南海西缘泰国晚新生代玄武岩岩浆过程研究及其地质意义
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摘要
泰国晚新生代玄武质岩石主要为碱玄岩、玄武岩、粗玄岩和玄武粗安岩,属于碱性系列,呈现似洋岛玄武岩的地球化学特征,与南海地区其他位置的同时代玄武岩特征一致。本研究玄武岩的斑晶矿物主要为橄榄石、斜长石及少量的单斜辉石。利用全岩组分推算,泰国玄武岩源区岩性为石榴石辉石岩,与越南、北部湾等地同期玄武岩的岩性类似。本研究利用PRIMELT软件模拟计算了泰国晚新生代玄武岩的原始岩浆组分。利用反演的原始岩浆组分计算出本区域的玄武岩熔融温度范围为1 425～1 442℃,熔融压力范围为22.3～27.4 kbar,类似于海南岛(1 420～1 530℃,18～32 kbar)和越南南部地区(1 470～1 480℃,29.7～32.8 kbar)。本区域的地幔潜在温度为1 448～1 467℃,与越南南部(1 468～1 490℃)类似,稍低于海南岛北部(1 420～1 530℃)。总体上,泰国晚新生代玄武岩与南海地区其他区域同时代玄武岩的岩石地球化学特征和岩浆过程类似,它们的深部地球动力学背景均与海南地幔柱有关。
The late Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand are basanite, basalt, trachybasalt, and basaltic trachyandesite, and the major and trace element compositions of these basaltic rocks showed that Thailand alkaline volcanic lavas are similar to oceanic island basalt in geochemical compositions, and their source lithology could be garnet pyroxenite, which is similar to rocks from the Vietnam, Beibu Gulf, and the SCS. This study then calculated the primary melt compositions of late Cenozoic basalts from Thailand by using software PRIMELT. Then, based on the primary melt compositions of whole rocks, the range of melting pressure and melting temperature are 22.3～27.4 kbar and 1 425～1 442 ℃, respectively, which is similar to northern Hainan Island and the southern Vietnam. The range of mantle potential temperature beneath Thailand is 1 448～1 467 °C, which is slightly lower than north of Hainan Island and southern Vietnam. Finally, we proposed that the deep geodynamic setting of Thailand basaltic rocks could be attributed to the Hainan mantle plume.
The late Cenozoic basaltic rocks of Thailand are basanite, basalt, trachybasalt, and basaltic trachyandesite, and the major and trace element compositions of these basaltic rocks showed that Thailand alkaline volcanic lavas are similar to oceanic island basalt in geochemical compositions, and their source lithology could be garnet pyroxenite, which is similar to rocks from the Vietnam, Beibu Gulf, and the SCS. This study then calculated the primary melt compositions of late Cenozoic basalts from Thailand by using software PRIMELT. Then, based on the primary melt compositions of whole rocks, the range of melting pressure and melting temperature are 22.3～27.4 kbar and 1 425～1 442 ℃, respectively, which is similar to northern Hainan Island and the southern Vietnam. The range of mantle potential temperature beneath Thailand is 1 448～1 467 °C, which is slightly lower than north of Hainan Island and southern Vietnam. Finally, we proposed that the deep geodynamic setting of Thailand basaltic rocks could be attributed to the Hainan mantle plume.
引文
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[10] YAN Q S,SHI X F,YANG Y M,et al.Potassium-argon/argon-40-argon-39 geochronology of Cenozoic alkali basalts from the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,27(6):115-123.
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[13] JIA D C,QIU X L,HU R Z,et al.Geochemical nature of mantle reservoirs and tectonic setting of basalts in beibu gulf and its adjacent region[J].Tropic Oceanology,2003,22(2):30-39.
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[17] BARR S M,DOSTAL J.Petrochemistry and origin of megacrysts in upper Cenozoic basalts,Thailand[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,1986,1(2):107-116.
