面向公众健康保障的生态环境法律规制转型
|
摘要
近年来,环境污染导致的公众健康损害愈发突出,环境健康问题频繁发生,暴露出我国环境法治体系建设过程中公众健康保障长期处于边缘化状态。为此,建立起面向公众健康保障的环境法律规制机制显得尤为重要。在此背景下,以规制的发展路径为切入点,分析环境规制的演变进路,剖析市场经济为主导的个体主义规制模式的局限性和以政府为主导的行政规制在环境保护和保障公众健康方面所具备的优势与正当性,从而明确环境法律规制机制的发展脉络和现实需求。然而在风险社会中,环境风险的社会化属性愈发凸显。面对复杂而多元的环境问题,单纯依靠公权力的作用已难以实现环境法律规制目标。随着公众环境保护参与意识的增强和市场型环境规制手段的兴起,建立公私合作模式的环境风险法律规制机制,通过发挥法律的强制性与规范性作用,在行政机关的监督管理下,实现多元主体的协同合作,就成为实现环境法律规制目标的应然之选。
In recent years,the public health damage caused by environmental pollution has become more and more prominent,and environmental health problems have occurred frequently,showing that the public health protection has been marginalized for a long time in the systematic construction of environmental rule of law in our country.Therefore,it is particularly important to establish an environmental legal regulation mechanism for public health protection.In this context,taking the development path of regulation as the starting point,this paper analyzes the evolution of environmental regulation,analyzes the limitations of the individualistic regulation model dominated by market economy and the advantages and legitimacy of government-led administrative regulation in environmental protection and public health protection,so as to clarify the development context and practical needs of environmental legal regulation mechanism.However,in the risk society,the socialization attribute of environmental risk is becoming more and more prominent.In the face of complex and diverse environmental problems,it is difficult to achieve the goal of environmental legal regulation relying solely on the role of public power.With the enhancement of the awareness of public participation in environmental protection and the rise of market-based environmental regulation means,it has become the right choice to achieve the goal of environmental legal regulation to establish public-private partnership model of environmental risk legal regulation mechanism and achieve the cooperative cooperation of multiple subjects by giving full play to the mandatory and normative role of the law under the supervision and management of administrative organs.
In recent years,the public health damage caused by environmental pollution has become more and more prominent,and environmental health problems have occurred frequently,showing that the public health protection has been marginalized for a long time in the systematic construction of environmental rule of law in our country.Therefore,it is particularly important to establish an environmental legal regulation mechanism for public health protection.In this context,taking the development path of regulation as the starting point,this paper analyzes the evolution of environmental regulation,analyzes the limitations of the individualistic regulation model dominated by market economy and the advantages and legitimacy of government-led administrative regulation in environmental protection and public health protection,so as to clarify the development context and practical needs of environmental legal regulation mechanism.However,in the risk society,the socialization attribute of environmental risk is becoming more and more prominent.In the face of complex and diverse environmental problems,it is difficult to achieve the goal of environmental legal regulation relying solely on the role of public power.With the enhancement of the awareness of public participation in environmental protection and the rise of market-based environmental regulation means,it has become the right choice to achieve the goal of environmental legal regulation to establish public-private partnership model of environmental risk legal regulation mechanism and achieve the cooperative cooperation of multiple subjects by giving full play to the mandatory and normative role of the law under the supervision and management of administrative organs.
引文
[1] 周志家.环境意识研究:现状、困境与出路[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(4):11.
[2] 施蒂格勒·G J.产业组织和政府管制[M].潘振民,译.上海:上海人民出版社,1996:42.
[3] 余晖.政府与企业:从宏观管理到微观管制[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1997:33.
[4] MAJONE G D.The Rise of the Regulatory State in Europe[J].West European Politics,1994(17):77-101.
[5] SAGOFF M.Price,Principle,and the Environment[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004:13.
[6] 阿兰·兰德尔.资源经济学[M].施以正,译.北京:商务印书馆,1989:155.
[7] 于文轩.生物安全立法研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009:136-188.
[8] 曼瑟尔·奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].陈郁,郭宇峰,李崇新,译.上海:格致出版社,上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2014:120.
[9] 赵鼎新.集体行动、搭便车理论与形式社会学方法[J].社会学研究,2016(1):2.
[10] BEALES H,CRASWELL R,SALOP S.The Efficiency Regulation of Consumer Information[J].Journal of Law & Economics,1981(3):541-544.
[11] 安东尼·奥格斯.规制:法律形式与经济学理论[M].骆梅英,译.苏苗罕,校.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008:40-41.
[12] BELL J.Public Interest:Policy or Principle?[M]//BROWNSWORD R,ed.Law and the Public Interest,Stuttgart:Franz Steiner,1993:27-34.
[13] 小岛武司.诉讼制度改革的法理与实证[M].陈刚,郭美松,等译.北京:法律出版社,2001:40-41.
[14] 颜运秋.公益诉讼法律制度研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:26-27.
[15] 韩波.公益诉讼制度的力量组合[J].当代法学,2013(1):31.
[16] 王灿发.环境法学教程[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997:49.
[17] 罗伯特·诺齐克.无政府、国家与乌托邦[M].何怀宏,等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991:34.
[18] 约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏,何包刚,廖申白,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.
[19] 曹明德.中国参与国际气候治理的法律立场和策略:以气候正义为视角[J].中国法学,2016(1):30.
[20] 郁乐.环境正义的分配、矫正与承认及其内在逻辑[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2017(2):43.
[21] 陈军.行政法学方法论之变流——基于公私合作的视角[J].行政论坛,2015(3):70-72.
[22] The Precautionary Principle[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://www.precautionaryprinciple.eu.
[23] MORRIS J.Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle[M].Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,2000:1.
[24] BLACK J.The Role of Risk in the Regulatory Processes[M]//BALDWIN R,CAVE M,LODGE M,ed.The Oxford Handbook of Regulation.Oxford:University Press,2010:310.
[25] 伊丽莎白·费雪.风险规制与行政宪政主义[M].沈岿,译.北京:法律出版社,2012:24-28.
[26] 孙佑海,朱炳成.美国环境健康风险评估法律制度研究[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2018(1):23-24.
[27] 张晏,汪劲.我国环境标准制度存在的问题及对策[J].中国环境科学,2012(1):189-191.
(1)在我国,“规制”最早出现于朱绍文先生等人翻译的日本经济学家植草益先生所著的《微观规制经济学》一书中,也有部分学者将Regulation翻译为“管制”。
(2)《民法总则》第110条规定:“自然人享有生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权、婚姻自主权等权利。法人、非法人组织享有名称权、名誉权、荣誉权等权利。”
(3)传统意义上的“规制俘获”是指政府以牺牲公共利益为代价实施行政决策或者措施,也体现为被规制者对规制者的俘虏或者支配。参见:David Thaw,Enlightened Regulatory Capture,89 Wash.L.Rev.2014:p329。
[2] 施蒂格勒·G J.产业组织和政府管制[M].潘振民,译.上海:上海人民出版社,1996:42.
[3] 余晖.政府与企业:从宏观管理到微观管制[M].福州:福建人民出版社,1997:33.
[4] MAJONE G D.The Rise of the Regulatory State in Europe[J].West European Politics,1994(17):77-101.
[5] SAGOFF M.Price,Principle,and the Environment[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004:13.
[6] 阿兰·兰德尔.资源经济学[M].施以正,译.北京:商务印书馆,1989:155.
[7] 于文轩.生物安全立法研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009:136-188.
[8] 曼瑟尔·奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].陈郁,郭宇峰,李崇新,译.上海:格致出版社,上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2014:120.
[9] 赵鼎新.集体行动、搭便车理论与形式社会学方法[J].社会学研究,2016(1):2.
[10] BEALES H,CRASWELL R,SALOP S.The Efficiency Regulation of Consumer Information[J].Journal of Law & Economics,1981(3):541-544.
[11] 安东尼·奥格斯.规制:法律形式与经济学理论[M].骆梅英,译.苏苗罕,校.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008:40-41.
[12] BELL J.Public Interest:Policy or Principle?[M]//BROWNSWORD R,ed.Law and the Public Interest,Stuttgart:Franz Steiner,1993:27-34.
[13] 小岛武司.诉讼制度改革的法理与实证[M].陈刚,郭美松,等译.北京:法律出版社,2001:40-41.
[14] 颜运秋.公益诉讼法律制度研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:26-27.
[15] 韩波.公益诉讼制度的力量组合[J].当代法学,2013(1):31.
[16] 王灿发.环境法学教程[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997:49.
[17] 罗伯特·诺齐克.无政府、国家与乌托邦[M].何怀宏,等译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991:34.
[18] 约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏,何包刚,廖申白,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1988.
[19] 曹明德.中国参与国际气候治理的法律立场和策略:以气候正义为视角[J].中国法学,2016(1):30.
[20] 郁乐.环境正义的分配、矫正与承认及其内在逻辑[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2017(2):43.
[21] 陈军.行政法学方法论之变流——基于公私合作的视角[J].行政论坛,2015(3):70-72.
[22] The Precautionary Principle[EB/OL].[2019-01-23].http://www.precautionaryprinciple.eu.
[23] MORRIS J.Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle[M].Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,2000:1.
[24] BLACK J.The Role of Risk in the Regulatory Processes[M]//BALDWIN R,CAVE M,LODGE M,ed.The Oxford Handbook of Regulation.Oxford:University Press,2010:310.
[25] 伊丽莎白·费雪.风险规制与行政宪政主义[M].沈岿,译.北京:法律出版社,2012:24-28.
[26] 孙佑海,朱炳成.美国环境健康风险评估法律制度研究[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2018(1):23-24.
[27] 张晏,汪劲.我国环境标准制度存在的问题及对策[J].中国环境科学,2012(1):189-191.
(1)在我国,“规制”最早出现于朱绍文先生等人翻译的日本经济学家植草益先生所著的《微观规制经济学》一书中,也有部分学者将Regulation翻译为“管制”。
(2)《民法总则》第110条规定:“自然人享有生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权、婚姻自主权等权利。法人、非法人组织享有名称权、名誉权、荣誉权等权利。”
(3)传统意义上的“规制俘获”是指政府以牺牲公共利益为代价实施行政决策或者措施,也体现为被规制者对规制者的俘虏或者支配。参见:David Thaw,Enlightened Regulatory Capture,89 Wash.L.Rev.2014:p329。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |