我国PM_(2. 5)与臭氧污染协同控制策略研究
|
摘要
近年来,我国大气污染格局发生了深刻变化,PM_(2. 5)与臭氧(O3)成为影响我国城市和区域空气质量的主要空气污染物,二者协同控制已成为我国空气质量改善的焦点和打赢蓝天保卫战的关键.PM_(2. 5)与臭氧之间具有复杂的关联性,使得二者的协同控制具有复杂性与艰巨性.分析了PM_(2. 5)与臭氧成因的关联性及其相互影响,阐明了PM_(2. 5)与臭氧污染协同控制所涉及的重要科学问题,并在此基础上研究了目前我国PM_(2. 5)与臭氧的污染形势及二者的关联性,梳理了我国自2013年以来在PM_(2. 5)与臭氧污染控制中已采取的重要举措,论述了目前我国PM_(2. 5)与臭氧协同控制在科学与管理上所面临的挑战.结合对国外成功经验的分析,提出推进我国PM_(2. 5)与臭氧污染协同控制工作的相关建议:①加快监测能力建设,完善管理体系;②强化科技支撑,提高PM_(2. 5)与臭氧污染控制精准性;③加快构建VOCs与NOx治理技术体系;④加大VOCs与NOx的协同减排力度,保障减排方案落实到位.
The pattern of air pollution in China has undergone profound changes in recent years,which is the most apparent in the fact that both PM_(2. 5) and ozone are main atmospheric pollutants affecting air quality in urban and regional areas of China. As a result,the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone has become the focus of improving air quality and the key to winning the battle of the three-year plan on defending the blue sky in China. However,the complicated coupling relationship between PM_(2. 5) and ozone increases the complexity and difficulty of the coordinated control. Therefore,the correlation between the formation mechanisms of PM_(2. 5) and ozone,and their interactions were analyzed,and the important scientific issues involved in the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone were clarified.Based on the above analysis,the pollution situation of PM_(2. 5) and ozone in China and the correlation between them were investigated,the important countermeasures that China had taken in PM_(2. 5) and ozone pollution control since 2013 were reviewed,and the scientific and managerial challenges of the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone in China was discussed. Finally,considering the successful experience of foreign countries in coordinated-controlling of PM_(2. 5) and ozone,some suggestions for pushing the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone in China were put forward.( 1) The construction of monitoring capacity should be accelerated,and the comprehensiveness of the management system should be improved;( 2) Technology support should be strengthened to improve the accuracy for controlling PM_(2. 5) and ozone pollution;( 3) The establishment for the technical system for controlling VOCs and NOxshould be accelerated;( 4) The coordinated reduction of VOCs and NOxemissions should be amplified to ensure the success in implementing the mitigation countermeasures.
The pattern of air pollution in China has undergone profound changes in recent years,which is the most apparent in the fact that both PM_(2. 5) and ozone are main atmospheric pollutants affecting air quality in urban and regional areas of China. As a result,the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone has become the focus of improving air quality and the key to winning the battle of the three-year plan on defending the blue sky in China. However,the complicated coupling relationship between PM_(2. 5) and ozone increases the complexity and difficulty of the coordinated control. Therefore,the correlation between the formation mechanisms of PM_(2. 5) and ozone,and their interactions were analyzed,and the important scientific issues involved in the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone were clarified.Based on the above analysis,the pollution situation of PM_(2. 5) and ozone in China and the correlation between them were investigated,the important countermeasures that China had taken in PM_(2. 5) and ozone pollution control since 2013 were reviewed,and the scientific and managerial challenges of the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone in China was discussed. Finally,considering the successful experience of foreign countries in coordinated-controlling of PM_(2. 5) and ozone,some suggestions for pushing the coordinated control of PM_(2. 5) and ozone in China were put forward.( 1) The construction of monitoring capacity should be accelerated,and the comprehensiveness of the management system should be improved;( 2) Technology support should be strengthened to improve the accuracy for controlling PM_(2. 5) and ozone pollution;( 3) The establishment for the technical system for controlling VOCs and NOxshould be accelerated;( 4) The coordinated reduction of VOCs and NOxemissions should be amplified to ensure the success in implementing the mitigation countermeasures.
引文
[1] Clean Air Asia.Breakthroughs:China's path to clean air 2013-2017[ROL]. Beijing:Clean Air Asia,2018[2019-07-20]. http:www.allaboutair.cnareports20181227527.html.
[2] ZHENG B,TONG D,LI M,et al.Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(19):14095-14111.
