高原鼠兔洞穴密度与高寒草甸植物群落结构以及土壤因子的关系
|
摘要
本研究采用有效洞穴法确定高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)鼠洞密度(从低到高划分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ共4个梯度),通过分析鼠洞密度与研究区裸地面积、土壤物理特征、植被结构特征的关系探究鼠兔活动对果洛藏族自治州高寒草甸土壤和植被的影响。结果表明:1) 4个梯度的有效鼠洞数量依次为每100 m~2(4±3)个(Ⅰ)、(15±2)个(Ⅱ)、(24±2)个(Ⅲ)、(37±5)个(Ⅳ);2)高寒草甸表层(0–10 cm)土壤含水量受鼠洞密度影响,在梯度之间差异显著(P <0.05),随鼠洞密度增加表层土壤含水量急剧下降,在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ样地基本在50%以下;3)鼠洞密度对表层土壤紧实度影响不显著(P> 0.05),仅梯度Ⅱ样地内的土壤紧实度显著高于梯度Ⅰ样地(P <0.05),其他梯度两两之间差异不显著(P> 0.05);4)有效洞口数影响样地内裸地面积(P <0.001),其中梯度Ⅳ样地裸地面积最多(占比8.75%);5)鼠洞密度对高寒草甸群落盖度影响显著(P <0.001),梯度Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ样地的植物群落总盖度(46.55%～41.15%)显著低于梯度Ⅰ样地(98.7%); 6)鼠洞密度影响高寒草甸植被群落结构,伴随鼠洞密度的增加,优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)的重要地位未改变,伴生种秦艽(Gentiana macrophylla)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、毛果婆婆纳(Veronica eriogyne)的重要值逐渐增大,矮泽芹(Chamaesium paradoxum)、西藏堇菜(Viola kunawarensis)、矮金莲(Trollius farreri)逐步退出群落结构;7)鼠洞密度对高寒草甸群落多样性指数影响微弱(P> 0.05),不同鼠洞密度梯度样地之间植物多样性指数差异不显著。综上所述,适当的鼠兔干扰有助于改善鼠兔生境,推动高寒草甸生态系统正向演变,当高原鼠兔干扰过高时,生境质量下降迫使高寒草甸生态系统逆向演替。
The density gradient of pika(Ochotona curzoniae) burrows was determined using effective number of caves method(which were expressed from low to high as levelⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ respectively). To explore the effects of pika activity on the soil and vegetation of alpine meadows in Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China, the relationships between the density of pika burrows and the total area of patchy bare ground, soil physical characteristics, and vegetation characteristics of alpine meadow were analyzed. The results showed that 1) The number of effective pika burrows across the four gradients was Ⅰ [(4 ± 3)·100 m~(–2)] < Ⅱ[(15 ± 2)·100 m~(–2)] < Ⅲ [(24 ± 2)·100 m~(–2)] < Ⅳ [(37 ± 5)·100 m~(–2)]. 2) The soil water content in the surface layer of the meadows(0–10 cm) was affected by the pika burrow density gradient, and the difference between the gradients was significant(P < 0.05). With an increase in the density gradient of pika, the soil water content decreased sharply and remained below 50% in Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ sampling plots. 3)There was no significant correlation between the pika burrow density gradient and the soil compaction of alpine meadows(P > 0.05); only gradient Ⅱ was significantly higher than gradient Ⅰ(P < 0.05), and the other gradients were not significantly different from each other.4)The effective burrow number had an extremely significant effect on the total area of patch bare ground(P < 0.001), which was the largest at gradient Ⅳ(accounting for 8.75%); 5)The mouse cave density gradient had a significant effect on the coverage of alpine meadow communities(P < 0.001), and the total coverage of plant community at gradients Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ(46.55%～41.15%) was significantly lower than gradientⅠ(98.7%); 6) The pika burrow density gradient affected the plant community structure of the alpine meadows. With an increase in the pika burrow density, the populations of Gentiana macrophylla, Elymus nutans, and Veronica eriogyne gradually increased and that of Chamaesium paradoxum, Viola kunawarensis, and Trollius farreri gradually declined, although the populations of the dominant species Kobresia pygmaea and Kobresia humilis did not change. 7) There was no significant difference of plant diversity index between different gradients(P > 0.05). In summary, properly managed pika populations can improve the habitat of the pika and promote the positive succession of the alpine meadow ecosystem. When the disturbance from pikas is too high, the resultant decline in habitat quality will cause the alpine meadow ecosystem to reverse succession.
