黄土高原草地净初级生产力时空动态及其影响因素
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摘要
利用光能利用效率模型(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach,CASA)模拟2000—2015年黄土高原草地净初级生产力(NPP),分析黄土高原草地NPP的时空动态、NPP变化稳定性和持续性特征,从植被类型、地形因素、气候变化和人类活动4个方面探讨黄土高原草地NPP的影响因素.结果表明:黄土高原草地NPP的平均值为202.93 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其年际变化特征呈现显著增加的趋势,平均年增加速率为2.43 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1);分布具有明显的空间异质性,大体呈南高北低的状态.黄土高原草地NPP呈增加趋势的区域占总草地面积的91.2%,主要分布在陕西省的大部分地区、甘肃陇东及陇中地区和青海等地.草地NPP变化较为稳定的区域主要集中在鄂尔多斯的南部地区、陕北地区和甘肃等地.大部分地区草地NPP未来的变化趋势与过去一致,且陕西省的大部分地区以及甘肃省的陇中及陇东地区的草地NPP将呈现持续显著增加的趋势.坡面草地的平均NPP值最高,为703.37 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1);而高山亚高山草地NPP平均值最低,为57.28 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1).高海拔地区的草地NPP较高,而平原及丘陵地带草地NPP相对较低.研究期间黄土高原降水量的增加对草地NPP的增加具有明显的促进作用;人类活动诸如过度放牧状况的改善以及退耕还草等政策的实施对黄土高原草地NPP的增加也具有重要作用.
We estimated grassland NPP using CASA model in the Loess Plateau during 2000-2015 and further analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics, stability and persistence of grassland NPP. The driving factors of grassland NPP were analyzed from four aspects, i.e., vegetation types, topographic factors, climate change, and human activities. The results showed that the average NPP was 202.93 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The grassland NPP showed an increasing trend with an average increase rate of 2.43 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The distribution of NPP in grassland had obvious spatial heterogeneity, which was generally high in the south and low in the north. 91.2% of the total grassland area showed an increasing trend, mainly distributed in most areas of Shaanxi Province, Longdong and Longzhong areas of Gansu Province, and most parts of Qinghai Province. The regions with a stable growth condition of grassland NPP mainly located in the south of Ordos, northern Shaanxi, and Gansu. The future change trend of grassland NPP would be consistent with that of the past in most areas. The grassland NPP would continue to increase in most areas of Shaanxi Province, Longzhong and Longdong areas in Gansu Province. The average NPP of slope grassland was 703.37 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1), while that of alpine and subalpine grassland was 57.28 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The grassland NPP was higher in high altitude area and relative low in plain and hilly area. The increased precipitation promoted the increase of grassland NPP during the study period. Human activities such as improvement of overgrazing and returning cropland to grassland also played an important role in the increase of grassland NPP in the Loess Plateau.
We estimated grassland NPP using CASA model in the Loess Plateau during 2000-2015 and further analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics, stability and persistence of grassland NPP. The driving factors of grassland NPP were analyzed from four aspects, i.e., vegetation types, topographic factors, climate change, and human activities. The results showed that the average NPP was 202.93 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The grassland NPP showed an increasing trend with an average increase rate of 2.43 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The distribution of NPP in grassland had obvious spatial heterogeneity, which was generally high in the south and low in the north. 91.2% of the total grassland area showed an increasing trend, mainly distributed in most areas of Shaanxi Province, Longdong and Longzhong areas of Gansu Province, and most parts of Qinghai Province. The regions with a stable growth condition of grassland NPP mainly located in the south of Ordos, northern Shaanxi, and Gansu. The future change trend of grassland NPP would be consistent with that of the past in most areas. The grassland NPP would continue to increase in most areas of Shaanxi Province, Longzhong and Longdong areas in Gansu Province. The average NPP of slope grassland was 703.37 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1), while that of alpine and subalpine grassland was 57.28 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1). The grassland NPP was higher in high altitude area and relative low in plain and hilly area. The increased precipitation promoted the increase of grassland NPP during the study period. Human activities such as improvement of overgrazing and returning cropland to grassland also played an important role in the increase of grassland NPP in the Loess Plateau.
引文
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[15] Liu B-F (刘宝锋).Spatio-temporal dynamic evolution of vegetation net primary productivity in the river source area of Northwest Sichuan.Geospatial Information (地理空间信息),2017,15(5):103-106 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J (王静),Shi R-H (施润和),Zhang L (张璐).Estimation of net primary productivity in regions of Northeast China.Remote Sensing Information (遥感信息),2016,31(5):47-52 (in Chinese)
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[18] Wang G-C (王国成),Zhang W (张稳),Huang Y (黄耀).Spatial and temporal variation of grassland net primary productivity in Inner Mongolia in 1981-2001.Pratacultural Science (草业科学),2011,28(11):2016-2025 (in Chinese)
[19] Xu HJ,Wang XP,Zhang XX.Alpine grasslands response to climatic factors and anthropogenic activities on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2012.Ecological Engineering,2016,92:251-259
[20] Wang Z,Zhang Y,Yang Y,et al.Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,in China.Ecological Informa-tics,2016,33:32-44
[21] Chen T,Bao A,Jiapaer G,et al.Disentangling the rela-tive impacts of climate change and human activities on arid and semiarid grasslands in Central Asia during 1982-2015.Science of the Total Environment,2019,653:1311-1325
[22] Shi X-L (史晓亮),Yang Z-Y (杨志勇),Wang X-S (王馨爽),et al.Spatial and temporal variation of net primary productivity and its relationship with climate factors in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2016,37(4):445-453 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao G,Mu X,Wen Z,et al.Soil erosion,conservation,and eco-environment changes in the Loess Plateau of China.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24:499-510
[24] Gang C,Zhao W,Zhang Y,et al.The impacts of land conversion and management measures on the grassland net primary productivity over the Loess Plateau,Nor-thern China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,645:827-836
[25] Wang J (王娟),Zhuo J (卓静),He H-J (何慧娟),et al.Changes of vegetation net primary productivity and its driving factors from 2000 to 2013 in Qinling mountainous area.Journal of Northwest Forestry Univer-sity (西北林学院学报),2016,31(5):238-245 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhu W-Q (朱文泉),Pan Y-Z (潘耀忠),Long Z-H (龙中华),et al.Estimating net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation based on GIS and RS:A case study in Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Remote Sensing (遥感学报),2005,9(3):300-307 (in Chinese)
[27] Zhou W,Yang H,Huang L,et al.Grassland degradation remote sensing monitoring and driving factors quantitative assessment in China from 1982 to 2010.Ecological Indicators,2017,83:303-313
[28] Liu X-F (刘宪锋),Pan Y-Z (潘耀忠),Zhu X-F (朱秀芳),et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation cove-rage in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to environment factors.Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报),2015,70(5):705-716 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhou W,Gang C,Zhou L,et al.Dynamic of grassland vegetation degradation and its quantitative assessment in the northwest China.Acta Oecologica,2014,55:86-96
[30] Lin X,Han P,Zhang W,et al.Sensitivity of alpine grassland carbon balance to interannual variability in climate and atmospheric CO2,on the Tibetan Plateau during the last century.Global & Planetary Change,2017,154:23-32
[31] Mu S,Zhou S,Chen Y,et al.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongo-lian grassland,China.Global & Planetary Change,2013,108:29-41
[2] Zhao M,Running SW.Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009.Science,2010,329:940
[3] Ling H,He B,Chen A,et al.Drought dominates the interannual variability in global terrestrial net primary production by controlling semi-arid ecosystems.Scientific Reports,2016,6:24639
[4] Liu Y,Yang Y,Wang Q,et al.Evaluating the responses of net primary productivity and carbon use efficiency of global grassland to climate variability along an aridity gradient.Science of the Total Environment,2019,652:671-682
[5] Jmo S,Hall DO.The global carbon sink:A grassland perspective.Global Change Biology,2010,4:229-233
[6] Mu S-J (穆少杰),Li J-L (李建龙),Yang H-F (杨红飞),et al.Spatio-temporal variation analysis of grassland net primary productivity and its relationship with climate over the past 10 years in Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2013,22(3):6-15 (in Chinese)
[7] Yang Y,Wang Z,Li J,et al.Comparative assessment of grassland degradation dynamics in response to climate variation and human activities in China,Mongolia,Pakistan and Uzbekistan from 2000 to 2013.Journal of Arid Environments,2016,135:164-172
[8] Zhou W (周伟),Gang C-C (刚成诚),Li J-L (李建龙),et al.Spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010.Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报),2014,69(1):15-30 (in Chinese)
[9] Wang Q (王强),Zhang T-B (张廷斌),Yi G-H (易桂花),et al.Tempo-spatial variations and driving factors analysis of net primary productivity in the Heng-duan Mountain area from 2004 to 2014.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2017,37(9):3084-3095 (in Chinese)
[10] Su R-G-G (苏日古嘎),Su G-C (苏根成),Yan H-M (闫慧敏),et al.Temporal-spatial characteristics of vegetation NPP in Hulunbuir since the 21st century.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2017,31(10):150-155 (in Chinese)
[11] Gang C,Zhou W,Wang Z,et al.Comparative assessment of grassland NPP dynamics in response to climate change in China,North America,Europe and Australia from 1981 to 2010.Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science,2015,201:57-68
[12] Zhu Y-X (朱艺旋),Zhang Y-J (张扬建),Zu J-X (俎佳星),et al.Performance evaluation of GIMMS NDVI based on MODIS NDVI and SPOT NDVI data.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(2):536-544 (in Chinese)
[13] Pan J-H (潘竟虎),Li Z (李真).Temporal-spatial change of vegetation net primary productivity in the arid region of Northwest China during 2001 and 2012.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2015,34(12):3333-3340 (in Chinese)
[14] Rong J (荣检),Hu B-Q (胡宝清),Yan Y (闫妍).Spatial-temporal distribution and its influencing factors of vegetation net primary productivity in Guangxi Xijiang River basin.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2017,36(4):1020-1028 (in Chinese)
[15] Liu B-F (刘宝锋).Spatio-temporal dynamic evolution of vegetation net primary productivity in the river source area of Northwest Sichuan.Geospatial Information (地理空间信息),2017,15(5):103-106 (in Chinese)
[16] Wang J (王静),Shi R-H (施润和),Zhang L (张璐).Estimation of net primary productivity in regions of Northeast China.Remote Sensing Information (遥感信息),2016,31(5):47-52 (in Chinese)
[17] Sun Q-L (孙庆龄),Li B-L (李宝林),Li F (李飞),et al.Review on the estimation of net primary productivity of vegetation in the Three-River Headwater Region,China.Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报),2016,71(9):1596-1612 (in Chinese)
[18] Wang G-C (王国成),Zhang W (张稳),Huang Y (黄耀).Spatial and temporal variation of grassland net primary productivity in Inner Mongolia in 1981-2001.Pratacultural Science (草业科学),2011,28(11):2016-2025 (in Chinese)
[19] Xu HJ,Wang XP,Zhang XX.Alpine grasslands response to climatic factors and anthropogenic activities on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2012.Ecological Engineering,2016,92:251-259
[20] Wang Z,Zhang Y,Yang Y,et al.Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,in China.Ecological Informa-tics,2016,33:32-44
[21] Chen T,Bao A,Jiapaer G,et al.Disentangling the rela-tive impacts of climate change and human activities on arid and semiarid grasslands in Central Asia during 1982-2015.Science of the Total Environment,2019,653:1311-1325
[22] Shi X-L (史晓亮),Yang Z-Y (杨志勇),Wang X-S (王馨爽),et al.Spatial and temporal variation of net primary productivity and its relationship with climate factors in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2016,37(4):445-453 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao G,Mu X,Wen Z,et al.Soil erosion,conservation,and eco-environment changes in the Loess Plateau of China.Land Degradation & Development,2013,24:499-510
[24] Gang C,Zhao W,Zhang Y,et al.The impacts of land conversion and management measures on the grassland net primary productivity over the Loess Plateau,Nor-thern China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,645:827-836
[25] Wang J (王娟),Zhuo J (卓静),He H-J (何慧娟),et al.Changes of vegetation net primary productivity and its driving factors from 2000 to 2013 in Qinling mountainous area.Journal of Northwest Forestry Univer-sity (西北林学院学报),2016,31(5):238-245 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhu W-Q (朱文泉),Pan Y-Z (潘耀忠),Long Z-H (龙中华),et al.Estimating net primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation based on GIS and RS:A case study in Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Remote Sensing (遥感学报),2005,9(3):300-307 (in Chinese)
[27] Zhou W,Yang H,Huang L,et al.Grassland degradation remote sensing monitoring and driving factors quantitative assessment in China from 1982 to 2010.Ecological Indicators,2017,83:303-313
[28] Liu X-F (刘宪锋),Pan Y-Z (潘耀忠),Zhu X-F (朱秀芳),et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation cove-rage in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to environment factors.Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报),2015,70(5):705-716 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhou W,Gang C,Zhou L,et al.Dynamic of grassland vegetation degradation and its quantitative assessment in the northwest China.Acta Oecologica,2014,55:86-96
[30] Lin X,Han P,Zhang W,et al.Sensitivity of alpine grassland carbon balance to interannual variability in climate and atmospheric CO2,on the Tibetan Plateau during the last century.Global & Planetary Change,2017,154:23-32
[31] Mu S,Zhou S,Chen Y,et al.Assessing the impact of restoration-induced land conversion and management alternatives on net primary productivity in Inner Mongo-lian grassland,China.Global & Planetary Change,2013,108:29-41
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