水氮调控对休耕期土壤养分迁移及翌年土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
为研究河套灌区盐碱农田不同施氮量在冻融作用后对翌年春播前土壤肥力的影响效应,结合翌年土壤肥力状况确定当地适宜的施氮量。采用田间试验的方法,共设置4个施氮水平(高氮N_3:325 kg/hm~2;中氮N_2:225 kg/hm~2;低氮N_1:125 kg/hm~2;不施氮N_0)研究冻融期内水盐时空分布、全氮、碱解氮以及有机质含量的变化规律,并采用主成分分析法对翌年春播前土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)秋浇后,土壤含水率显著高于秋浇前,表层土壤含水率增加,开始冻结时,水分向表层积聚,随着温度降低水分自表层向深层冻结,各处理灌溉水平相同,不同施氮处理之间对土壤含水率的影响不显著,土壤墒情满足作物对水分的需求;秋收后耕层土壤含盐率随生育期内施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量越大土壤含盐率递增。秋浇后大量盐分被淋洗,融化后盐分受到融冻水的下渗和蒸发的共同作用,使得各处理表层含盐率为N_0(0.14%) Studying the effects of different nitrogen application amount on soil fertility before spring sowing could help determine the suitable nitrogen application amount in Hetao Irrigation Area. In this study, four nitrogen application levels(high-nitrogen N_3: 325 kg/hm~2, medium-nitrogen N_2: 225 kg/hm~2, low-nitrogen N_1: 125 kg/hm~2, and no nitrogen application N_0) were set up in the field experiment. The spatial and temporal distribution of water and salt and the changes of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen and organic matter contents were studied during freezing-thawing period. Then the soil fertility was evaluated by principal component analysis. The results showed: Firstly, after autumn water application, soil moisture content was significantly higher than before. The surface soil moisture content increased. When it just began to freeze, soil water accumulated to surface layer, and then froze to the deeper layer as the temperature reduced. The irrigation rates were the same in different treatments. The impacts of different nitrogen treatments on the soil moisture content was not significant. The soil moisture could meet the crop water demand. The soil salinities increased with the increasing nitrogen application rates during the growth period. A large amount of salt was leaching when water was applied in autumn. Soil salt was subjected to the combined effects of infiltration and evaporation during the water thawing, resulting in that the surface soil salinities were N_0(0.14%)
引文
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[23] 李瑞平,史海滨,赤江刚夫.基于水热耦合模型的干旱寒冷地区冻融土壤水热盐运移规律研究[J].水利学报,2009,40(4):403-412.
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[25] 陈吉,赵炳梓,张佳宝.主成分分析方法在长期施肥土壤质量评价中的应用[J].土壤,2010,42(3):415-420.
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[2] 黄小红,张磷,肖妙玲.施肥制度对土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(13):200-206.
[3] Ju X T, Xing G X, Chen X P, et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA,2009,106:3041-3046.
[4] 郭富强.内蒙古河套灌区农田退水氮磷迁移特征及最优施肥模式研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[5] 郭鹏飞,张筱茜,韩文,等.滴灌频率和施氮量对温室西葫芦土壤水分、硝态氮分布及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(4):109-114.
[6] Li J M, Inanaga S, Li Z H, et al. Optimizing irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,76(1):8-23.
[7] 袁嫚嫚,邬刚,孙义祥,等.缓释尿素对两种土壤小麦氮素运转、产量和土壤无机氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(4):233-239.
[8] 肖新,储祥林,邓艳萍.江淮丘陵季节性干旱区灌溉与施氮量对土壤肥力和水稻水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):84-88.
[9] Gouranga K, Verma H N, Ravender S. Effects of winter crop and supplemental irrigation on crop yield, water use efficiency and profitability in rain fed rice based cropping system of eastern India[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,79(3):280-292.
[10] Zhang B C, Huang G B, Li F M. Effect of limited single irrigation on yield of winter wheat and spring maize relay inter cropping[J].Pedosphere,2007,17(4):529-537.
[11] 陈欢,曹承富,张存岭.基于主成分—聚类分析评价长期施肥对砂姜黑土肥力的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(3):609-617.
[12] 张瑞芳,王瑄,范昊明.我国冻融区划分与分区侵蚀特征研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(2):24-28.
[13] 罗亚晨,吕瑜良,杨浩.冻融作用下寒温带针叶林土壤碳氮矿化过程研究[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1769-1775.
[14] 包耀贤,徐明岗,吕粉桃.长期施肥下土壤肥力变化的评价方法[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(20):4197-4204.
[15] 吴玉红,田霄鸿,同延安.基于主成分分析的土壤肥力综合指数评价[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(1):173-180.
[16] 王增丽,冯浩,余坤.基于主成分分析的不同预处理麦秸改良土壤效果评价[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(10):150-155.
[17] Henry H A L. Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:977-986.
[18] 刘建鹏.台安县稻田养分含量现状及改良建议[J].现代农业,2010(4):42-43.
[19] 齐智娟.河套灌区盐碱地玉米膜下滴灌土壤水盐热运移规律及模拟研究[D].陕西杨凌:中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,2016.
[20] 王伦平,陈亚新,曹国芳,等.内蒙古河套灌区灌溉排水与盐渍化防治[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993.
[21] 邴慧,马巍.盐渍土冻结温度的试验研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(5):1106-1113.
[22] 梁建财,史海滨,李瑞平.秸秆覆盖秋浇后盐渍土壤冻融过程及水盐运移特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):145-151.
[23] 李瑞平,史海滨,赤江刚夫.基于水热耦合模型的干旱寒冷地区冻融土壤水热盐运移规律研究[J].水利学报,2009,40(4):403-412.
[24] 梁建财,李瑞平,史海滨.河套灌区覆盖对盐渍土壤养分迁移与分布的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):113-121.
[25] 陈吉,赵炳梓,张佳宝.主成分分析方法在长期施肥土壤质量评价中的应用[J].土壤,2010,42(3):415-420.
[26] 孙刘平,钱吴永.基于主成分分析法的综合评价方法的改进[J].数学的实践与认识,2009,39(18):15-20.
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