The density gradient of pika(Ochotona curzoniae) burrows was determined using effective number of caves method(which were expressed from low to high as levelⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ respectively). To explore the effects of pika activity on the soil and vegetation of alpine meadows in Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China, the relationships between the density of pika burrows and the total area of patchy bare ground, soil physical characteristics, and vegetation characteristics of alpine meadow were analyzed. The results showed that 1) The number of effective pika burrows across the four gradients was Ⅰ [(4 ± 3)·100 m~(–2)] < Ⅱ[(15 ± 2)·100 m~(–2)] < Ⅲ [(24 ± 2)·100 m~(–2)] < Ⅳ [(37 ± 5)·100 m~(–2)]. 2) The soil water content in the surface layer of the meadows(0–10 cm) was affected by the pika burrow density gradient, and the difference between the gradients was significant(P < 0.05). With an increase in the density gradient of pika, the soil water content decreased sharply and remained below 50% in Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ sampling plots. 3)There was no significant correlation between the pika burrow density gradient and the soil compaction of alpine meadows(P > 0.05); only gradient Ⅱ was significantly higher than gradient Ⅰ(P < 0.05), and the other gradients were not significantly different from each other.4)The effective burrow number had an extremely significant effect on the total area of patch bare ground(P < 0.001), which was the largest at gradient Ⅳ(accounting for 8.75%); 5)The mouse cave density gradient had a significant effect on the coverage of alpine meadow communities(P < 0.001), and the total coverage of plant community at gradients Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ(46.55%～41.15%) was significantly lower than gradientⅠ(98.7%); 6) The pika burrow density gradient affected the plant community structure of the alpine meadows. With an increase in the pika burrow density, the populations of Gentiana macrophylla, Elymus nutans, and Veronica eriogyne gradually increased and that of Chamaesium paradoxum, Viola kunawarensis, and Trollius farreri gradually declined, although the populations of the dominant species Kobresia pygmaea and Kobresia humilis did not change. 7) There was no significant difference of plant diversity index between different gradients(P > 0.05). In summary, properly managed pika populations can improve the habitat of the pika and promote the positive succession of the alpine meadow ecosystem. When the disturbance from pikas is too high, the resultant decline in habitat quality will cause the alpine meadow ecosystem to reverse succession.
引文
[1]张兴禄,李广.高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠在高寒草甸生态系统的作用.草业科学,2015,32(5):816-822.ZHANG X L,LI G.Effects of rodents activities on grazing land and ecosystem in alpine meadow.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(5):816-822.
[2]付娟娟,益西措姆,陈浩,苗彦军,呼天明,许岳飞.青藏高原高山嵩草草甸优势植物营养成分对放牧的响应.草业科学,2013,30(04):560-565.FU J J,Yixicuomu,CHEN H,MIAO Y J,HU T M,XU Y F.Responses of dominant plant nutrients to grazing intensity in Kobresia pygmaea meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(04):560-565.
[3]于格,鲁春霞,谢高地.青藏高原北缘地区高寒草甸土壤保持功能及其价值的实验研究.北京林业大学学报,2006,28(4):57-61.YU G,LU C X,XIE G D.Soil conservation capacity of alpine meadow ecosystem and its economic value in the northern QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(4):57-61.
[4]孙飞达,龙瑞军,郭正刚,刘伟,干友民,陈文业.鼠类活动对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤环境的影响.草业科学,2011,28(1):146-151.SUN F D,LONG R J,GUO Z G,LIU W,GAN Y M,CHEN W Y.Effects of rodents activities on plant community and soil environment in alpine meadow.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(1):146-151.
[5]才让吉,卫万荣,张卫国.草原鼠类与草食家畜食物生态位分异初探.草业科学,2015,32(5):802-808.Cairangji,WEI W R,ZHANG W G.The primary investigation of food niche differentiation between livestock and grassland rodents.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(5):802-808.
[6]李娜娜,李华,雷光春,周延.高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的生态功能.野生动物学报,2013,34(4):238-242.LI N N,LI H,LEI G C,ZHOU Y.Ecological function of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae).Chinese Wildlife,2013,34(4):238-242.
[7]LIU H.Population dynamics of plateau pika under lethal control and contraception control.Advances in Difference Equations,2012,2012(1):29.
[8]QU J P,LI W J,YANG M,ZHANG Y M.Life history of the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)in alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau.Mammalian Biology,2013,78(1):68-72.
[9]周立志,李迪强,王秀磊.三江源自然保护区鼠害类型、现状和防治策略.安徽大学学报(自科版),2002,26(2):87-96.ZHOU L Z,LI D Q,WANG X L.Sanjiangyuan Reserve's rodent pests,their damage to frigid meadows and the control strategies.Journal of Anhui University(Natural Sciences),2002,26(2):87-96.
[10]张雯娜,金少红,于成,庞晓攀,王娟,郭正刚.高原鼠兔洞口密度对高山嵩草草甸土壤主要养分含量的影响.草业科学,2018,35(7):1593-1601.ZHANG W N,JIN S H,YU C,PANG X P,WANG J,GUO Z G.Influence of the density of burrow entrances of plateau pika on the concentration of soil nutrients in a Kobresia pygmaea meadow.Pratacultural Science,2018,35(7):1593-1601.
[11]庞晓攀,王莹,贾婷婷,王倩,郭正刚.高原鼠兔不同干扰强度对高山嵩草草甸土壤有机碳和全氮含量及其贮量的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2015(3):517-521.PANG X P,WANG Y,JIA T T,WANG Q,GUO Z G.Effect of disturbance of plateau pika on soil organic carbon and nitrogen Effect of disturbance of plateau pika on soil organic carbon and nitrogen content and storage of Kobresia pygmaea meadow meadow.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2015(3):517-521.
[12]孙飞达,郭正刚,尚占环,龙瑞军.高原鼠兔洞穴密度对高寒草甸土壤理化性质的影响.土壤学报,2010,47(2):378-383.SUN F D,GUO Z G,SHANG Z H,LONG R J.Effect of density of burrowing plateau pika on soil.Acta Pedologica,2010,47(2):378-383.
[13]HOWE H F,SMALLWOOD J.Ecology of seed dispersal.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1982,13:201-228.
[14]ZHOU X R,LI X F,LIU X Y,GUO Z G.Response of alpine meadow communities to burrow density changes of plateaupika(Ochotona curzoniae)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):44-49.
[15]ZHOU X R,GUO Z G,HOU Y.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on soil physicochemical property of the bare land and vegetation land in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(2):104-110.
[16]HESKE E J,BROWN J H,GUO Q.Effects of kangaroo rat exclusion on vegetation structure and plant species diversity in the Chihuahuan Desert.Oecologia,1993,95(4):520-524.
[17]李文靖,张堰铭.高原鼠兔对高寒草甸土壤有机质及湿度的作用.兽类学报,2006,26(4):331-337.LI W J,ZHANG Y M.Impacts of plateau pikas on soil organic matter and moisture content in alpine meadow.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2006,26(4):331-337.
[18]WESCHE K,NADROWSKI K,RETZER V.Habitat engineering under dry conditions:The impact of pikas(Ochotona pallasi)on vegetation and site conditions in southern Mongolian steppes.Journal of Vegetation Science,2010,18(5):665-674.
[19]HAGENAH N,BENNETT N C,KITCHENER A.Mole rats act as ecosystem engineers within a biodiversity hotspot,the Cape Fynbos.Journal of Zoology,2013,289(1):19-26.
[20]刘伟,许庆民,王溪,赵建中,周立.高原鼠兔挖掘活动对土壤中氮素含量的影响.兽类学报,2010,30(1):35-44.LIU W,XU Q M,WANG X,ZHAO J Z,ZHOU L.Influence of burrowing activity of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae)on nitrogen in soils.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2010,30(1):35-44.
[21]李倩倩,赵旭,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对高寒草甸优势植物叶片和土壤氮磷化学计量特征的影响.生态学报,2014,34(5):1212-1223.LI Q Q,ZHAO X,GUO Z G.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of dominant plants and soil in alpine meadow.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(5):1212-1223.
[22]庞晓攀,贾婷婷,李倩倩,雒明伟,肖玉,赵旭,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对高山嵩草群落及其主要种群空间分布特征的影响.生态学报,2015,35(3):873-884.PANG X P,JIA T T,LI Q Q,LUO M W,XIAO Y,ZHAO X,GUO Z G.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on characteristics and distribution pattern of Kobresia pygmaea community.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):873-884.
[23]石红霄,于健龙.高原鼠兔洞口密度对高寒嵩草草甸植被及土壤水分的影响.中国草地学报,2010,32(4):109-112.SHI H X,YU J L.Influence of burrowing rodent density plots on the alpine Kobresia meadows structure and soil water content.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2010,32(4):109-112.
[24]张海娟.影响高原鼠兔栖息地选择的生态因子研究:以青海省东南部黄河二级支流小流域为例.西宁:青海大学硕士学位论文,2016.ZHANG H J.The research of ecological factors that affect habitat selection of Ochotona curzoniae:Taking the Secondary Tributary of the Yellow River Watershed Southeast of Qinghai Province as an example.Qinghai:Master Thesis.Xining:Qinghai University,2016
[25]孙飞达,龙瑞军,路承香.鼠类活动对高寒草甸初级生产力和土壤物理性状的影响.水土保持研究,2009,16(3):225-229.SUN F D,LONG R J,LU C X.Effects of rodents activities on primary productivity and soil physical characteristics in alpine meadow.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(3):225-229.
[26]李苗,马玉寿,李世雄,景美玲,王彦龙.控制高原鼠兔对不同退化高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响.青海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,34(3):41-47.LI M,MA Y S,LI S X,JING M L,WANG Y L.Effect of controlling the Ochotona curzoniae on plants community characteristics in different degraded alpine meadow.Journal of Qinghai University(Natural Science),2016,34(3):41-47.
[27]孙飞达.高原鼠兔洞穴密度对高寒草甸初级生产力及土壤特性的影响.兰州:甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2008.SUN F D.Effects of burrowing plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)densities on primary productivity and soil resource characteristics in alpine meadow.PhD Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2008.
[28]王振宇.阿尔金山自然保护区三种小型哺乳动物夏季微生境选择及空间生态位分离.乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学硕士学位论文,2015.WANG Z Y.Micro-habitat Selection and spatial niche separation of three small mammals in Altun Mountain Nature Reserve in summer.Master Thesis.Master Thesis.Urumchi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2015.
[29]张海娟,李希来.高原鼠兔对植被与环境因子变化的响应.湖北农业科学,2016,55(14):3638-3640.ZHANG H J,LI X L.The Response of Ochotona curzoniae to changes of vegetation and environment.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2016,55(14):3638-3640.
[30]尚占环,董全民,施建军,周华坤,董世魁,邵新庆,李世雄,王彦龙,马玉寿,丁路明,曹广民,龙瑞军.青藏高原“黑土滩”退化草地及其生态恢复近10年研究进展:兼论三江源生态恢复问题.草地学报,2018,26(1):1-21.SHANG Z H,DONG Q M,SHI J J,ZHOU H K,DONG S K,SHAO X Q,LI S X,WANG Y L,MA Y S,DING L M,CAO G M,LONG R J.Research progress in recent ten years of ecological restoration for‘Black Soil Land’degraded grassland on Tibetan Plateau:Concurrently discuss of ecological restoration in Sangjiangyuan Region.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2018,26(1):1-21.
[31]党泽加,斗拉本.浅谈黑土滩治理存在的问题及解决办法.农家科技旬刊,2016(11):301.DANG Z J,DOU L B.Problems and Solutions of Black Soil Land Treatment.Journal of Rural Science and Technology,2016(11):301.
[32]DAVIDSON A D,LIGHTFOOT D C.Burrowing rodents increase landscape heterogeneity in a desert grassland.Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(7):1133-1145.
[33]林慧龙,王钊齐,尚占环.江河源区“黑土滩”退化草地秃斑与鼠洞的分形特征.草地学报,2010,18(4):477-484.LING H L,WANG Z Q,SHANG Z H.Features on fractal dimension of barren patch and mouse hole among different degenerated succession stages on alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow River,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Acta Agrectir Sinica,2010,18(4):477-484.
[34]江小蕾.植被均匀度与高原鼠兔种群数量相关性研究.草业学报,1998,7(1):60-64.JIANG X L.Study on the correlation between vegetation evenness and population number of plateau pika.Acta Agrectir Sinica,1998,7(1):60-64.
[35]李裕冬.四川几种鼠免的分类、分布及生境差异研究.雅安:四川大学硕士学位论文,2007.LI Y D.Classification,distribution and habitat difference of several rat Immunities in Sichuan Province.Master Thesis.Yaan:Sichuan University,2015
[36]LAI C H,SMITH A T.Keystone status of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae):Effect of control on biodiversity of native birds.Biodiversity&Conservation,2003,12(9):1901-1912.
[37]SMITH A T,FOGGIN J M.The plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)is a keystone species for biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau.Animal Conservation,1999,2(4):235-240.
[38]刘伟,张毓,王溪,赵建中,许庆民,周庆.高原鼠兔刈割行为与栖息地植物群落的关系.兽类学报,2009,29(1):40-49.LIU W,ZHANG Y,WANG X,ZHAO J Z,XU Q M,ZHOU Q.The relationship of the harvesting behavior of plateau pikas with the plant community.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2009,29(1):40-49.
[39]贾婷婷,毛亮,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对青藏高原高寒草甸群落植物生态位的影响.生态学报,2014,34(4):869-877.JIA T T,MAO L,GUO Z G.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on plant niche of alpine meadow communities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(4):869-877.
[40]张军,葛庆征,张卫国,江小蕾.植被性状与高原鼢鼠栖息地适合度的关系.草业科学,2011,28(5):836-840.ZHANG J,GE Q Z,ZHANG W G,JIANG X L.Correlations between vegetation properties and fitness of plateau zoker habitat.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(5):836-840.
[41]贾婷婷.高原鼠兔干扰与青藏高原高寒草甸植被和土壤的关系.兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文,2016.JIA T T.Plateau pika disturbance correlated with alpine meadow plant and soil in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2016.
[42]余欣超,周华坤,姚步青,李以康,杨月娟,赵新全.三江源区高原鼠兔洞危害区植物群落特征研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2014(3):107-112.YU X C,ZHOU H K,YAO B Q,LI Y K,YANG Y J,ZHAO X Q.Plant community characteristics of plateau pika rathole hazard zone in headwaters region of Three Rivers.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2014(3):107-112.
[43]严红宇,张毓,赵建中,许庆民,李里,刘伟.高原鼠兔对高寒草甸植物群落生物量的影响.兽类学报,2013,33(4):333-343.YAN H Y,ZHANG Y,ZHAO J Z,XU Q M,LI L,LIU W.Effects of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on plant community biomass in alpine meadow.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2013,33(4):333-343.
[44]马玉寿.三江源区“黑土型”退化草地形成机理与恢复模式研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2006.MA Y S,Studies on formation mechanism of'Black Soil Type'degraded grassland and restoring pattern in the source region of Yangtze,Yellow and Lantsang Rivers.PhD Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2006.
[45]李生军.鼠类分布与“黑土滩”退化草地形成原因的研究.草业与畜牧,2008(11):33-36.LI S J.Study on relationship between rodent distribution and"Black Soil Type"grassland formation.Prataculture&Animal Husbandry,2008(11):33-36.
[2]付娟娟,益西措姆,陈浩,苗彦军,呼天明,许岳飞.青藏高原高山嵩草草甸优势植物营养成分对放牧的响应.草业科学,2013,30(04):560-565.FU J J,Yixicuomu,CHEN H,MIAO Y J,HU T M,XU Y F.Responses of dominant plant nutrients to grazing intensity in Kobresia pygmaea meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(04):560-565.
[3]于格,鲁春霞,谢高地.青藏高原北缘地区高寒草甸土壤保持功能及其价值的实验研究.北京林业大学学报,2006,28(4):57-61.YU G,LU C X,XIE G D.Soil conservation capacity of alpine meadow ecosystem and its economic value in the northern QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(4):57-61.