[18] BARR S M,MACDONALD A S.Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia:summary[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1981,92(8):1069-1142.
[19] HOANG N,FLOWER M F J,CARLSON R W.Major,trace element,and isotopic compositions of Vietnamese basalts:interaction of hydrous EM1-rich asthenosphere with thinned Eurasian lithosphere[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1996,60(22):4329-4351.
[20] HOANG N,FLOWER M.Petrogenesis of Cenozoic basalts from Vietnam:implication for origins of a ‘diffuse igneous province’[J].Journal of Petrology,1998,39(3):369-395.
[21] YAN Q,SHI X,METCALFE I,et al.Hainan mantle plume produced late Cenozoic basaltic rocks in Thailand,Southeast Asia[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):2640.
[22] ZOU H,FAN Q.U-Th isotopes in Hainan basalts:implications for sub-asthenospheric origin of EM2 mantle endmember and the dynamics of melting beneath Hainan Island[J].Lithos,2010,116(1):145-152.
[23] ZHOU P,MUKASA S B.Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic,and major- and trace-element geochemistry of Cenozoic lavas from the Khorat Plateau,Thailand:sources and petrogenesis[J].Chemical Geology,1997,137(3):175-193.
[24] AN A R,CHOI S H,YU Y,et al.Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic basaltic rocks from southern Vietnam[J].Lithos,2017,272-273:192-204.
[25] TU K,FLOWER M F J,CARLSON R W,et al.Sr,Nd,and Pb isotopic compositions of Hainan basalts (south China):implications for a subcontinental lithosphere Dupal source[J].Geology,1991,19(6):567-569.
[26] TU K,FLOWER M F J,CARLSON R W,et al.Magmatism in the South China Basin[J].Chemical Geology,1992,97(1-2):47-63.
[27] CHOI S H,MUKASA S B,KWO S T,et al.Sr,Nd,Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of late Cenozoic alkali basalts in South Korea:evidence for mixing between the two dominant asthenospheric mantle domains beneath East Asia[J].Chemical Geology,2006,232(3):134-151.
[28] METCALFE I.Palaeozoic-Mesozoic history of SE Asia[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,2011,355(1):7-35.
[29] METCALFE I.Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion:tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,66:1-33.
[30] MCCABE R,CELAYA M,COLE J,et al.Extension tectonics:the Neogene opening of the north-south trending basins of central Thailand[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1988,93(B10):11899-11910.
[31] YAN Q S,METCALFE I,SHI X F.U-Pb isotope geochronology and geochemistry of granites from Hainan Island (northern South China Sea margin):constraints on late Paleozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution[J].Gondwana Research,2017,49:333-349.
[32] SUN S S,MCDONOUGH W F.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalt:implications for mantle composition and processes[C]//Magmatisn in the Ocean Basin,1989,42(1):313-345.DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
[33] HOANG T,CHOI S H,YU Y,et al.Geochemical constraints on the spatial distribution of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source of late Cenozoic basalts,Vietnam[J].Lithos,2018,296-299:382-395.
[34] SOBOLEV A V,HOFMANN A W,SOBOLEV S V,et al.An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts[J].Nature,2005,434(7033):590-597.
[35] LIU Y,GAO S,KELEMEN P B,et al.Recycled crust controls contrasting source compositions of Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts in the North China Craton[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(9):2349-2376.
[36] YANG Z F,ZHOU J H.Can we identify source lithology of basalt?[J].Scientific Reports,2013(3):1856.
[37] MCKENZIE D,O’NIONS R K.Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations[J].Journal of Petrology,1991,32(5):1021-1091.
[38] KLEMME S,O'NEILL H S.The near-solidus transition from garnet lherzolite to spinel lherzolite[J].Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology,1998,138(3):237-248.
[39] SOBOLEV A V,HOFMANN A W,KUZMIN D V,et al.The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts[J].Science,2007,316(5823):412-417.
