居民出行的通勤效率评价与比较研究
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摘要
基于问卷调查数据,以北京都市区为研究案例地,通过构建过剩通勤、通勤容量占有率等相关模型,在描述城市总体通勤特征的背景下,探究了居民属性特征的影响差异,进而测度评价了北京都市区的通勤效率;在此基础上,引入Brotchie的三角模型,对比了国内外不同城市间的通勤效率。研究结果表明:(1)北京都市区居民的区内通勤量占全部通勤量的58.16%;居民单程平均通勤距离12.02km;公共交通是北京居民通勤出行的主要方式。(2)通过通勤效率模型发现北京都市区居民的最小通勤距离为4.19 km,通勤出行中有64.48%属于过剩通勤;通过对比不同城市的通勤效率,发现西安市的通勤效率要高于北京都市区;与国外城市相比,北京都市区通勤效率远低于亚特兰大、都柏林、温哥华。
Commuting as a link between residence and employment area is an important part of residents' travel behavior. Evaluation of the commuter efficiency can reflect the degree of spatial matching of urban residence and employment, and then optimize the urban spatial structure. Based on the questionnaire survey, taking the Beijing metropolitan area as a case study, through construction of the related models of excess commuting and commuting capacity, we explored the influence of residents' attributes on commuting under the background of describing the overall commuting characteristics of the city, and then measured and evaluated the commuting efficiency in Beijing metropolitan area. On this basis, the "triangle model" was introduced to compare commuting efficiency between different cities at home and abroad. The results show that:(1) Beijing urban residents' commuters account for 58.16% of all commuters, the average time of one commuter is 36.66 minutes, and the average commuting distance is 12.02 km. Public transportation is the main way for residents in Beijing metropolitan area, and the factors such as gender, age, education and income are also affect the commuting distance, commuting time and travel mode choice of residents to a certain extent.(2)By the commuting efficiency model, it was found that the minimum commuter distance of urban residents is 4.19 km, and the excess commuting rate is 64.48%. By comparing the commuting efficiency in different cities, it was found that the commuting efficiency of Xi'an is higher than Beijing metropolitan area; compared with the foreign cities, the commuting efficiency of Beijing metropolitan area is far lower than Atlanta, Dublin, and Vancouver.
Commuting as a link between residence and employment area is an important part of residents' travel behavior. Evaluation of the commuter efficiency can reflect the degree of spatial matching of urban residence and employment, and then optimize the urban spatial structure. Based on the questionnaire survey, taking the Beijing metropolitan area as a case study, through construction of the related models of excess commuting and commuting capacity, we explored the influence of residents' attributes on commuting under the background of describing the overall commuting characteristics of the city, and then measured and evaluated the commuting efficiency in Beijing metropolitan area. On this basis, the "triangle model" was introduced to compare commuting efficiency between different cities at home and abroad. The results show that:(1) Beijing urban residents' commuters account for 58.16% of all commuters, the average time of one commuter is 36.66 minutes, and the average commuting distance is 12.02 km. Public transportation is the main way for residents in Beijing metropolitan area, and the factors such as gender, age, education and income are also affect the commuting distance, commuting time and travel mode choice of residents to a certain extent.(2)By the commuting efficiency model, it was found that the minimum commuter distance of urban residents is 4.19 km, and the excess commuting rate is 64.48%. By comparing the commuting efficiency in different cities, it was found that the commuting efficiency of Xi'an is higher than Beijing metropolitan area; compared with the foreign cities, the commuting efficiency of Beijing metropolitan area is far lower than Atlanta, Dublin, and Vancouver.
引文
[1] 周素红,刘玉兰.转型期广州城市居民居住与就业地区位选择的空间关系及其变迁[J].地理学报,2010,65(2):191-201.
[2] 周素红,程璐萍,吴志东.广州市保障性住房社区居民的居住-就业选择与空间匹配性[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1735-1745.
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[4] Kim J H,Hewings G J.Land use regulation and intraregional population-employment interaction[J].The Annals of Regional Science,2013,51(3):671-693.
[5] Feng J,Dijst M,Prillwitz J,et al.Travel time and distance in international perspective:a comparison between Nanjing (China) and the Randstad (The Netherlands)[J].Urban Studies,2013,50(14):2993-3010.
[6] Scott D,Kanaroglou P,Anderson W.Impacts of commuting efficiency on congestion and emissions:case of the Hamilton CMA,Canada[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,1997,2(4):245-257.
[7] Niedzielski M.A spatially disaggregated approach to commuting efficiency[J].Urban Studies,2006,43(13):2485-2502.
[8] Hamilton B,R?ell A.Wasteful commuting[J].The Journal of Political Economy,1982,90(5):1035-1053.
[9] Small K A,Song S.Wasteful commuting-a resolution[J].Journal of Political Economy,1992,100 (4):888-898.
[10] Horner M.Extensions to the concept of excess commuting[J].Environment and Planning A,2002,34(3):543-566.
[11] 刘定惠.中国西部大城市过剩通勤研究-以成都市和兰州市为例[D].兰州:兰州大学博士学位论文,2012:23-34.
[12] 韩会然,杨成凤,宋金平.城市居住与就业空间关系研究进展及展望[J].人文地理,2014,29(6):24-31.
[13] Boussauw K,Neutens T,Witlox F.Minimum commuting distance as a spatial characteristic in a non-monocentric urban system:The case of Flanders[J].Papers in Regional Science,2011,90(1):47-65.
[14] Charron M.From excess commuting to commuting possibilities:more extension to the concept of excess commuting[J].Environment and Planning A,2007,39(5):1238-1254.
[15] 陈梓烽,柴彦威,周素红.不同模式下城市郊区居民工作日出行行为的比较研究-基于北京与广州的案例分析[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):23-30.
[16] 陈梓烽,柴彦威.城市居民非工作活动的家内外时间分配及影响因素-以北京上地-清河地区为例[J].地理学报,2014,69(10):1547-1556.
[17] 干迪,王德,朱玮.上海市近郊大型社区居民的通勤特征-以宝山区顾村为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1481-1490.
[18] 塔娜,柴彦威.北京市郊区居民汽车拥有和使用状况与活动空间的关系[J].地理研究,2015,34(6):1149-1159.
[19] 朱菁,董欣,贺建雄,等.中国西部平原型大城市居民通勤特征研究-以西安市为例[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):118-124.
[20] 赵莹,柴彦威,关美宝.中美城市居民出行行为的比较-以北京市与芝加哥市为例[J].地理研究,2014,33(12):2275-2285.
[21] Scott D M,Kanaroglou P S,Anderson W P.Impacts of commuting efficiency on congestion and emissions:case of the Hamilton CMA,Canada[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,1997,2(4):245-257.
[22] Niedzielski M A.A spatially disaggregated approach to commuting efficiency[J].Urban Studies,2006,43(13):2485-2502.
[23] Ma K,Banister D.Urban spatial change and excess commuting[J].Environment and Planning A,2007,39(3):630-646.
[24] Chowdhury T,Scott D,Kanaroglou P.Urban form and commuting efficiency:a comparative analysis across time and space[J].Urban Studies,2013,50(1):191-207.
[25] Zhou J P,Murphy E,Long Y.Commuting efficiency in the Beijing metropolitan area:an exploration combining smartcard and travel survey data[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:175-183.
[26] 韩会然,杨成凤,宋金平.公共交通与私家车出行的通勤效率差异及影响因素-以北京都市区为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):253- 266.
[27] 周江评,陈晓键,黄伟,等.中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率-以西安为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(10):1316-1330.
[28] 刘望保,闫小培,方远平,等.广州市过剩通勤的相关特征及其形成机制[J].地理学报,2008,63(10):1085-1096.
[29] 钟国平.快速工业化城市职住空间平衡与过剩通勤研究-以中山为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(3):60-66.
[30] 陈博文,周素红,姜超.活动视角下建成环境对广州居民通勤效率的影响[J].城市规划学刊,2016(4):67-74.
[31] Han Huiran,Yang Chengfeng,Wang Enru,et al.The evolution of the jobs-housing spatial relationship in the Beijing metropolitan area:A job accessibility perspective[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(3):375-388.
[32] 刘贤腾,陈雪明,周江评.就业-居住空间关系及通勤效率-过剩通勤的评估潜力[J].城市交通,2018,16(2):10-18.
[2] 周素红,程璐萍,吴志东.广州市保障性住房社区居民的居住-就业选择与空间匹配性[J].地理研究,2010,29(10):1735-1745.
[3] Boarnet M,Hsu H,Handy S.Impact of jobs-housing balance on passenger vehicle use and greenhouse gas emissions:policy brief[R].California:California Air Resources Board,2014:1-8.
[4] Kim J H,Hewings G J.Land use regulation and intraregional population-employment interaction[J].The Annals of Regional Science,2013,51(3):671-693.
[5] Feng J,Dijst M,Prillwitz J,et al.Travel time and distance in international perspective:a comparison between Nanjing (China) and the Randstad (The Netherlands)[J].Urban Studies,2013,50(14):2993-3010.
[6] Scott D,Kanaroglou P,Anderson W.Impacts of commuting efficiency on congestion and emissions:case of the Hamilton CMA,Canada[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,1997,2(4):245-257.
[7] Niedzielski M.A spatially disaggregated approach to commuting efficiency[J].Urban Studies,2006,43(13):2485-2502.
[8] Hamilton B,R?ell A.Wasteful commuting[J].The Journal of Political Economy,1982,90(5):1035-1053.
[9] Small K A,Song S.Wasteful commuting-a resolution[J].Journal of Political Economy,1992,100 (4):888-898.
[10] Horner M.Extensions to the concept of excess commuting[J].Environment and Planning A,2002,34(3):543-566.
[11] 刘定惠.中国西部大城市过剩通勤研究-以成都市和兰州市为例[D].兰州:兰州大学博士学位论文,2012:23-34.
[12] 韩会然,杨成凤,宋金平.城市居住与就业空间关系研究进展及展望[J].人文地理,2014,29(6):24-31.
[13] Boussauw K,Neutens T,Witlox F.Minimum commuting distance as a spatial characteristic in a non-monocentric urban system:The case of Flanders[J].Papers in Regional Science,2011,90(1):47-65.
[14] Charron M.From excess commuting to commuting possibilities:more extension to the concept of excess commuting[J].Environment and Planning A,2007,39(5):1238-1254.
[15] 陈梓烽,柴彦威,周素红.不同模式下城市郊区居民工作日出行行为的比较研究-基于北京与广州的案例分析[J].人文地理,2015,30(2):23-30.
[16] 陈梓烽,柴彦威.城市居民非工作活动的家内外时间分配及影响因素-以北京上地-清河地区为例[J].地理学报,2014,69(10):1547-1556.
[17] 干迪,王德,朱玮.上海市近郊大型社区居民的通勤特征-以宝山区顾村为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(8):1481-1490.
[18] 塔娜,柴彦威.北京市郊区居民汽车拥有和使用状况与活动空间的关系[J].地理研究,2015,34(6):1149-1159.
[19] 朱菁,董欣,贺建雄,等.中国西部平原型大城市居民通勤特征研究-以西安市为例[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):118-124.
[20] 赵莹,柴彦威,关美宝.中美城市居民出行行为的比较-以北京市与芝加哥市为例[J].地理研究,2014,33(12):2275-2285.
[21] Scott D M,Kanaroglou P S,Anderson W P.Impacts of commuting efficiency on congestion and emissions:case of the Hamilton CMA,Canada[J].Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,1997,2(4):245-257.
[22] Niedzielski M A.A spatially disaggregated approach to commuting efficiency[J].Urban Studies,2006,43(13):2485-2502.
[23] Ma K,Banister D.Urban spatial change and excess commuting[J].Environment and Planning A,2007,39(3):630-646.
[24] Chowdhury T,Scott D,Kanaroglou P.Urban form and commuting efficiency:a comparative analysis across time and space[J].Urban Studies,2013,50(1):191-207.
[25] Zhou J P,Murphy E,Long Y.Commuting efficiency in the Beijing metropolitan area:an exploration combining smartcard and travel survey data[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2014,41:175-183.
[26] 韩会然,杨成凤,宋金平.公共交通与私家车出行的通勤效率差异及影响因素-以北京都市区为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):253- 266.
[27] 周江评,陈晓键,黄伟,等.中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率-以西安为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(10):1316-1330.
[28] 刘望保,闫小培,方远平,等.广州市过剩通勤的相关特征及其形成机制[J].地理学报,2008,63(10):1085-1096.
[29] 钟国平.快速工业化城市职住空间平衡与过剩通勤研究-以中山为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(3):60-66.
[30] 陈博文,周素红,姜超.活动视角下建成环境对广州居民通勤效率的影响[J].城市规划学刊,2016(4):67-74.
[31] Han Huiran,Yang Chengfeng,Wang Enru,et al.The evolution of the jobs-housing spatial relationship in the Beijing metropolitan area:A job accessibility perspective[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2015,25(3):375-388.
[32] 刘贤腾,陈雪明,周江评.就业-居住空间关系及通勤效率-过剩通勤的评估潜力[J].城市交通,2018,16(2):10-18.
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