[4]孙飞达,龙瑞军,郭正刚,刘伟,干友民,陈文业.鼠类活动对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤环境的影响.草业科学,2011,28(1):146-151.SUN F D,LONG R J,GUO Z G,LIU W,GAN Y M,CHEN W Y.Effects of rodents activities on plant community and soil environment in alpine meadow.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(1):146-151.
[5]才让吉,卫万荣,张卫国.草原鼠类与草食家畜食物生态位分异初探.草业科学,2015,32(5):802-808.Cairangji,WEI W R,ZHANG W G.The primary investigation of food niche differentiation between livestock and grassland rodents.Pratacultural Science,2015,32(5):802-808.
[6]李娜娜,李华,雷光春,周延.高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的生态功能.野生动物学报,2013,34(4):238-242.LI N N,LI H,LEI G C,ZHOU Y.Ecological function of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae).Chinese Wildlife,2013,34(4):238-242.
[7]LIU H.Population dynamics of plateau pika under lethal control and contraception control.Advances in Difference Equations,2012,2012(1):29.
[8]QU J P,LI W J,YANG M,ZHANG Y M.Life history of the plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)in alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau.Mammalian Biology,2013,78(1):68-72.
[9]周立志,李迪强,王秀磊.三江源自然保护区鼠害类型、现状和防治策略.安徽大学学报(自科版),2002,26(2):87-96.ZHOU L Z,LI D Q,WANG X L.Sanjiangyuan Reserve's rodent pests,their damage to frigid meadows and the control strategies.Journal of Anhui University(Natural Sciences),2002,26(2):87-96.
[10]张雯娜,金少红,于成,庞晓攀,王娟,郭正刚.高原鼠兔洞口密度对高山嵩草草甸土壤主要养分含量的影响.草业科学,2018,35(7):1593-1601.ZHANG W N,JIN S H,YU C,PANG X P,WANG J,GUO Z G.Influence of the density of burrow entrances of plateau pika on the concentration of soil nutrients in a Kobresia pygmaea meadow.Pratacultural Science,2018,35(7):1593-1601.
[11]庞晓攀,王莹,贾婷婷,王倩,郭正刚.高原鼠兔不同干扰强度对高山嵩草草甸土壤有机碳和全氮含量及其贮量的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2015(3):517-521.PANG X P,WANG Y,JIA T T,WANG Q,GUO Z G.Effect of disturbance of plateau pika on soil organic carbon and nitrogen Effect of disturbance of plateau pika on soil organic carbon and nitrogen content and storage of Kobresia pygmaea meadow meadow.Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2015(3):517-521.
[12]孙飞达,郭正刚,尚占环,龙瑞军.高原鼠兔洞穴密度对高寒草甸土壤理化性质的影响.土壤学报,2010,47(2):378-383.SUN F D,GUO Z G,SHANG Z H,LONG R J.Effect of density of burrowing plateau pika on soil.Acta Pedologica,2010,47(2):378-383.
[13]HOWE H F,SMALLWOOD J.Ecology of seed dispersal.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1982,13:201-228.
[14]ZHOU X R,LI X F,LIU X Y,GUO Z G.Response of alpine meadow communities to burrow density changes of plateaupika(Ochotona curzoniae)in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):44-49.
[15]ZHOU X R,GUO Z G,HOU Y.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on soil physicochemical property of the bare land and vegetation land in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(2):104-110.
[16]HESKE E J,BROWN J H,GUO Q.Effects of kangaroo rat exclusion on vegetation structure and plant species diversity in the Chihuahuan Desert.Oecologia,1993,95(4):520-524.
[17]李文靖,张堰铭.高原鼠兔对高寒草甸土壤有机质及湿度的作用.兽类学报,2006,26(4):331-337.LI W J,ZHANG Y M.Impacts of plateau pikas on soil organic matter and moisture content in alpine meadow.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2006,26(4):331-337.
[18]WESCHE K,NADROWSKI K,RETZER V.Habitat engineering under dry conditions:The impact of pikas(Ochotona pallasi)on vegetation and site conditions in southern Mongolian steppes.Journal of Vegetation Science,2010,18(5):665-674.
[19]HAGENAH N,BENNETT N C,KITCHENER A.Mole rats act as ecosystem engineers within a biodiversity hotspot,the Cape Fynbos.Journal of Zoology,2013,289(1):19-26.
[20]刘伟,许庆民,王溪,赵建中,周立.高原鼠兔挖掘活动对土壤中氮素含量的影响.兽类学报,2010,30(1):35-44.LIU W,XU Q M,WANG X,ZHAO J Z,ZHOU L.Influence of burrowing activity of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae)on nitrogen in soils.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2010,30(1):35-44.
[21]李倩倩,赵旭,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对高寒草甸优势植物叶片和土壤氮磷化学计量特征的影响.生态学报,2014,34(5):1212-1223.LI Q Q,ZHAO X,GUO Z G.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of dominant plants and soil in alpine meadow.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(5):1212-1223.
[22]庞晓攀,贾婷婷,李倩倩,雒明伟,肖玉,赵旭,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对高山嵩草群落及其主要种群空间分布特征的影响.生态学报,2015,35(3):873-884.PANG X P,JIA T T,LI Q Q,LUO M W,XIAO Y,ZHAO X,GUO Z G.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on characteristics and distribution pattern of Kobresia pygmaea community.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(3):873-884.
[23]石红霄,于健龙.高原鼠兔洞口密度对高寒嵩草草甸植被及土壤水分的影响.中国草地学报,2010,32(4):109-112.SHI H X,YU J L.Influence of burrowing rodent density plots on the alpine Kobresia meadows structure and soil water content.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2010,32(4):109-112.
[24]张海娟.影响高原鼠兔栖息地选择的生态因子研究:以青海省东南部黄河二级支流小流域为例.西宁:青海大学硕士学位论文,2016.ZHANG H J.The research of ecological factors that affect habitat selection of Ochotona curzoniae:Taking the Secondary Tributary of the Yellow River Watershed Southeast of Qinghai Province as an example.Qinghai:Master Thesis.Xining:Qinghai University,2016
[25]孙飞达,龙瑞军,路承香.鼠类活动对高寒草甸初级生产力和土壤物理性状的影响.水土保持研究,2009,16(3):225-229.SUN F D,LONG R J,LU C X.Effects of rodents activities on primary productivity and soil physical characteristics in alpine meadow.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(3):225-229.
[26]李苗,马玉寿,李世雄,景美玲,王彦龙.控制高原鼠兔对不同退化高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响.青海大学学报(自然科学版),2016,34(3):41-47.LI M,MA Y S,LI S X,JING M L,WANG Y L.Effect of controlling the Ochotona curzoniae on plants community characteristics in different degraded alpine meadow.Journal of Qinghai University(Natural Science),2016,34(3):41-47.
[27]孙飞达.高原鼠兔洞穴密度对高寒草甸初级生产力及土壤特性的影响.兰州:甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2008.SUN F D.Effects of burrowing plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)densities on primary productivity and soil resource characteristics in alpine meadow.PhD Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2008.
[28]王振宇.阿尔金山自然保护区三种小型哺乳动物夏季微生境选择及空间生态位分离.乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学硕士学位论文,2015.WANG Z Y.Micro-habitat Selection and spatial niche separation of three small mammals in Altun Mountain Nature Reserve in summer.Master Thesis.Master Thesis.Urumchi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2015.
[29]张海娟,李希来.高原鼠兔对植被与环境因子变化的响应.湖北农业科学,2016,55(14):3638-3640.ZHANG H J,LI X L.The Response of Ochotona curzoniae to changes of vegetation and environment.Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2016,55(14):3638-3640.
[30]尚占环,董全民,施建军,周华坤,董世魁,邵新庆,李世雄,王彦龙,马玉寿,丁路明,曹广民,龙瑞军.青藏高原“黑土滩”退化草地及其生态恢复近10年研究进展:兼论三江源生态恢复问题.草地学报,2018,26(1):1-21.SHANG Z H,DONG Q M,SHI J J,ZHOU H K,DONG S K,SHAO X Q,LI S X,WANG Y L,MA Y S,DING L M,CAO G M,LONG R J.Research progress in recent ten years of ecological restoration for‘Black Soil Land’degraded grassland on Tibetan Plateau:Concurrently discuss of ecological restoration in Sangjiangyuan Region.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2018,26(1):1-21.
[31]党泽加,斗拉本.浅谈黑土滩治理存在的问题及解决办法.农家科技旬刊,2016(11):301.DANG Z J,DOU L B.Problems and Solutions of Black Soil Land Treatment.Journal of Rural Science and Technology,2016(11):301.
[32]DAVIDSON A D,LIGHTFOOT D C.Burrowing rodents increase landscape heterogeneity in a desert grassland.Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(7):1133-1145.
[33]林慧龙,王钊齐,尚占环.江河源区“黑土滩”退化草地秃斑与鼠洞的分形特征.草地学报,2010,18(4):477-484.LING H L,WANG Z Q,SHANG Z H.Features on fractal dimension of barren patch and mouse hole among different degenerated succession stages on alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow River,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.Acta Agrectir Sinica,2010,18(4):477-484.
[34]江小蕾.植被均匀度与高原鼠兔种群数量相关性研究.草业学报,1998,7(1):60-64.JIANG X L.Study on the correlation between vegetation evenness and population number of plateau pika.Acta Agrectir Sinica,1998,7(1):60-64.
[35]李裕冬.四川几种鼠免的分类、分布及生境差异研究.雅安:四川大学硕士学位论文,2007.LI Y D.Classification,distribution and habitat difference of several rat Immunities in Sichuan Province.Master Thesis.Yaan:Sichuan University,2015
[36]LAI C H,SMITH A T.Keystone status of plateau pikas(Ochotona curzoniae):Effect of control on biodiversity of native birds.Biodiversity&Conservation,2003,12(9):1901-1912.
[37]SMITH A T,FOGGIN J M.The plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)is a keystone species for biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau.Animal Conservation,1999,2(4):235-240.
[38]刘伟,张毓,王溪,赵建中,许庆民,周庆.高原鼠兔刈割行为与栖息地植物群落的关系.兽类学报,2009,29(1):40-49.LIU W,ZHANG Y,WANG X,ZHAO J Z,XU Q M,ZHOU Q.The relationship of the harvesting behavior of plateau pikas with the plant community.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2009,29(1):40-49.
[39]贾婷婷,毛亮,郭正刚.高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对青藏高原高寒草甸群落植物生态位的影响.生态学报,2014,34(4):869-877.JIA T T,MAO L,GUO Z G.Effect of available burrow densities of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on plant niche of alpine meadow communities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(4):869-877.
[40]张军,葛庆征,张卫国,江小蕾.植被性状与高原鼢鼠栖息地适合度的关系.草业科学,2011,28(5):836-840.ZHANG J,GE Q Z,ZHANG W G,JIANG X L.Correlations between vegetation properties and fitness of plateau zoker habitat.Pratacultural Science,2011,28(5):836-840.
[41]贾婷婷.高原鼠兔干扰与青藏高原高寒草甸植被和土壤的关系.兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文,2016.JIA T T.Plateau pika disturbance correlated with alpine meadow plant and soil in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2016.
[42]余欣超,周华坤,姚步青,李以康,杨月娟,赵新全.三江源区高原鼠兔洞危害区植物群落特征研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2014(3):107-112.YU X C,ZHOU H K,YAO B Q,LI Y K,YANG Y J,ZHAO X Q.Plant community characteristics of plateau pika rathole hazard zone in headwaters region of Three Rivers.Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2014(3):107-112.
[43]严红宇,张毓,赵建中,许庆民,李里,刘伟.高原鼠兔对高寒草甸植物群落生物量的影响.兽类学报,2013,33(4):333-343.YAN H Y,ZHANG Y,ZHAO J Z,XU Q M,LI L,LIU W.Effects of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)on plant community biomass in alpine meadow.Acta Theriologica Sinica,2013,33(4):333-343.
[44]马玉寿.三江源区“黑土型”退化草地形成机理与恢复模式研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学博士学位论文,2006.MA Y S,Studies on formation mechanism of'Black Soil Type'degraded grassland and restoring pattern in the source region of Yangtze,Yellow and Lantsang Rivers.PhD Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2006.
[45]李生军.鼠类分布与“黑土滩”退化草地形成原因的研究.草业与畜牧,2008(11):33-36.LI S J.Study on relationship between rodent distribution and"Black Soil Type"grassland formation.Prataculture&Animal Husbandry,2008(11):33-36.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |