华南地区草被过滤带对菜地径流、泥沙和磷阻控效果及影响因素
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摘要
通过人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究了香根草草本植被过滤带对径流、泥沙、以及全磷和溶解性磷的拦截效果。结果表明:在不同的雨强(210,120 mm/h)和不同坡度下(2°,5°),香根草过滤带能够有效拦截径流、泥沙、磷,拦截率分别可达到12.18%～43.11%,16.00%～70.38%,27.53%～49.35%。与120 mm/h雨强相比,210 mm/h雨强下,2种坡度下香根草过滤带小区内,径流、泥沙流失量都呈现出减少趋势,并均达到显著水平(p<0.05)。在210 mm/h雨强下,与裸坡对照相比,不同坡度处理下香根草过滤带全磷、颗粒态磷流失量都呈现出减少趋势,且二者减少程度达到显著水平,不同坡度间的流失量,存在显著差异。在不同的宽度下,香根草表现出不同的拦截效率,当宽度达到2 m时,拦截效率显著,总体上随着宽度的增加而增加。利用最优尺度回归法,对不同处理间的水文条件、坡度、带宽等影响因素进行了分析,可以发现影响植被过滤带拦截效率的主要因素包括带宽、坡度、雨强,各因子对径流、泥沙、磷流失量贡献大小分别为雨强>带宽>坡度,这表明华南地区降雨是径流、泥沙、磷流失的主要控制因子,同时,带宽对径流、泥沙、全磷的流失量也可以起到一定的积极作用。
Ecological engineering measures have been suggested to control the loss of pollutants by regulating the material balance and material flow in the agricultural ecosystem. The effects of grass filter strips on surface runoff, sediment, and phosphorus under different rain intensities and slope gradients were evaluated. Compared with the case of using no grass, on average, Vetiveria zizanioides grass vegetation reduced soil loss by 16.00%～70.38%, overland flow by 12.18%～43.11%, and phosphorus by 27.53%～49.35%, respectively. A comparison between the two different rain intensities revealed that under the intensity of 210 mm/h rain, the losses of runoff and sediment in the filtrate zone of Vetiveria zizanioides with 2 slopes showed the decreasing trend, and all reached the significant level(p<0.05). The decrease of total phosphorus loss in the filter zone of Vetiveria zizanioides was significantly higher than that of the bare slope under 210 mm/h rain intensity, and there was a significant difference in the loss between different slopes. In general, interception efficiency was related to the width, and gradually increased with increase of width. As the width reached 2 m, the interception had the significant effect. Using the optimal scaling in SPSS, we evaluated the comparative importance of rain intensities, slope gradient and width. Their contributions decreased in the order: rain intensities>width>slope gradient. The results confirmed that the main controlling factor was rain intensity, and the width could also play the positive role in losses of runoff, sediment and total phosphorus.
Ecological engineering measures have been suggested to control the loss of pollutants by regulating the material balance and material flow in the agricultural ecosystem. The effects of grass filter strips on surface runoff, sediment, and phosphorus under different rain intensities and slope gradients were evaluated. Compared with the case of using no grass, on average, Vetiveria zizanioides grass vegetation reduced soil loss by 16.00%～70.38%, overland flow by 12.18%～43.11%, and phosphorus by 27.53%～49.35%, respectively. A comparison between the two different rain intensities revealed that under the intensity of 210 mm/h rain, the losses of runoff and sediment in the filtrate zone of Vetiveria zizanioides with 2 slopes showed the decreasing trend, and all reached the significant level(p<0.05). The decrease of total phosphorus loss in the filter zone of Vetiveria zizanioides was significantly higher than that of the bare slope under 210 mm/h rain intensity, and there was a significant difference in the loss between different slopes. In general, interception efficiency was related to the width, and gradually increased with increase of width. As the width reached 2 m, the interception had the significant effect. Using the optimal scaling in SPSS, we evaluated the comparative importance of rain intensities, slope gradient and width. Their contributions decreased in the order: rain intensities>width>slope gradient. The results confirmed that the main controlling factor was rain intensity, and the width could also play the positive role in losses of runoff, sediment and total phosphorus.
引文
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[20]梁志权,张思毅,卓慕宁,等.不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):1-6.
[21]Meyer L D, Dabney S M, Harmon W C. Sediment-trapping effectiveness of stiff-grass hedges[J]. Transactions of the Asae, 1995,38(3):809-815.
[22]Rose C W, Yu B, Hogarth W L, et al. Sediment deposition from flow at low gradients into a buffer strip: a critical test of re-entrainment theory[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2003,280(1/4):33-51.
[23]Zhang X, Liu X, Zhang M, et al. A review of vegetated buffers and a meta-analysis of their mitigation efficacy in reducing nonpoint source pollution[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010,39(1):76-84.
[24]Cooper J R, Gilliam J W. Phosphorus redistribution from cultivated fields into riparian areas[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1987,51(6):1600-1604.
[25]Gharabaghi B, Rudra R P, Goel P K. Effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in removal of sediments from overland flow[J]. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 2006,41(3):275-282.
[2]De Oliveira L M, Maillard P, de Andrade Pinto E J. Application of a land cover pollution index to model non-point pollution sources in a Brazilian watershed[J]. Catena, 2017,150:124-132.
[3]Leip A, Billen G, Garnier J, et al. Impacts of European livestock production: nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and greenhouse gas emissions, land-use, water eutrophication and biodiversity[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2015,10(11):115004.
[4]徐靖.化肥农药单亩用量广东竟为世界之最[N].广州日报,2010-1-7(11).
[5]杨林章,施卫明,薛利红,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):1-8.
[6]Baets S D, Poesen J, Gyssels G, et al. Effects of grass roots on the erodibility of topsoils during concentrated flow[J]. Geomorphology, 2006,76(1/2):54-67.
[7]Cao L, Zhang Y, Lu H, et al. Grass hedge effects on controlling soil loss from concentrated flow: A case study in the red soil region of China[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2015,148:97-105.
[8]Gilley J E, Bartelt-Hunt S L, Lamb S J, et al. Narrow grass hedge effects on nutrient transport following swine slurry application[J]. Transactions of the Asabe, 2013,56(4):1441-1450.
[9]Mekonnen M, Keesstra S D, Ritsema C J, et al. Sediment trapping with indigenous grass species showing differences in plant traits in northwest Ethiopia[J]. Catena, 2016,147:755-763.
[10]李怀恩,邓娜,杨寅群,等.植被过滤带对地表径流中污染物的净化效果[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):81-86.
[11]邓娜,李怀恩,史冬庆,等.径流流量对植被过滤带净化效果的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(4):124-129.
[12]肖波,萨仁娜,陶梅,等.草本植被过滤带对径流中泥沙和除草剂的去除效果[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(12):136-144.
[13]申小波,陈传胜,张章,等.不同宽度模拟植被过滤带对农田径流、泥沙以及氮磷的拦截效果[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(4):721-729.
[14]李荣斌,李娟,汪海珍,等.施肥措施及灌木缓冲带对雷竹林径流水不同形态氮流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(4):7-13.
[15]Vache K B , Eilers J M , Santelmann M V. Water quality modeling of alternative agricultural scenarios in the US Corn belt[J]. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2002, 38(3):773-787.
[16]陈子燊,黄强,李鸿皓,等.珠江三角洲城市短时强降水概率分布模型的对比分析[J].中山大学学报:自然科学版,2015,54(2):127-132.
[17]刘丽诗.沿海地区可能最大暴雨及短历时暴雨计算方法的研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[18]Abu-Zreig M, Rudra R P, Lalonde M N, et al. Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2004,18(11):2029-2037.
[19]张思毅,梁志权,谢真越,等.植被调控红壤坡面土壤侵蚀机理[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):1-5.
[20]梁志权,张思毅,卓慕宁,等.不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):1-6.
[21]Meyer L D, Dabney S M, Harmon W C. Sediment-trapping effectiveness of stiff-grass hedges[J]. Transactions of the Asae, 1995,38(3):809-815.
[22]Rose C W, Yu B, Hogarth W L, et al. Sediment deposition from flow at low gradients into a buffer strip: a critical test of re-entrainment theory[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2003,280(1/4):33-51.
[23]Zhang X, Liu X, Zhang M, et al. A review of vegetated buffers and a meta-analysis of their mitigation efficacy in reducing nonpoint source pollution[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010,39(1):76-84.
[24]Cooper J R, Gilliam J W. Phosphorus redistribution from cultivated fields into riparian areas[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1987,51(6):1600-1604.
[25]Gharabaghi B, Rudra R P, Goel P K. Effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in removal of sediments from overland flow[J]. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 2006,41(3):275-282.
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