单轴压缩与劈裂荷载下灰岩声发射b值特性研究
|
摘要
通过开展灰岩巴西劈裂和单轴压缩声发射试验,探讨两种加载方式下岩石破裂声发射b值特性及b值计算影响因素。结果表明,累积计算b值拟合度高,误差较小;步距为5 dB时不同门槛值下b值随时间变化的总体规律基本一致,选择5 dB的步距和40 dB的门槛值计算b值比较合理,能够降低非岩石破裂信号对b值变化的影响。由动态b值的波动程度可以看出,在劈裂荷载下灰岩损伤演化过程可分为3个阶段,即(0～40%)δ_c(δ_c为峰值强度)、(40%～90%)δ_c和(90%～100%)δ_c,而在单轴加载下可分为:(0～80%)δ_c和(80%～100%)δ_c两个阶段,且不同阶段岩石内部损伤的程度不同。在裂纹扩展阶段,相比单轴加载,劈裂荷载下动态b值增加较为稳定,但在整个破坏过程中劈裂荷载下动态b值波动更大,在单轴压缩和劈裂加载方式下b值的大小取决于灰岩破裂面上的结构性质及破裂模式。
Through the acoustic emission monitoring on two loading modes i.e. Brazilian splitting and uniaxial compression of limestone, the b-value characteristics of rock rupture and the impact factors are discussed. The results show that cumulative calculation of b-value has a high fitting degree and small error. When the step length is 5 dB, the overall change trend of b-value with time under different threshold values is similar. It shows that the calculation of b-value is more reasonable with the step length of 5 dB and threshold value of 40 dB, which can reduce the influence of non-rock fracture signals on the variation of b-value. Additionally,based on the fluctuation characteristics of the dynamic b-value, it can be seen that under the splitting load, the damage evolution of limestone can be divided into three stages:(0-40%)δ_c,(40%-90%)δ_c, and(90%-100%)δ_c. Under uniaxial compression load, the damage evolution of limestone can be divided into two stages:(0-80%)δ_c and(80%-100%)δ_c(δ_cis the peak strength). At different stages of rock damage, it presents different levels of damage in the rocks. In the crack propagation stage, compared with uniaxial compression load, the dynamic b-value increases steadily during crack growth process under Brazilian splitting load condition, and the dynamic b-value fluctuates greatly during the whole failure process. Through the experiments in this paper, it shows that the variation of b-value depends on the structural property and failure modes of the limestone fracture surface.
Through the acoustic emission monitoring on two loading modes i.e. Brazilian splitting and uniaxial compression of limestone, the b-value characteristics of rock rupture and the impact factors are discussed. The results show that cumulative calculation of b-value has a high fitting degree and small error. When the step length is 5 dB, the overall change trend of b-value with time under different threshold values is similar. It shows that the calculation of b-value is more reasonable with the step length of 5 dB and threshold value of 40 dB, which can reduce the influence of non-rock fracture signals on the variation of b-value. Additionally,based on the fluctuation characteristics of the dynamic b-value, it can be seen that under the splitting load, the damage evolution of limestone can be divided into three stages:(0-40%)δ_c,(40%-90%)δ_c, and(90%-100%)δ_c. Under uniaxial compression load, the damage evolution of limestone can be divided into two stages:(0-80%)δ_c and(80%-100%)δ_c(δ_cis the peak strength). At different stages of rock damage, it presents different levels of damage in the rocks. In the crack propagation stage, compared with uniaxial compression load, the dynamic b-value increases steadily during crack growth process under Brazilian splitting load condition, and the dynamic b-value fluctuates greatly during the whole failure process. Through the experiments in this paper, it shows that the variation of b-value depends on the structural property and failure modes of the limestone fracture surface.
引文
[1]GUTENBER B,RICHTER C F.Frequency of earthquakes in California[J].Bulletin of The Seismological Society of America,1944,34(4):185-188.
[2]BAK P,TANG C.Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1989,94(B11):15635-15637.
[3]SCHORLEMMER D,WIEMER S,WYSS M.Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes[J].Nature,2005,437:539-542.
[4]GODANO C,LIPPIELLO E,DE ARCANGELIS L.Variability of the b value in the Gutenberg-Richter distribution[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,199(3):1765-1771.
[5]SCHOLZ C H.On the stress dependence of the earthquake b-value[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2015,42(5):1399-1402.
[6]史海霞,孟令媛,张雪梅,等.汶川地震前的b值变化[J].地球物理学报,2018,61(5):1874-1882.SHI Hai-xia,MENG Ling-yuan,ZHANG Xie-mei,et al.Decrease in b-value prior to the Wenchuan earthquake(MS8.0)[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2018,61(5):1874-1881.
[7]MOGI K.Study of elastic shocks caused by the fracture of heterogeneous materials and its relations to earthquake phenomena[J].Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute,1962,40:125-173.
[8]SCHOLZ C H.The frequency-magnitude relation of micro-fracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1968,58(1):399-415.