[40] HERZBERG C,ASIMOW P D.Petrology of some oceanic island basalts:PRIMELT2.XLS software for primary magma calculation[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2007,9(9),[2018-09-18].Q09001,DOI:10.1029/2008gc002057.
[41] PUTIRKA K D,PERFIT M,RYERSON F J,et al.Ambient and excess mantle temperatures,olivine thermometry,and active vs.passive upwelling[J].Chemical Geology,2007,241(3-4):177-206.
[42] HAASE K M.The relationship between the age of the lithosphere and the composition of oceanic magmas:constraints on partial melting,mantle sources and the thermal structure of the plates[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1996,144(1-2):75-92.
[43] ALBAREDE F.How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate?[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,1992,97(B7):10997-11009.
[44] HERZBERG C,GAZEL E.Petrological evidence for secular cooling in mantle plumes[J].Nature,2009,458(7238):619-22.
[45] KELLEY K A,TERRY P,GROVE T L,et al.Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath back-arc basins[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2006,111(B9).B09208,DOI:10.1029/2005JB002732.
[46] PUTIRKA K D.Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems[J].Reviews in mineralogy & Geochemistry,2008,69(1):61-120.
[47] PUTIRKA K D.Mantle potential temperatures at Hawaii,Iceland,and the mid-ocean ridge system,as inferred from olivine phenocrysts:Evidence for thermally driven mantle plumes[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2005,6(5).Q05L08,DOI:10.1029/2005GC000915.
[48] LEBEDEV,GUUST N.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2003,108(B1):20-48.
[49] LEI J,ZHAO D,STEINBERGER B,et al.New seismic constraints on the upper mantle structure of the Hainan plume[J].Translated World Seismology,2009,173(1):33-50.
[50] ZHAO D.Seismic images under 60 hotspots:search for mantle plumes[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12(4):335-355.
[51] HUANG J.P- and S-wave tomography of the Hainan and surrounding regions:insight into the Hainan plume[J].Tectonophysics,2014,633:176-192.
[2] CHUNG S L,CHENG H,JAHN B M,et al.Major and trace element,and Sr-Nd isotope constraints on the origin of Paleogene volcanism in South China prior to the South China Sea opening[J].Lithos,1997,40(2-4):203-220.
[3] LI S T,LIN C S,ZHANG Q M.Dynamic process of episodic rifting in continental marginal basin and tectonic events since 10 Ma in South China Sea[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1998,43(8):797-810.
[4] LI P L,LIANG H X,DAI Y D,et al.Origin and tectonic setting of the Yanshanian igneous rocks in the Pearl River Mouth basin[J].Guangdong Geology,1999,14(1):1-8.
[5] ZHOU H,XIAO L,DONG Y,et al.Geochemical and geochronological study of the Sanshui basin bimodal volcanic rock suite,China:implications for basin dynamics in southeastern China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2009,34(2):178-189.
[6] YAN Q,SHI X F,CASTILLO P R.The late Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the South China Sea:a petrologic perspective[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2014,85(2):178-201.
[7] YAN Q S,SHI X F.Hainan mantle plume and the formation and evolution of the South China Sea[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2007,13(2):311-322.鄢全树,石学法.海南地幔柱与南海形成演化[J].高校地质学报,2007,13(2):311-322.
[8] YAN Q S,SHI X F,LIU J H,et al.Chemical composition of plagioclase in Cenozoic alkali basalt from the South China Sea[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2008,28(2):135-142.鄢全树,石学法,刘季花,等.南海新生代碱性玄武岩中斜长石矿物的化学成分及意义[J].矿物学报,2008,28(2):135-142.
[9] YAN Q S,SHI X F,WANG K S,et al.Major element,trace element,and Sr,Nd and Pb isotope studies of Cenozoic basalts from the South China Sea[J].Science in China,2008,51(4):550-566.
[10] YAN Q S,SHI X F,YANG Y M,et al.Potassium-argon/argon-40-argon-39 geochronology of Cenozoic alkali basalts from the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,27(6):115-123.
[11] YAN Q S,CASTILLO P,SHI X F,et al.Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks from Daimao Seamount (South China Sea) and their tectonic implications[J].Lithos,2015(218-219):117-126.
[12] ZHOU B,WANG H F,MAO C,et al.Geochronology of and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic evidence for mantle source in the ancient subduction zone beneath Sanshui Basin,Guangdong Province,China[J].Acta Geochemica,1989,8(1):65-71.
[13] JIA D C,QIU X L,HU R Z,et al.Geochemical nature of mantle reservoirs and tectonic setting of basalts in beibu gulf and its adjacent region[J].Tropic Oceanology,2003,22(2):30-39.
[14] LI C N,WANG F Z,ZHONG C S.Geochemistry of Quaternary basaltic volcanic rocks of Weizhou island in Beihai City of Guangxi and a discussion on characteristics of their source[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,2005,24(1):28-34.
[15] WANG X C,LI Z X,LI X H,et al.Temperature,pressure,and Composition of the mantle source region of Late Cenozoic Basalts in Hainan Island,SE Asia:a consequence of a young thermal mantle plume close to subduction zones?[J].Journal of Petrology,2012,53(1):177-233.
[16] BARR S M,COOPER M A.Late Cenozoic basalt and gabbro in the subsurface in the Phetchabun Basin,Thailand:implications for the Southeast Asian Volcanic Province[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,76(20):169-184.
[17] BARR S M,DOSTAL J.Petrochemistry and origin of megacrysts in upper Cenozoic basalts,Thailand[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,1986,1(2):107-116.
[18] BARR S M,MACDONALD A S.Geochemistry and geochronology of late Cenozoic basalts of Southeast Asia:summary[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1981,92(8):1069-1142.
[19] HOANG N,FLOWER M F J,CARLSON R W.Major,trace element,and isotopic compositions of Vietnamese basalts:interaction of hydrous EM1-rich asthenosphere with thinned Eurasian lithosphere[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1996,60(22):4329-4351.
[20] HOANG N,FLOWER M.Petrogenesis of Cenozoic basalts from Vietnam:implication for origins of a ‘diffuse igneous province’[J].Journal of Petrology,1998,39(3):369-395.
[21] YAN Q,SHI X,METCALFE I,et al.Hainan mantle plume produced late Cenozoic basaltic rocks in Thailand,Southeast Asia[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):2640.
[22] ZOU H,FAN Q.U-Th isotopes in Hainan basalts:implications for sub-asthenospheric origin of EM2 mantle endmember and the dynamics of melting beneath Hainan Island[J].Lithos,2010,116(1):145-152.
[23] ZHOU P,MUKASA S B.Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic,and major- and trace-element geochemistry of Cenozoic lavas from the Khorat Plateau,Thailand:sources and petrogenesis[J].Chemical Geology,1997,137(3):175-193.
[24] AN A R,CHOI S H,YU Y,et al.Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic basaltic rocks from southern Vietnam[J].Lithos,2017,272-273:192-204.
[25] TU K,FLOWER M F J,CARLSON R W,et al.Sr,Nd,and Pb isotopic compositions of Hainan basalts (south China):implications for a subcontinental lithosphere Dupal source[J].Geology,1991,19(6):567-569.
[26] TU K,FLOWER M F J,CARLSON R W,et al.Magmatism in the South China Basin[J].Chemical Geology,1992,97(1-2):47-63.
[27] CHOI S H,MUKASA S B,KWO S T,et al.Sr,Nd,Pb and Hf isotopic compositions of late Cenozoic alkali basalts in South Korea:evidence for mixing between the two dominant asthenospheric mantle domains beneath East Asia[J].Chemical Geology,2006,232(3):134-151.
[28] METCALFE I.Palaeozoic-Mesozoic history of SE Asia[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,2011,355(1):7-35.
[29] METCALFE I.Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion:tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,66:1-33.
[30] MCCABE R,CELAYA M,COLE J,et al.Extension tectonics:the Neogene opening of the north-south trending basins of central Thailand[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1988,93(B10):11899-11910.
[31] YAN Q S,METCALFE I,SHI X F.U-Pb isotope geochronology and geochemistry of granites from Hainan Island (northern South China Sea margin):constraints on late Paleozoic-Mesozoic tectonic evolution[J].Gondwana Research,2017,49:333-349.
[32] SUN S S,MCDONOUGH W F.Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalt:implications for mantle composition and processes[C]//Magmatisn in the Ocean Basin,1989,42(1):313-345.DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.
[33] HOANG T,CHOI S H,YU Y,et al.Geochemical constraints on the spatial distribution of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source of late Cenozoic basalts,Vietnam[J].Lithos,2018,296-299:382-395.
[34] SOBOLEV A V,HOFMANN A W,SOBOLEV S V,et al.An olivine-free mantle source of Hawaiian shield basalts[J].Nature,2005,434(7033):590-597.
[35] LIU Y,GAO S,KELEMEN P B,et al.Recycled crust controls contrasting source compositions of Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts in the North China Craton[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(9):2349-2376.
[36] YANG Z F,ZHOU J H.Can we identify source lithology of basalt?[J].Scientific Reports,2013(3):1856.
[37] MCKENZIE D,O’NIONS R K.Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations[J].Journal of Petrology,1991,32(5):1021-1091.
[38] KLEMME S,O'NEILL H S.The near-solidus transition from garnet lherzolite to spinel lherzolite[J].Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology,1998,138(3):237-248.
[39] SOBOLEV A V,HOFMANN A W,KUZMIN D V,et al.The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts[J].Science,2007,316(5823):412-417.
[40] HERZBERG C,ASIMOW P D.Petrology of some oceanic island basalts:PRIMELT2.XLS software for primary magma calculation[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2007,9(9),[2018-09-18].Q09001,DOI:10.1029/2008gc002057.
[41] PUTIRKA K D,PERFIT M,RYERSON F J,et al.Ambient and excess mantle temperatures,olivine thermometry,and active vs.passive upwelling[J].Chemical Geology,2007,241(3-4):177-206.
[42] HAASE K M.The relationship between the age of the lithosphere and the composition of oceanic magmas:constraints on partial melting,mantle sources and the thermal structure of the plates[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1996,144(1-2):75-92.
[43] ALBAREDE F.How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate?[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,1992,97(B7):10997-11009.
[44] HERZBERG C,GAZEL E.Petrological evidence for secular cooling in mantle plumes[J].Nature,2009,458(7238):619-22.
[45] KELLEY K A,TERRY P,GROVE T L,et al.Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath back-arc basins[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2006,111(B9).B09208,DOI:10.1029/2005JB002732.
[46] PUTIRKA K D.Thermometers and barometers for volcanic systems[J].Reviews in mineralogy & Geochemistry,2008,69(1):61-120.
[47] PUTIRKA K D.Mantle potential temperatures at Hawaii,Iceland,and the mid-ocean ridge system,as inferred from olivine phenocrysts:Evidence for thermally driven mantle plumes[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,2005,6(5).Q05L08,DOI:10.1029/2005GC000915.
[48] LEBEDEV,GUUST N.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from S velocity tomography[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2003,108(B1):20-48.
[49] LEI J,ZHAO D,STEINBERGER B,et al.New seismic constraints on the upper mantle structure of the Hainan plume[J].Translated World Seismology,2009,173(1):33-50.
[50] ZHAO D.Seismic images under 60 hotspots:search for mantle plumes[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12(4):335-355.
[51] HUANG J.P- and S-wave tomography of the Hainan and surrounding regions:insight into the Hainan plume[J].Tectonophysics,2014,633:176-192.
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