云南省云县大控蚌温泉的特征及成因
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摘要
大控蚌温泉位于云南省云县,地处滇藏地热带。温泉区附近断裂发育,主要的热储层岩性为临沧花岗岩。泉水共有五个主要泉眼,水温88.3～96℃。地下热水中主要阳离子为K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),主要阴离子为Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-,水化学类型为HCO_3~-Na型;热水矿化度0.625～0.702g/L,pH值为6.7～9,偏硅酸含量为161.1～261mg/L,F-含量为5.85～16.1mg/L。根据δ~2 H和δ~(18) O稳定同位素分析得知温泉水源为大气降水;估算出热水补给高程约为1 800m;估算补给区温度约为3.6～7.2℃;热储温度约为143～181℃;循环深度约为2 858～3 496m。综合分析得出大控蚌温泉成因模式为大气降水在周围山区补给区入渗补给,地下水向深大断裂带汇集,在经历深循环过程获得深部热流加热后沿导水断裂带上涌,在上升的过程中与浅部冷水发生混合,最终以高温沸泉和喷泉出露地表。
Located in Yun county of Yunnan,Dakongbang hot spring lies in the Yunnan-Tibet geothermal belt.In the hot spring area,the geothermal reservoir is mainly composed of the Lincang Granite with well-developed fractures.There are five spring orifices with water temperature ranging from 88.3 to 96℃.Most of the cations in the hot water are K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+),and most of the anions are Cl~-,SO_4~(2-) and HCO_3~-.The hot water is characterized by HCO_3~- Na type in hydrochemistry,and TDS0.625～0.702 g/L,pH 6.7～9,H_2 SiO_3161.1～261 mg/L and F~-5.85～16.1 mg/L.According to analysis of stable isotope,the δ~2 H and δ~(18) O contents of the hot water samples indicate that the hot spring originates from precipitation.The elevation of the recharge area is estimated at 1 800 m.Temperature of recharge area is about 3.6～7.2℃,and that of geothermal reservoir 143～181℃.The circulation depths of the thermal groundwater are approximately 2 858～3 496 m.The formation of the hot spring can be summarized as that recharging by precipitation in the surrounding mountain areas,the groundwater flows to deep and large fractures,heated by heat flows during deep circulation,then upwells as geothermal water along the fracture zones and finally crops out after mixing with cold shallow groundwater as boiling springs and fountains of high temperature.
Located in Yun county of Yunnan,Dakongbang hot spring lies in the Yunnan-Tibet geothermal belt.In the hot spring area,the geothermal reservoir is mainly composed of the Lincang Granite with well-developed fractures.There are five spring orifices with water temperature ranging from 88.3 to 96℃.Most of the cations in the hot water are K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+),and most of the anions are Cl~-,SO_4~(2-) and HCO_3~-.The hot water is characterized by HCO_3~- Na type in hydrochemistry,and TDS0.625～0.702 g/L,pH 6.7～9,H_2 SiO_3161.1～261 mg/L and F~-5.85～16.1 mg/L.According to analysis of stable isotope,the δ~2 H and δ~(18) O contents of the hot water samples indicate that the hot spring originates from precipitation.The elevation of the recharge area is estimated at 1 800 m.Temperature of recharge area is about 3.6～7.2℃,and that of geothermal reservoir 143～181℃.The circulation depths of the thermal groundwater are approximately 2 858～3 496 m.The formation of the hot spring can be summarized as that recharging by precipitation in the surrounding mountain areas,the groundwater flows to deep and large fractures,heated by heat flows during deep circulation,then upwells as geothermal water along the fracture zones and finally crops out after mixing with cold shallow groundwater as boiling springs and fountains of high temperature.