[9]LOCKNER D.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science&Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(7):883-899.
[10]SHIOTANI T,FUJII K,AOKI T,AMOU K.Evaluation of progressive failure using AE sources and improved b-value on slope model tests[C]//Progress in Acoustic Emission VII.Tokyo:Japanese Society for NonDestructive Inspection,1994:529-534.
[11]SHIOTANI T,OHTSU M,IKEDA K.Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation[J].Construction&Building Materials,2001,15(5-6):235-246.
[12]李元辉,刘建坡,赵兴东,等.岩石破裂过程中的声发射b值及分形特征研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(9):2559-2563.LI Yuan-hui,LIU Jian-po,ZHAO Xing-dong,et al.Study on b-value and fractal dimension of acoustic emission during rock failure process[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(9):2559-2563.
[13]付斌,周宗红,王海泉,等.大理岩单轴循环加卸载破坏声发射先兆信息研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(8):1946-1953.FU Bin,ZHOU Zong-hong,WANG Hai-quan,et al.Precursor information study on acoustic emission characteristics of marble under uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(8):1946-1953.
[14]张黎明,马绍琼,任明远,等.不同围压下岩石破坏过程的声发射频率及b值特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(10):2057-2063.ZHANG Li-ming,MA Shao-qiong,REN Ming-yuan,et al.Acoustic emission frequency and b value characteristics in rock failure process under various confining pressures[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(10):2057-2063.
[15]LEI X L.Typical phases of pre-failure damage in granitic rocks under differential compression[C]//Geological Society of London.Lundon:Special Publications,2006:11-29.
[16]刘希灵,潘梦成,李夕兵,等.动静加载条件下花岗岩声发射b值特征的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增刊1):3148-3155.LIU Xi-ling,PAN Meng-cheng,LI Xi-bing,et al.Acoustic emission b-value characteristics of granite under dynamic loading and static loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(Suppl.1):3148-3155.
[17]PROCH ZKOV D.Test of differences of magnitudefrequency relation parameters due to different calculation procedures[J].Pure&Applied Geophysics,1974,112(4):727-736.
[18]MAIN I.Apparent breaks in scaling in the earthquake cumulative frequency-magnitude distribution:Fact or Artifact?[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(1):86-97.
[19]LAVROV A V.Fracture localization in space as a cause of variations in the amplitude distribution of acoustic emission signals[J].Acoustical Physics,2005,51(3):321-327.
[20]AMOR SE D,GRASSO J R,RYDELEK P A.On varying b-values with depth:results from computer-intensive tests for Southern California[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,180(1):347-360.
[21]MANTHEI G.Characterization of acoustic emission sources in a rock salt specimen under triaxial compression[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2005,95(5):1674-1700.
[22]ALKAN H,CINAR Y,PUSCH G.Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2007,44(1):108-108.
[23]秦四清,李造鼎.岩石声发射事件在空间上的分形分布研究[J].应用声学,1992,11(4):19-21.QIN Si-qing,LI Zao-ding.Research on the fractal spatial distribution in space of rock acoustic emission events[J].Applied Acoustics,1992,11(4):19-21.
[24]COLOMBO I S,MAIN I G,FORDE M C.Assessing damage of reinforced concrete beam using“b-value”analysis of acoustic emission signals[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2003,15(3):280-286.
[25]SAGAR R V,PRASAD B K R,KUMAR S S.Comparison of acoustic emission b-values with strains in reinforced concrete beams for damage evaluation[J].Bridge Engineering,2012,165(BE4):233-244.
[26]刘善琪,李永兵,田会全,等.影响b值计算误差的Monte Carlo实验研究[J].地震,2013,33(4):135-144.LIU Shan-qi,LI Yong-bing,TIAN Quan-hui,et al.Monte Carlo experiment study on the calculation error of b value[J].Seismology,2013,33(4):135-144.
[27]赵小平,陈淑芬.基于声发射振幅分布的裂隙岩体破坏演化过程[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊1):3012-3107.ZHAO Xiao-ping,CHEN Shu-fen.Failure evolution process of fractured rock-mass based on amplitude of acoustic emission[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Suppl.1):3012-3107.
[28]ZHANG Q,ZHAN X P.A numerical study on cracking processes in limestone by the b-value analysis of acoustic emissions[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2017,92:1-10.
[2]BAK P,TANG C.Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1989,94(B11):15635-15637.
[3]SCHORLEMMER D,WIEMER S,WYSS M.Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes[J].Nature,2005,437:539-542.
[4]GODANO C,LIPPIELLO E,DE ARCANGELIS L.Variability of the b value in the Gutenberg-Richter distribution[J].Geophysical Journal International,2014,199(3):1765-1771.
[5]SCHOLZ C H.On the stress dependence of the earthquake b-value[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2015,42(5):1399-1402.
