional on meeting the requirements of high-standard basic farmland construction. Before "merging small plots to large plot", land fragmentation affected agricultural output, production cost and land use efficiency by directly or indirectly acting on input factors of land, labor, capital, technology among others in arable land use system. While "merging small plots to large plot" could reallocate land parcels and readjust land tenure, enhance the coordination and mutual adaption of various input factors, hence promote the alignment of productive forces and relations of production. In the case study of Nongnong Village, farmer-dominated land consolidation pattern increased the area of arable land through filling earth ditches and merging field ridge, dramatically reduced plot number through merging small plots, significantly improved arable land use efficiency and agricultural productivity through infrastructure construction such as roads and irrigation facilities and agricultural machineries application. Furthermore, this new pattern substantially increased farmers' income through adjustment of cropping structure and transfer of rural labor into non-farm employments. It was concluded that farmer-dominated land consolidation pattern was a typical model of the BOTTOM-UP land consolidation by the farmers combined with the TOP-DOWN supervision and support by government, could effectively solve the problem of arable land fragmentation and promote optimization and coordination among various input factors of arable land use system, and proved itself as an effective approach to bridge the gap between smallholders and modern agriculture characterized of industrialization and mechanization, which could contribute to rural revitalization and be extended to other regions in China as well as other developing countries. Three insights are suggested to extend this innovation pattern. First, central and provincial governments should issue policies to address the legitimacy problem concerning farmers self-organized land merger and consolidation and to provide financial supports for construction of farmland infrastructures. Second, village elites should play an important role as facilitators, coordinators, or brokers in whole process. Third, a special work team on site, comprised of village cadres, village elites, representatives of all clans and interest groups, should be assembled to deal with conflicts of interests and ensure the synergy of multiple interests and objectives.
引文
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[14]王山.从“分散性治理”迈向“整体性治理”:中国农地细碎化治理模式的转型与重塑[J].经济体制改革,2016(5):67-73.Wang Shan.From the“Distributed governance”to“holistic governance”:The transformation and reconstruction of Chinese farmland fragmentation governance model[J].Reform of the Economic System,2016(5):67-73.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]贺雪峰.沙洋的“按户连片”耕种模式[J].农村工作通讯,2016(15):16-18.
[16]王海.农地细碎化治理模式的创新与农地制度改革:以安徽蒙城县“一块田”改革为例[J].新余学院学报,2015(6):31-33.Wang Hai.Innovation of the finely tackling mode of farmland and reform of farmland system:A case study on reform of“one piece of farmland”in Mengcheng county of Anhui[J].Journal of Xinyu University,2015(6):31-33.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]张蚌蚌.细碎化视角下耕地利用系统空间重组优化理论、模式与路径[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.Zhang Bangbang.Theory,Model and Route on Spatial Recombination of Arable Land Use System Based on Land Fragmentation Perspective[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.
[18]卢艳霞,黄盛玉,王柏源,等.农村土地整治创新模式的思考:基于广西壮族自治区崇左市龙州县“小块并大块”的启示[J].中国土地科学,2012,26(2):84-87.Lu Yanxia,Huang Shengyu,Wang Baiyuan,et al.The innovative pattern of the rural Land readjustment the implication of the aggregation from small to large parcel(ASLP)in Longzhou county,Chongzuo city,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region[J].China Land Sciences,2012,26(2):84-87.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]贺斐,蓝春华,吴丽叶.小块并大块,实现规模化[J].中国土地,2013(12):51-53.
[20]陈晓军.国内外农村土地整治权属调整研究进展[J].国土资源科技管理,2012,29(5):23-27.
[21]郧文聚,汤怀志,梁梦茵,等.“十三五”土地整治规划:把生态良田建设摆在突出地位[J].农村工作通讯,2015,7:32-34.
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[23]高世昌.推进中国土地开发整理工作对策研究[J].中国土地科学,2010,24(4):45-50.Gao Shichang.Research on the countermeasures for promoting land development and consolidation in China[J].China Land Sciences,2010,24(4):45-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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