引文
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[21]周训，金晓媚，梁四海，等．地下水科学专论[M]．第二版．北京：地质出版社，2017.(ZHOU X,JIN X M,LIANG S H,et al.Special topics on groundwater sciences(second edition)[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,2017.(in Chinese))
[22]王恒纯．同位素水文地质概论[M]．北京：地质出版社，1991:46-50.(WANG H C.Introduction to isotope Hydrogeology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991:46-50.(in Chinese))
[23]李婷．地下热水中天然放射性镭-226和氡-222测定及分析评价[D]．北京：中国地质大学（北京），2013:1-67.(LI T.Measurement and analysis of natural radioactive elements Ra-226 and Rn-222 in the groundwater[D].China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2013:1-67.(in Chinese))
[24] FOURNIER R O.Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems[J].Geothermics,1977,5(1/4):41-50.DOI:10.1016/0375-6505(77)90007-4.
[25] GIGGENBACH W F.Geothermal solute equilibrium,derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988:52,2749-2765.DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90143-3.
[26]袁玉松，马永生，胡圣标，等．中国南方现今地热特征[J]．地球物理学报，2006,49(4):1118-1126.(YUAN Y S,MA Y S,HU S B,et al.Present-day geothermal characteristics in South China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics 2006,49(4):1118-1126.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.04.025.
[2] QIN D J,TURNER J V,PANG Z H.Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater circulation in the Xi’an geothermal field,China[J].Geothermics,2005(34):471-494.DOI:10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.06.004.
[3] ZHOU X,LI J,ZHOU H Y,et al.Increase in thermal groundwater due to a flowing well near the Songshan hot spring in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Geology,2008,53(7):1405-1411.DOI:10.1007/s00254-007-0749-z.
[4] DAVRAZ A.Hydrogeochemical and hydrogeological investigations of thermal waters in the Usak Area(Turkey)[J].Environmental Geology,2008,54:615-628.DOI:10.1007/s00254-007-0829-0.
[5] LIU Y P,ZHOU X,FANG B,et al.A preliminary analysis of the formation of travertine and travertine cones in the Jifei hot spring,Yunnan,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,66(7):1887-1896.DOI:10.1007/s12665-011-1413-1.
[6]杜毓超，吕勇，罗贵荣．滇西潞西盆地温泉水文地球化学特征及其成因[J]．地质通报，2012,31(z1):406-412.(DU Y C,LV Y,LUO G R.Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genetic analysis of hot springs in Luxi basin,western Yunnan Province[J].Geological Bulletin of China,2012,31(2/3):406-412.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2012.02.026.
[7]郭忠杰，王锦国，陈舟，等．云南省鹤庆西山温水龙潭温泉成因机制探讨[J]．工程勘察，2015,43(5):43-48.(GUO Z J,WANG J G,CHEN Z,et al.Discussion on the formation mechanism of Wenshui Longtan hot spring in Xishan, Heqing,Yunnan province[J].Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2015,43(5):43-48.(in Chinese))
[8]谭梦如．云南西双版纳地区部分温泉水化学和同位素特征及成因研究[D]．北京：中国地质大学（北京），2018:1-68.(TAN M R.A study of the hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics and geneses of some of the hot springs in the Xishuangbanna area of Yunnan,China[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2018:1-68.(in Chinese))
[9]吴乾蕃，祖金华，谢毅真，等．云南地区地热基本特征[J]．地震地质，1988,10(4):177-183.(WU Q F,ZU J H,XIE Y Z,et al.Characteristics of geothermal field in Yunnan region[J].Seismology and Geology,1988,10(4):177-183.(in Chinese))
[10]段建中，谭筱虹．滇西三江地区新生代主要走滑断裂性质及特征[J]．云南地质，2000,19(1):8-23.(DUAN J Z,TAN X H.The nature and feature of cenozoic main strike-silp fauit in the three-river area of west Yunnan[J].Yunnan Geology,2000,19(1):8-23.(in Chinese))
[11]云南省地质矿产局．云南省区域地质志[M]．北京：地质出版社，1990.(Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Yunnan.Regional Geology of Yunnan Province[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,1990.(in Chinese))
[12]王晋南，王洋龙，安晓文，等．南汀河西支断裂北东段最新活动性分析[J]．地震研究，2006,29(3):264-268.(WANG J N,WANG Z L,AN X W,et al.Analysis of latest activity on NE-segment of West Branch of Nantinghe Fault[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2006,29(3):264-268.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0666.2006.03.010.
[13]刘德利，刘继顺，张彩华，等．滇西南澜沧江结合带北段云县花岗岩的地质特征及形成环境[J]．岩石矿物学杂志，2008,27(1):23-31.(LIU D L,LIU J S,ZHANG C H,et al.Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Yunxian granite in the northern part of South Lancangjiang convergent margin,Western Yunnan Province[J].Acta Petrological et Mineralogica.2008,27(1):23-31.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6524.2008.01.003.
[14]云南省地方志编纂委员会．云南省志（卷25）温泉志[M]．昆明：云南人民出版社，1999:128-129.(Local Chronicles Codification Committee of Yunnan Province.TheLocal Chronicles of Yunnan Province(25volumes)Hot Spring[M].Kunming:Yunnan People’s Publishing House,1999:128-129.(in Chinese))
[15]陈墨香，汪集旸，邓孝．中国地热资源-形成特点和潜力评估[M]．北京：科学出版社，1994.(CHEN M X,WANG J Y,DENG X.Geothermal resources in China-formation characteristics and potential evaluation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1994.(in Chinese))
[16] CRAIG H.Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J].Science,1961(133):1702-1703.DOI:10.1126/science.133.3465.1702.
[17] CRAIG H.Standard for reporting concentrations of deuterium andoxygen-18in natural water[J].Science,1961(133):1833-1834.DOI:10.1126/science.133.3467.1833.
[18]杨晓新，徐柏青，杨威，等．藏东南不同季节水体中氧同位素的高程递减变化研究[J]．科学通报，2009(54):2140-2147.(YANG X X,XU B Q,YANG W,et al.Study of altitudinal lapse rates of 18Oin precipitation/river water with seasons on the southeast Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Science Bull,2009,54:2742-2750.(in Chinese))DOI:http：//ir.itpcas.ac.cn:8080/handle/131C11/186.
[19] YU J S,ZHANG H B,YU F J,et al.Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of meteoric waters in the eastern part of Xizang[J].Geochemistry,1984,3(2):93-101.
[20] DANSGAARD W.Stable isotopes in precipitation[J].Tellus,1964,16:436-468.DOI:10.3402/tellusa.v16i4.8993.
[21]周训，金晓媚，梁四海，等．地下水科学专论[M]．第二版．北京：地质出版社，2017.(ZHOU X,JIN X M,LIANG S H,et al.Special topics on groundwater sciences(second edition)[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,2017.(in Chinese))
[22]王恒纯．同位素水文地质概论[M]．北京：地质出版社，1991:46-50.(WANG H C.Introduction to isotope Hydrogeology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1991:46-50.(in Chinese))
[23]李婷．地下热水中天然放射性镭-226和氡-222测定及分析评价[D]．北京：中国地质大学（北京），2013:1-67.(LI T.Measurement and analysis of natural radioactive elements Ra-226 and Rn-222 in the groundwater[D].China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2013:1-67.(in Chinese))
[24] FOURNIER R O.Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems[J].Geothermics,1977,5(1/4):41-50.DOI:10.1016/0375-6505(77)90007-4.
[25] GIGGENBACH W F.Geothermal solute equilibrium,derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988:52,2749-2765.DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90143-3.
[26]袁玉松，马永生，胡圣标，等．中国南方现今地热特征[J]．地球物理学报，2006,49(4):1118-1126.(YUAN Y S,MA Y S,HU S B,et al.Present-day geothermal characteristics in South China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics 2006,49(4):1118-1126.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.04.025.
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