[6]史海霞,孟令媛,张雪梅,等.汶川地震前的b值变化[J].地球物理学报,2018,61(5):1874-1882.SHI Hai-xia,MENG Ling-yuan,ZHANG Xie-mei,et al.Decrease in b-value prior to the Wenchuan earthquake(MS8.0)[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2018,61(5):1874-1881.
[7]MOGI K.Study of elastic shocks caused by the fracture of heterogeneous materials and its relations to earthquake phenomena[J].Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute,1962,40:125-173.
[8]SCHOLZ C H.The frequency-magnitude relation of micro-fracturing in rock and its relation to earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1968,58(1):399-415.
[9]LOCKNER D.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science&Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(7):883-899.
[10]SHIOTANI T,FUJII K,AOKI T,AMOU K.Evaluation of progressive failure using AE sources and improved b-value on slope model tests[C]//Progress in Acoustic Emission VII.Tokyo:Japanese Society for NonDestructive Inspection,1994:529-534.
[11]SHIOTANI T,OHTSU M,IKEDA K.Detection and evaluation of AE waves due to rock deformation[J].Construction&Building Materials,2001,15(5-6):235-246.
[12]李元辉,刘建坡,赵兴东,等.岩石破裂过程中的声发射b值及分形特征研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(9):2559-2563.LI Yuan-hui,LIU Jian-po,ZHAO Xing-dong,et al.Study on b-value and fractal dimension of acoustic emission during rock failure process[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(9):2559-2563.
[13]付斌,周宗红,王海泉,等.大理岩单轴循环加卸载破坏声发射先兆信息研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(8):1946-1953.FU Bin,ZHOU Zong-hong,WANG Hai-quan,et al.Precursor information study on acoustic emission characteristics of marble under uniaxial cyclic loading-unloading[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(8):1946-1953.
[14]张黎明,马绍琼,任明远,等.不同围压下岩石破坏过程的声发射频率及b值特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(10):2057-2063.ZHANG Li-ming,MA Shao-qiong,REN Ming-yuan,et al.Acoustic emission frequency and b value characteristics in rock failure process under various confining pressures[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(10):2057-2063.
[15]LEI X L.Typical phases of pre-failure damage in granitic rocks under differential compression[C]//Geological Society of London.Lundon:Special Publications,2006:11-29.
[16]刘希灵,潘梦成,李夕兵,等.动静加载条件下花岗岩声发射b值特征的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(增刊1):3148-3155.LIU Xi-ling,PAN Meng-cheng,LI Xi-bing,et al.Acoustic emission b-value characteristics of granite under dynamic loading and static loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(Suppl.1):3148-3155.
[17]PROCH ZKOV D.Test of differences of magnitudefrequency relation parameters due to different calculation procedures[J].Pure&Applied Geophysics,1974,112(4):727-736.
[18]MAIN I.Apparent breaks in scaling in the earthquake cumulative frequency-magnitude distribution:Fact or Artifact?[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2000,90(1):86-97.
[19]LAVROV A V.Fracture localization in space as a cause of variations in the amplitude distribution of acoustic emission signals[J].Acoustical Physics,2005,51(3):321-327.
[20]AMOR SE D,GRASSO J R,RYDELEK P A.On varying b-values with depth:results from computer-intensive tests for Southern California[J].Geophysical Journal International,2010,180(1):347-360.
[21]MANTHEI G.Characterization of acoustic emission sources in a rock salt specimen under triaxial compression[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2005,95(5):1674-1700.
[22]ALKAN H,CINAR Y,PUSCH G.Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2007,44(1):108-108.
[23]秦四清,李造鼎.岩石声发射事件在空间上的分形分布研究[J].应用声学,1992,11(4):19-21.QIN Si-qing,LI Zao-ding.Research on the fractal spatial distribution in space of rock acoustic emission events[J].Applied Acoustics,1992,11(4):19-21.
[24]COLOMBO I S,MAIN I G,FORDE M C.Assessing damage of reinforced concrete beam using“b-value”analysis of acoustic emission signals[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2003,15(3):280-286.
[25]SAGAR R V,PRASAD B K R,KUMAR S S.Comparison of acoustic emission b-values with strains in reinforced concrete beams for damage evaluation[J].Bridge Engineering,2012,165(BE4):233-244.
[26]刘善琪,李永兵,田会全,等.影响b值计算误差的Monte Carlo实验研究[J].地震,2013,33(4):135-144.LIU Shan-qi,LI Yong-bing,TIAN Quan-hui,et al.Monte Carlo experiment study on the calculation error of b value[J].Seismology,2013,33(4):135-144.
[27]赵小平,陈淑芬.基于声发射振幅分布的裂隙岩体破坏演化过程[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊1):3012-3107.ZHAO Xiao-ping,CHEN Shu-fen.Failure evolution process of fractured rock-mass based on amplitude of acoustic emission[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Suppl.1):3012-3107.
[28]ZHANG Q,ZHAN X P.A numerical study on cracking processes in limestone by the b-value analysis of acoustic emissions[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2017,92:1-10.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |