鄂尔多斯浩勒报吉水源地开采地下水的环境影响分析
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摘要
干旱半干旱区的地下水开发利用容易对原本脆弱的生态环境造成不利影响。内蒙古鄂尔多斯市浩勒报吉水源地属于半干旱区的地下水水源地。2009—2014年间,该水源地为满足工业供水需求开采地下水6.0×104～7.3×104m3/d,产生了负面的生态环境后果。为核查环境变化与地下水开采的确切关系,调查分析了2004—2016年气象条件、地下水开采历程、地下水位、湖泊面积和植被指数的变化特征,建立定量指标进行了地下水开采的环境影响判别。结果表明,在2008—2014年期间,距开采区中心10 km范围的地下水位普遍下降1 m以上,奎生淖和敖各窖淖2个湖泊的面积萎缩约30%,水源地的植被指数对气候条件变化的敏感性增强。该水源地以往论证得到的可开采量偏大,应考虑生态环境约束将开采规模控制在3×104m3/d以下。
In arid and semiarid regions,utilization of groundwater is more apt to cause adverse impacts on a fragile ecosystem.The Halolebaoji groundwater wellfield is laocated in the semiarid region in Ordos in Inner Mongolia.From 2009 to 2014,the pumping rate of groundwater for industrial water demand is 6.0-7.3(×10~4) m~3/d,which resulted in negative ecological and environmental consequence.To inspect the actual relationship between the environmental changes and the groundwater pumping,the variation patterns of meteorological conditions,groundwater exploitation regime,water table,lakes area and vegetation index are investigated with specific quantitative indices to verify the influence of groundwater pumping on the environments.The results show that from 2009 to 2014,decrease in groundwater level is generally greater than 1 m in the area from the pumping center to the distance of 10 km,the sizes of the upstream lakes,Kuishengnao and Aogejiaonao,decreased in a degree of 30% and the climatic sensitivity of vegetation index at this site of the wellfield increased.The allowable withdrawal given in previous assessment is overestimated.It should be less than 3×10~4 m~3/d when considering the ecological and environmental restrictions.
In arid and semiarid regions,utilization of groundwater is more apt to cause adverse impacts on a fragile ecosystem.The Halolebaoji groundwater wellfield is laocated in the semiarid region in Ordos in Inner Mongolia.From 2009 to 2014,the pumping rate of groundwater for industrial water demand is 6.0-7.3(×10~4) m~3/d,which resulted in negative ecological and environmental consequence.To inspect the actual relationship between the environmental changes and the groundwater pumping,the variation patterns of meteorological conditions,groundwater exploitation regime,water table,lakes area and vegetation index are investigated with specific quantitative indices to verify the influence of groundwater pumping on the environments.The results show that from 2009 to 2014,decrease in groundwater level is generally greater than 1 m in the area from the pumping center to the distance of 10 km,the sizes of the upstream lakes,Kuishengnao and Aogejiaonao,decreased in a degree of 30% and the climatic sensitivity of vegetation index at this site of the wellfield increased.The allowable withdrawal given in previous assessment is overestimated.It should be less than 3×10~4 m~3/d when considering the ecological and environmental restrictions.
引文
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[16]王旭升,万力,齐蕊,等.鄂尔多斯高原地下水与植被盖度的相互影响[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(5):1013-1022.[WANG X S,WAN L,QI R,et al. Interactions between groundwater and vegetation coverage in Ordos plateau[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(5):1013-1022.(in Chinese)]
[17]齐蕊,王旭升,万力,等.地下水和干旱指数对植被指数空间分布的联合影响:以鄂尔多斯高原为例[J].地学前缘,2017,24(2):265-273.[QI R,WANG X S, WAN L, et al. Joint influences of groundwater and aridity index on the spatial distribution of vegetation index:a case study in the Ordos Plateau,China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2017,24(2):265-273.(in Chinese)]
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[2]供水水文地质勘察规范:GB 50027-2001[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2001.[Standard for hydrogeology investigation of water-supply:GB 50027-2001[S]. Beijing:China Standard Press,2001.(in Chinese)]
[3]建设项目水资源论证导则:GB/T 35580-2017[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.[Guidelines for waterdraw and utilization assessment on construction projects:GB/T 35580-2017[S]. Beijing:China Standerd Press,2017.(in Chinese)]
[4]高海东.神华煤液化项目浩勒报吉水源地地下水开发研究[J].中国煤田地质,2004,16(2):16-19.[GAO H D. Ground water development study of Shenhuacoal liquefaction project in Haolebojiwater source site[J]. Coal Geology of China,2004,16(2):16-19.(in Chinese)]
[5]王婉丽,杨广元,王贵玲.浩勒报吉水源地地下水流数值模拟及开采引起的环境问题评价[J].南水北调与水利科技,2010,8(6):36-41.[WANG W L,YANG G Y,WANG G L. Groundwater numerical model of Haolebaojisource field and evaluationof the environmental problems caused by exploitation[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2010,8(6):36-41.(in Chinese)]
[6]绿色和平.噬水之煤——神华鄂尔多斯煤制油项目对环境影响的调查[J].绿叶,2013(8):88-92.[Greenpeace. Coals devouring water-A survey on the environmental impacts of Shenhua coal conversion to oil project in Ordos[J]. Green Leaf,2013(8):88-92.(in Chinese)]
[7]徐智慧.浩勒报吉地下水超采危机[J].中国新闻周刊,2013(29):62-63.[XU Z H. The crisis of groundwater overdraft in Haolebaoji[J]. China News Week,2013(29):62-63.(in Chinese)]
[8]王学胜,史文朋,张毅.神华煤液化项目浩勒报吉水源地开采对伊金霍洛旗境内部分村社地下水影响程度调查报告[R].鄂尔多斯:内蒙古自治区第二水文地质工程地质勘查院,2013.[WANG X S,SHI W P,ZHANG Y. Survey report on groundwater in several Yijinholot villages that influenced by exploitation in Haolebaoji water source site for Shenhua coal liquefaction project[R]. Ordos:Inner Mongolia Second Instituteof Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2013.(in Chinese)]
[9]侯光才,张茂省.鄂尔多斯盆地地下水勘查研究[M].北京:地质出版社,2008.[HOU G C,ZHANG M S. Investigation and study on groundwater in Ordos Basin[M]. Beijing:Geological Publication House,2008.(in Chinese)]
[10]郝诚之,郝松伟.对我国治沙典型“牧区大寨”乌审召经验的再认识[J].北方经济,2013(1):10-12.[HAO C Z, HAO S W. Revisit the typical Wushenzhao experience of “Dazhai in pastoral area”for combat desertification in China[J]. Northern Economy,2013(1):10-12.(in Chinese)]
[11]内蒙古自治区第二水文地质工程地质勘察院.内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市乌审旗浩勒报吉水源地供水水文地质勘探报告(1∶5万)[R].鄂尔多斯:内蒙古自治区第二水文地质工程地质勘察院,2010.[Inner Mongolia Second Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology. Survey report on water supply hydrogeology for the Haolebaoji water source site in Wushenqi,Ordos,Inner Mongolia(1∶50000)[R].Beijing:Inner Mongolia Second Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geolgy, 2010.(in Chinese)]
[12] McFeeters S K. The use of normalized difference water index(NDWI)in the delineation of open water features[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing,1996,17(7):1425-1432.
[13]杜云艳,周成虎.水体的遥感信息自动提取方法[J].遥感学报,1998,2(4):264-269.[DU Y Y,ZHOU C H. Automatically extracting remote sensing information for water bodies[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,2(4):264-269.(in Chinese)]
[14]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.[XU H Q. A study on information extraction of water body with the modified normalized difference water index(MNDWI)[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(5):589-595.(in Chinese)]
[15]丁凤.一种基于遥感数据快速提取水体信息的新方法[J].遥感技术与应用,2009,24(2):167-171.[DING F. A new method for fast information extraction of water bodies using remotely sensed data[J].Remote Sensing Technologyand Application,2009,24(2):167-171.(in Chinese)]
[16]王旭升,万力,齐蕊,等.鄂尔多斯高原地下水与植被盖度的相互影响[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(5):1013-1022.[WANG X S,WAN L,QI R,et al. Interactions between groundwater and vegetation coverage in Ordos plateau[J]. Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(5):1013-1022.(in Chinese)]
[17]齐蕊,王旭升,万力,等.地下水和干旱指数对植被指数空间分布的联合影响:以鄂尔多斯高原为例[J].地学前缘,2017,24(2):265-273.[QI R,WANG X S, WAN L, et al. Joint influences of groundwater and aridity index on the spatial distribution of vegetation index:a case study in the Ordos Plateau,China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2017,24(2):265-273.(in Chinese)]
[18]袁志发,宋世德.多元统计分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.[YUAN Z F,SONG S D. Multivariate statistical analysis[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2009.(in Chinese)]
[19] ZORN T G,SEELBACH P W,RUTHERFORD E S,et al. A regional-scale habitat suitability model to assess the effects of flow reduction on fish assemblages in Michigan streams[M]. Lansing:Michigan Department of Natural Resources Fisheries Division,fisheries research report 2089,2008.
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