[3]生态环境部．中国空气质量改善报告(2013—2018年)[R]．北京:生态环境部，2019:1-5.
[4] WANG Pengfei,GUO Hao,HU Jianlin,et al. Responses of PM2. 5and O3concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,662:297-306.
[5] LI Ke,JACOB D J,LIAO Hong,et al. Anthropogenic drivers of2013-2017 trends in summer surface ozone in China[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2019,116(2):422-427.
[6] LYU Xiaopu,WANG Nan,GUO Hai,et al.Causes of a continuous summertime O3pollution event in Jinan,a central city in the North China Plain[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(5):3025-3042.
[7] QU Yawei,WANG Tijian,CAI Yanfeng,et al. Influence of atmospheric particulate matter on ozone in Nanjing, China:observational study and mechanistic analysis[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2018,35(11):1381-1395.
[8] TAN Zhaofeng,LU Keding,JIANG Meiqing,et al.Exploring ozone pollution in Chengdu,southwestern China:a case study from radical chemistry to O3-VOC-NOxsensitivity[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:775-786.
[9] Anon.Cleaner air for China[J].Nature Geoscience,2019,12(7):497.
[10] AN Zhisheng,HUANG Rujin,ZHANG Renyi,et al.Severe haze in northern China:asynergy of anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2019,116(18):8657-8666.
[11] HU Jianlin,WU Li,ZHEGN Bo,et al. Source contributions and regional transport of primary particulate matter in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,207:31-34.
[12]柴发合．中国未来三年大气污染治理形势预判与对策分析[J]．中国环境监察，2019(1):29-31.CHAI Fahe. Analysis of control situation prediction and countermeasures of China's air pollution in the next three years[J].China Environmental Monitoring,2019(1):29-31.
[13] DING A J,FU C B,YANG X Q,et al.Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta:an overview of 1 yr data at the SORPES station[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(11):5813-5830.
[14]国务院．国务院关于印发打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的通知[R]．北京:国务院，2018:1-2.
[15] XING Jia,WANG Jiandong,MATHUR R,et al.Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(16):9869-9883.
[16] XU Jun,ZHANG Yuanhang,ZHENG Shaoqing. Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing:a model sensitivity study[J].Journal of Environmetal Sciences,2012,24(4):645-656.
[17] WANG Shaojian,ZHOU Chunshan,WANG Zhenbo,et al. The characteristics and drivers of fine particulate matter(PM2. 5)distribution in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142(4):1800-1809.
[18] DUAN Jingchun,TAN Jihua,HAO Jiming,et al.Size distribution,characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing[J].Journal of Environmental Science,2014,6(1):189-196.
[19]杜祯宇，殷惠民，张烃．细颗粒物与臭氧协同控制的方法和必要性[J]．世界环境，2018(1):19-20.DU Zhenyu,YIN Huimin,ZHANG Ting.The methods and necessity of coordinated control of fine particulate matter and ozone[J].World Environment,2018(1):19-20.
[20] ZHANG Renyi,WANG Gehui,GUO Song,et al.Formation of urban fine particulate matter[J]. Chemical Reviews,2015,115(10):3803-3855.
[21] FUZZI S,BALTENSPERGER U,CARSLAW K,et al. Particulate matter,air quality and climate:lessons learned and future needs[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(14):8217-8299.
[22] WANG Gehui,ZHANG Renyi,GOMEZ M E,et al.Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016,113(48):13630-13635.
[23] CHENG Yafeng,ZHENG Guangjie,WEI Chao,et al. Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China[J]. Science Advances,2016. doi:10. 1126sciadv.1601530.
[24] SARWAR G,FAHEY K,KWORK R,et al.Potential impacts of two SO2oxidation pathways on regional sulfate concentrations:aqueousphase oxidation by NO2and gas-phase oxidation by stabilized criegee intermediates[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:186-197.
[25] CHEN L,LIU R M,HUANG Q,et al. An integrated simulationmonitoring framework for nitrogen assessment:a case study in the Baixi watershed,China[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,13:1076-1090.
[26] HUSAIN L,RATTIGAN O V,DUTKIEWICZ V,et al. Case studies of the SO2+H2O2reaction in clouds[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2000,105(D8):9831-9841.
[27] ALEXANDER B. Quantifying global atmospheric sulfate formation pathways utilizing observations and modeling of the oxygen isotopic composition(Δ17O)of sulfate aerosol(Invited)[C]American Geophysical Union. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Seattle:American Geophysical Union,2010:A44A-05.
[28] PATHAK R K,WANG Tao,LEE K F,et al. Characteristics of summertime PM2. 5organic and elemental carbon in four major Chinese cities:implications of high acidity for water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(2):318-325.
[29] GRIFFITH S M,HUANG X H H,LOUIE P K K,et al.Characterizing the thermodynamic and chemical composition factors controlling PM2. 5nitrate:insights gained from two years of online measurements in Hong Kong[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:864-875.
[30] WANG Xinfeng,WANG Wenxing,YANG Lingxiao,et al. The secondary formation of inorganic aerosols in the droplet mode through heterogeneous aqueous reactions under haze conditions[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,63:68-76.
[31]谢绍东，田晓雪．挥发性和半挥发性有机物向二次有机气溶胶转化的机制[J]．化学进展，2010,22(4):727-733.XIE Shaodong,TIAN Xiaoxue. Formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols from the reaction of volatile and semi-volatile compounds[J].Progress in Chemistry,2010,22(4):727-733.
[32]方文政．大气氧化及光氧化挥发性有机物生成二次有机气溶胶的研究[D]．合肥:中国科学技术大学，2012.
[33] DANIELSEN E F. Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity,ozone and potential vorticity[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1968,25(3):502-518.
[34] CRUTZEN P A. Discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and troposphere[J]. Pure&Applied Geophysics,1973,106107108(1):1385-1399.
[35] ALLEN S K,PLATTNER G K,NAUELS A,et al.Climate change2013:the physical science basis.an overview of the working group 1contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)[J]. Computational Geometry,2007,18(2):95-123.
[36] MONKS P S,ARCHIBALD AT,COLETTE A,et al. Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(15):8889-8973.
[37] WANG Tao,XUE Likun,BRIMBLECOMBE P,et al. Ozone pollution in China:a review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:1582-1596.
[38] POISSON N,KANAKIDOU M,BONSANG B,et al. The impact of natural non-methane hydrocarbon oxidation on the free radical and ozone budgets above a eucalyptus forest[J].Chemosphere,2001,3:353-366.
[39] ATKINSON R. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:2063-2101.
[40] LU Keding,GUO Song,TAN Zhaofeng,et al.Exploring atmospheric free-radical chemistry in China:the self-cleansing capacity and the formation of secondary air pollution[J]. National Science Review,2019,6(3):579-594.
[41] XUE L K,WANG T,GAO J,et al. Ground-level ozone in four Chinese cities:precursors,regional transport and heterogeneous processes[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(23):13175-13188.
[42] DAGAUT P.Kinetics of oxygen-containing organic compounds with hydroxyl radicals in the gas phase:a review for modeling combustion and atmospheric chemistry[J]. Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique,1989,86:595-623.
[43] SASSEN K.Indirect climate forcing over the western US from Asian dust storms[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002.doi:10. 10292001gl014051.
[44] KUMAR R,BARTH M C,MADRONICH S,et al. Effects of dust aerosols on tropospheric chemistry during a typical pre-monsoon season dust storm in northern India[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(13):6813-6834.
[45]邵平，辛金元，安俊琳，等．长三角工业区夏季近地层臭氧和颗粒物污染相互关系研究[J]．大气科学，2017,41(3):618-628.SHAO Ping,XIN Jinyuan,AN Junlin,et al. An analysis on the relationship between ground-level ozone and particulate matter in an industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta during summertime[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2017,41(3):618-628.
[46] JIA Xing,MATHUR R,PLEIM J,et al. Air pollution and climate response to aerosol direct radiative effects:a modeling study of decadal trends across the northern hemisphere[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2015,120(23):12221-12236.
[47] SAATHOFF H,NAUMANN K H,MOEHLER O,et al.Temperature dependence of yields of secondary organic aerosols from the ozonolysis of alpha-pinene and limonene[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(5):1551-1577.
[48] LI J,WANG Z,WANG X,et al.Impacts of aerosols on summertime tropospheric photolysis frequencies and photochemistry over Central Eastern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(10):1817-1829.
[49] YUAN Tianle,REMER L A,BIAN Huisheng,et al.Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via lightning[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117:D18213.
[50] LOU Sijia,LIAO Hong,ZHU Bin. Impacts of aerosols on surfacelayer ozone concentrations in China through heterogeneous reactions and changes in photolysis rates[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,85:123-138.
[51] LI Jie,CHEN Xueshun,WANG Zifa,et al. Radiative and heterogeneous chemical effects of aerosols on ozone and inorganic aerosols over East Asia[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,622623:1327-1342.
[52] DU Huiyun,LI Jie,CHEN Xueshun,et al. Modeling of aerosol property evolution during winter haze episodes over a megacity cluster in northern China:roles of regional transport and heterogeneous reactions of SO2[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(14):9351-9370.
[53] HUANG Rujin,ZHANG Yanlin,BOZZETTI C,et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7521):218-222.
[54] LEE A K Y. Haze formation in China:importance of secondary aerosol[J].Journal of Environmental Science,2015,33:261-262.
[55]唐孝炎，张远航，邵敏．大气环境化学[M]. 2版．北京:高等教育出版社，2006:101-121.
[56]李干杰．生态环境部部长李干杰就“打好污染防治攻坚战”答记者问[J]．中国环境监察，2019(S1):12-25.LI Ganjie. Minister of the Ministry of Eco-Environment,answered questions on‘Being a good fight against pollution prevention and control’[J].China Environmental Monitoring,2019(S1):12-25.
[57] AKIMOTO H,NAGASHIMA T,LI Jie,et al.Comparison of surface ozone simulation among selected regional models in MICS:AsiaⅢ．effects of chemistry and vertical transport for the causes of difference[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(1):603-615.
[58] EHN M,THORNTON J A,KLEIST E,et al.A large source of lowvolatility secondary organic aerosol[J]. Nature,2014,506(7489):476-479.
[59] WANG Tao,THAM Y J,XUE Likun,et al. Observations of nitryl chloride and modeling its source and effect on ozone in the planetary boundary layer of southern China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2016,121(5):2476-2489.
[60]生态环境部. 2018年中国生态环境状况公报[R]．北京:生态环境部，2019:1-15.
[61] CHEN Hai,ZHUANG Bingliang,LIU Jane,et al.Characteristics of ozone and particles in the near-surface atmosphere in the urban area of the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(7):4153-4175.
[62] CRISTOFANELLI P,BONASONI P. Background ozone in the southern Europe and Mediterranean area:influence of the transport processes[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1399-1406.
[63] LI Jie,YANG Wenyi,WANG Zifa,et al.Modeling study of surface ozone source-receptor relationships in East Asia[J]. Atmospheric Research,2016,167:77-88.
[64] VERSTRAETEN W W,NEU J L,WILLIAMS J E,et al. Rapid increases in tropospheric ozone production and export from China[J].Nature Geoscience,2015,8(9):690-695.
[65] ZOU Y,DENG X J,ZHU D,et al. Characteristics of 1 year of observational data of VOCs,NOxand O3at a suburban site in Guangzhou,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(12):6625-6636.
[66] OU Jiamin,YUAN Zibing,ZHENG Junyu,et al. Ambient ozone control in a photochemically active region:short-term despiking or long-term attainment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(11):5720-5728.
[67] LI Qinyi,ZHANG Li,WANG Tao,et al．‘New’reactive nitrogen chemistry reshapes the relationship of ozone to its precursors[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(5):2810-2818.
[68] ZHANG Li,LI Qinyi,WANG Tao,et al. Combined impacts of nitrous acid and nitryl chloride on lower-tropospheric ozone:new module development in WRF-Chem and application to China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(16):9733-9750.
[69] WANG Jing,ALLEN D J,PICKERING K E,et al.Impact of aerosol direct effect on East Asian air quality during the EAST-AIRE campaign[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2016,121(11):6534-6554.
[70] GUO Song,HU Min,ZAMORA M L,et al.Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(49):17373-17378.
[71]曹军骥．PM2. 5与环境[M]．北京:科学出版社，2014:1-14.
[72]张华，陈琪，谢冰，等．中国的PM2. 5和对流层臭氧及污染物排放控制对策的综合分析[J]．气候变化研究进展，2014,10(4):289-296.ZHANG Hua,CHEN Qi,XIE Bing,et al. PM2. 5and tropospheric ozone in China and pollution emission controlling integrated analyses[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2014,10(4):289-296.
[73]张远航，王金南．发达国家有哪些大气治理经验值得我们借鉴[NOL]．北京:中国环境报，2017-03-03[2019-07-20]. https:www.cenews.com.cnnews201703t20170303_823825.html.
[74]薛志钢，郝吉明，陈复，等．国外大气污染控制经验[J]．重庆环境科学，2003,25(11):159-161.
[75] TABLER S K. EPA's program for establishing national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants[J]. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association,1984,34(5):532-536.
[76]柴发合，王晓，罗宏，等．美国与欧盟关于PM和臭氧的监管政策述评[J]．环境工程技术学报，2013,3(1):46-52.CHAI Fahe,WANG Xiao,LUO Hong,et al. Review of supervision policies of USA and European Union on PM2. 5and O3[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2013,3(1):46-52.
[77] Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs.The air quality strategy for England,Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland(Volume 1)[ROL].London:The Stationery Office,2007[2019-07-30].http:www.apis. ac. ukoverviewregulationsoverview_UK_NAQS.htm.
[78] European Environment Agency.Air pollutant emissions data viewer(LRTAP Convention)[EBOL]. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency Web,2017-08-21[2019-07-30]. http:www. eea.europa.eudata-and-mapsdatadata-viewersair-emissions-viewer-lrtap.
[79]郑军，袁钰．欧洲大气污染防治经验及对我国的启示[J]．环境保护，2017,45(18):68-70.ZHENG Jun,YUAN Yu. Experience of air pollution preventon and control in europe and its enlightenment to China[J].Environmental Protection,2017,45(18):68-70.
[80] SOLBERG S,DERWENT R G,HOV Y,et al.European abatement of surface ozone in a global perspective[J]. AMBIO:A Journal of the Hunman Environment,2005,34(1):47-53.
[81]杜譞，李宏涛．欧美经验对我国“十三五”大气污染防治战略的启示[J]．中国环境管理，2016,8(5):57-62.DU Xuan,LI Hongtao. European and American experiences and its implications on air pollution control strategy in China during the13thFive-Year Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2016,8(5):57-62.
[82]亚洲清洁空气中心．美国加州湾区臭氧管控经验[ROL]．北京:亚洲清洁空气中心，2016[2019-07-20]. http:allaboutair.cnaexperience_intl20160409442.html.
[83] CHEN Dan,LI Qinbin,STUTZ J,et al. WRF-Chem simulation of NOxand O3in the L. A. basin during CalNex-2010[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,(81):421-432.
[84] United States Environmental Protection Agency.Ozone air quality,1980-2018[EBOL].Washington DC:US EPA,2019-07-03[2019-07-30].https:www.epa.govair-trendsozone-trends.
[2] ZHENG B,TONG D,LI M,et al.Trends in China's anthropogenic emissions since 2010 as the consequence of clean air actions[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(19):14095-14111.
[3]生态环境部．中国空气质量改善报告(2013—2018年)[R]．北京:生态环境部，2019:1-5.
[4] WANG Pengfei,GUO Hao,HU Jianlin,et al. Responses of PM2. 5and O3concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,662:297-306.
[5] LI Ke,JACOB D J,LIAO Hong,et al. Anthropogenic drivers of2013-2017 trends in summer surface ozone in China[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2019,116(2):422-427.
[6] LYU Xiaopu,WANG Nan,GUO Hai,et al.Causes of a continuous summertime O3pollution event in Jinan,a central city in the North China Plain[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(5):3025-3042.
[7] QU Yawei,WANG Tijian,CAI Yanfeng,et al. Influence of atmospheric particulate matter on ozone in Nanjing, China:observational study and mechanistic analysis[J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2018,35(11):1381-1395.
[8] TAN Zhaofeng,LU Keding,JIANG Meiqing,et al.Exploring ozone pollution in Chengdu,southwestern China:a case study from radical chemistry to O3-VOC-NOxsensitivity[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:775-786.
[9] Anon.Cleaner air for China[J].Nature Geoscience,2019,12(7):497.
[10] AN Zhisheng,HUANG Rujin,ZHANG Renyi,et al.Severe haze in northern China:asynergy of anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2019,116(18):8657-8666.
[11] HU Jianlin,WU Li,ZHEGN Bo,et al. Source contributions and regional transport of primary particulate matter in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,207:31-34.
[12]柴发合．中国未来三年大气污染治理形势预判与对策分析[J]．中国环境监察，2019(1):29-31.CHAI Fahe. Analysis of control situation prediction and countermeasures of China's air pollution in the next three years[J].China Environmental Monitoring,2019(1):29-31.
[13] DING A J,FU C B,YANG X Q,et al.Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta:an overview of 1 yr data at the SORPES station[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(11):5813-5830.
[14]国务院．国务院关于印发打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的通知[R]．北京:国务院，2018:1-2.
[15] XING Jia,WANG Jiandong,MATHUR R,et al.Impacts of aerosol direct effects on tropospheric ozone through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis rates[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(16):9869-9883.
[16] XU Jun,ZHANG Yuanhang,ZHENG Shaoqing. Aerosol effects on ozone concentrations in Beijing:a model sensitivity study[J].Journal of Environmetal Sciences,2012,24(4):645-656.
[17] WANG Shaojian,ZHOU Chunshan,WANG Zhenbo,et al. The characteristics and drivers of fine particulate matter(PM2. 5)distribution in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142(4):1800-1809.
[18] DUAN Jingchun,TAN Jihua,HAO Jiming,et al.Size distribution,characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing[J].Journal of Environmental Science,2014,6(1):189-196.
[19]杜祯宇，殷惠民，张烃．细颗粒物与臭氧协同控制的方法和必要性[J]．世界环境，2018(1):19-20.DU Zhenyu,YIN Huimin,ZHANG Ting.The methods and necessity of coordinated control of fine particulate matter and ozone[J].World Environment,2018(1):19-20.
[20] ZHANG Renyi,WANG Gehui,GUO Song,et al.Formation of urban fine particulate matter[J]. Chemical Reviews,2015,115(10):3803-3855.
[21] FUZZI S,BALTENSPERGER U,CARSLAW K,et al. Particulate matter,air quality and climate:lessons learned and future needs[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(14):8217-8299.
[22] WANG Gehui,ZHANG Renyi,GOMEZ M E,et al.Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016,113(48):13630-13635.
[23] CHENG Yafeng,ZHENG Guangjie,WEI Chao,et al. Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China[J]. Science Advances,2016. doi:10. 1126sciadv.1601530.
[24] SARWAR G,FAHEY K,KWORK R,et al.Potential impacts of two SO2oxidation pathways on regional sulfate concentrations:aqueousphase oxidation by NO2and gas-phase oxidation by stabilized criegee intermediates[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:186-197.
[25] CHEN L,LIU R M,HUANG Q,et al. An integrated simulationmonitoring framework for nitrogen assessment:a case study in the Baixi watershed,China[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,13:1076-1090.
[26] HUSAIN L,RATTIGAN O V,DUTKIEWICZ V,et al. Case studies of the SO2+H2O2reaction in clouds[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2000,105(D8):9831-9841.
[27] ALEXANDER B. Quantifying global atmospheric sulfate formation pathways utilizing observations and modeling of the oxygen isotopic composition(Δ17O)of sulfate aerosol(Invited)[C]American Geophysical Union. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Seattle:American Geophysical Union,2010:A44A-05.
[28] PATHAK R K,WANG Tao,LEE K F,et al. Characteristics of summertime PM2. 5organic and elemental carbon in four major Chinese cities:implications of high acidity for water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(2):318-325.
[29] GRIFFITH S M,HUANG X H H,LOUIE P K K,et al.Characterizing the thermodynamic and chemical composition factors controlling PM2. 5nitrate:insights gained from two years of online measurements in Hong Kong[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:864-875.
[30] WANG Xinfeng,WANG Wenxing,YANG Lingxiao,et al. The secondary formation of inorganic aerosols in the droplet mode through heterogeneous aqueous reactions under haze conditions[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,63:68-76.
[31]谢绍东，田晓雪．挥发性和半挥发性有机物向二次有机气溶胶转化的机制[J]．化学进展，2010,22(4):727-733.XIE Shaodong,TIAN Xiaoxue. Formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols from the reaction of volatile and semi-volatile compounds[J].Progress in Chemistry,2010,22(4):727-733.
[32]方文政．大气氧化及光氧化挥发性有机物生成二次有机气溶胶的研究[D]．合肥:中国科学技术大学，2012.
[33] DANIELSEN E F. Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity,ozone and potential vorticity[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1968,25(3):502-518.
[34] CRUTZEN P A. Discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and troposphere[J]. Pure&Applied Geophysics,1973,106107108(1):1385-1399.
[35] ALLEN S K,PLATTNER G K,NAUELS A,et al.Climate change2013:the physical science basis.an overview of the working group 1contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)[J]. Computational Geometry,2007,18(2):95-123.
[36] MONKS P S,ARCHIBALD AT,COLETTE A,et al. Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(15):8889-8973.
[37] WANG Tao,XUE Likun,BRIMBLECOMBE P,et al. Ozone pollution in China:a review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:1582-1596.
[38] POISSON N,KANAKIDOU M,BONSANG B,et al. The impact of natural non-methane hydrocarbon oxidation on the free radical and ozone budgets above a eucalyptus forest[J].Chemosphere,2001,3:353-366.
[39] ATKINSON R. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:2063-2101.
[40] LU Keding,GUO Song,TAN Zhaofeng,et al.Exploring atmospheric free-radical chemistry in China:the self-cleansing capacity and the formation of secondary air pollution[J]. National Science Review,2019,6(3):579-594.
[41] XUE L K,WANG T,GAO J,et al. Ground-level ozone in four Chinese cities:precursors,regional transport and heterogeneous processes[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(23):13175-13188.
[42] DAGAUT P.Kinetics of oxygen-containing organic compounds with hydroxyl radicals in the gas phase:a review for modeling combustion and atmospheric chemistry[J]. Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique,1989,86:595-623.
[43] SASSEN K.Indirect climate forcing over the western US from Asian dust storms[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002.doi:10. 10292001gl014051.
[44] KUMAR R,BARTH M C,MADRONICH S,et al. Effects of dust aerosols on tropospheric chemistry during a typical pre-monsoon season dust storm in northern India[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(13):6813-6834.
[45]邵平，辛金元，安俊琳，等．长三角工业区夏季近地层臭氧和颗粒物污染相互关系研究[J]．大气科学，2017,41(3):618-628.SHAO Ping,XIN Jinyuan,AN Junlin,et al. An analysis on the relationship between ground-level ozone and particulate matter in an industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta during summertime[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2017,41(3):618-628.
[46] JIA Xing,MATHUR R,PLEIM J,et al. Air pollution and climate response to aerosol direct radiative effects:a modeling study of decadal trends across the northern hemisphere[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2015,120(23):12221-12236.
[47] SAATHOFF H,NAUMANN K H,MOEHLER O,et al.Temperature dependence of yields of secondary organic aerosols from the ozonolysis of alpha-pinene and limonene[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(5):1551-1577.
[48] LI J,WANG Z,WANG X,et al.Impacts of aerosols on summertime tropospheric photolysis frequencies and photochemistry over Central Eastern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(10):1817-1829.
[49] YUAN Tianle,REMER L A,BIAN Huisheng,et al.Aerosol indirect effect on tropospheric ozone via lightning[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117:D18213.
[50] LOU Sijia,LIAO Hong,ZHU Bin. Impacts of aerosols on surfacelayer ozone concentrations in China through heterogeneous reactions and changes in photolysis rates[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2014,85:123-138.
[51] LI Jie,CHEN Xueshun,WANG Zifa,et al. Radiative and heterogeneous chemical effects of aerosols on ozone and inorganic aerosols over East Asia[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,622623:1327-1342.
[52] DU Huiyun,LI Jie,CHEN Xueshun,et al. Modeling of aerosol property evolution during winter haze episodes over a megacity cluster in northern China:roles of regional transport and heterogeneous reactions of SO2[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(14):9351-9370.
[53] HUANG Rujin,ZHANG Yanlin,BOZZETTI C,et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China[J].Nature,2014,514(7521):218-222.
[54] LEE A K Y. Haze formation in China:importance of secondary aerosol[J].Journal of Environmental Science,2015,33:261-262.
[55]唐孝炎，张远航，邵敏．大气环境化学[M]. 2版．北京:高等教育出版社，2006:101-121.
[56]李干杰．生态环境部部长李干杰就“打好污染防治攻坚战”答记者问[J]．中国环境监察，2019(S1):12-25.LI Ganjie. Minister of the Ministry of Eco-Environment,answered questions on‘Being a good fight against pollution prevention and control’[J].China Environmental Monitoring,2019(S1):12-25.
[57] AKIMOTO H,NAGASHIMA T,LI Jie,et al.Comparison of surface ozone simulation among selected regional models in MICS:AsiaⅢ．effects of chemistry and vertical transport for the causes of difference[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(1):603-615.
[58] EHN M,THORNTON J A,KLEIST E,et al.A large source of lowvolatility secondary organic aerosol[J]. Nature,2014,506(7489):476-479.
[59] WANG Tao,THAM Y J,XUE Likun,et al. Observations of nitryl chloride and modeling its source and effect on ozone in the planetary boundary layer of southern China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2016,121(5):2476-2489.
[60]生态环境部. 2018年中国生态环境状况公报[R]．北京:生态环境部，2019:1-15.
[61] CHEN Hai,ZHUANG Bingliang,LIU Jane,et al.Characteristics of ozone and particles in the near-surface atmosphere in the urban area of the Yangtze River Delta,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2019,19(7):4153-4175.
[62] CRISTOFANELLI P,BONASONI P. Background ozone in the southern Europe and Mediterranean area:influence of the transport processes[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(5):1399-1406.
[63] LI Jie,YANG Wenyi,WANG Zifa,et al.Modeling study of surface ozone source-receptor relationships in East Asia[J]. Atmospheric Research,2016,167:77-88.
[64] VERSTRAETEN W W,NEU J L,WILLIAMS J E,et al. Rapid increases in tropospheric ozone production and export from China[J].Nature Geoscience,2015,8(9):690-695.
[65] ZOU Y,DENG X J,ZHU D,et al. Characteristics of 1 year of observational data of VOCs,NOxand O3at a suburban site in Guangzhou,China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(12):6625-6636.
[66] OU Jiamin,YUAN Zibing,ZHENG Junyu,et al. Ambient ozone control in a photochemically active region:short-term despiking or long-term attainment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(11):5720-5728.
[67] LI Qinyi,ZHANG Li,WANG Tao,et al．‘New’reactive nitrogen chemistry reshapes the relationship of ozone to its precursors[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(5):2810-2818.
[68] ZHANG Li,LI Qinyi,WANG Tao,et al. Combined impacts of nitrous acid and nitryl chloride on lower-tropospheric ozone:new module development in WRF-Chem and application to China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(16):9733-9750.
[69] WANG Jing,ALLEN D J,PICKERING K E,et al.Impact of aerosol direct effect on East Asian air quality during the EAST-AIRE campaign[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2016,121(11):6534-6554.
[70] GUO Song,HU Min,ZAMORA M L,et al.Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(49):17373-17378.
[71]曹军骥．PM2. 5与环境[M]．北京:科学出版社，2014:1-14.
[72]张华，陈琪，谢冰，等．中国的PM2. 5和对流层臭氧及污染物排放控制对策的综合分析[J]．气候变化研究进展，2014,10(4):289-296.ZHANG Hua,CHEN Qi,XIE Bing,et al. PM2. 5and tropospheric ozone in China and pollution emission controlling integrated analyses[J].Advances in Climate Change Research,2014,10(4):289-296.
[73]张远航，王金南．发达国家有哪些大气治理经验值得我们借鉴[NOL]．北京:中国环境报，2017-03-03[2019-07-20]. https:www.cenews.com.cnnews201703t20170303_823825.html.
[74]薛志钢，郝吉明，陈复，等．国外大气污染控制经验[J]．重庆环境科学，2003,25(11):159-161.
[75] TABLER S K. EPA's program for establishing national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants[J]. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association,1984,34(5):532-536.
[76]柴发合，王晓，罗宏，等．美国与欧盟关于PM和臭氧的监管政策述评[J]．环境工程技术学报，2013,3(1):46-52.CHAI Fahe,WANG Xiao,LUO Hong,et al. Review of supervision policies of USA and European Union on PM2. 5and O3[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2013,3(1):46-52.
[77] Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs.The air quality strategy for England,Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland(Volume 1)[ROL].London:The Stationery Office,2007[2019-07-30].http:www.apis. ac. ukoverviewregulationsoverview_UK_NAQS.htm.
[78] European Environment Agency.Air pollutant emissions data viewer(LRTAP Convention)[EBOL]. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency Web,2017-08-21[2019-07-30]. http:www. eea.europa.eudata-and-mapsdatadata-viewersair-emissions-viewer-lrtap.
[79]郑军，袁钰．欧洲大气污染防治经验及对我国的启示[J]．环境保护，2017,45(18):68-70.ZHENG Jun,YUAN Yu. Experience of air pollution preventon and control in europe and its enlightenment to China[J].Environmental Protection,2017,45(18):68-70.
[80] SOLBERG S,DERWENT R G,HOV Y,et al.European abatement of surface ozone in a global perspective[J]. AMBIO:A Journal of the Hunman Environment,2005,34(1):47-53.
[81]杜譞，李宏涛．欧美经验对我国“十三五”大气污染防治战略的启示[J]．中国环境管理，2016,8(5):57-62.DU Xuan,LI Hongtao. European and American experiences and its implications on air pollution control strategy in China during the13thFive-Year Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2016,8(5):57-62.
[82]亚洲清洁空气中心．美国加州湾区臭氧管控经验[ROL]．北京:亚洲清洁空气中心，2016[2019-07-20]. http:allaboutair.cnaexperience_intl20160409442.html.
[83] CHEN Dan,LI Qinbin,STUTZ J,et al. WRF-Chem simulation of NOxand O3in the L. A. basin during CalNex-2010[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,(81):421-432.
[84] United States Environmental Protection Agency.Ozone air quality,1980-2018[EBOL].Washington DC:US EPA,2019-07-03[2019-07-30].https:www.epa.govair-trendsozone-trends.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |