抚仙湖有色可溶性有机物的来源组成与时空变化
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摘要
基于2017年1—12月在抚仙湖开展的逐月观测,利用紫外—可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱技术探讨该湖有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的来源组成及时空变化特征.12个月CDOM吸收值a(254)的均值为3.47±0.57 m-1,范围为1.82～5.22m-1,说明CDOM丰度较低.平行因子分析结果给出了2种类酪氨酸荧光组分(C1和C3)、1种类色氨酸荧光组分(C2)、1种类腐殖质荧光组分(C4),12个月内源组分(C1+C3)对总荧光强度的平均贡献为65.81%±15.38%,外源组分(C2+C4)的平均贡献为34.19%±15.38%;荧光指数FI的均值为1.73±0.14,腐殖化指数HIX的均值为1.02±0.37,生源化指数BIX的均值为1.23±0.27,说明CDOM主要为微生物内源产生.时空变化方面,春(3—5月)、夏(6—8月)、秋(9—11月)和冬(1、2、12月)季的a(254)分别为3.20±0.47、3.76±0.64、3.67±0.50和3.23±0.38 m-1,夏季和秋季均显著高于冬季和春季; CDOM丰度及内外源组分的空间分布具有季节异质性,可能与流域土地利用、河流输入、降雨、温度、光辐射等因素有关.
Lakes are important in terrestrial carbon cycling. Source and optical composition of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in oligotrophic and deep lakes can display distinct properties,because of deep light penetration and long water residence time in these lakes. In this study,the optical properties and spatiotemporal distributions of CDOM were analyzed through monthly field investigation in 2017 in Lake Fuxian,an oligotrophic deep lake in Yunnan Province,China. The results showed that the average value of a(254) was 3.47±0.57 m-1,with the range of 1.82-5.22 m-1,indicating that CDOM abundance in the lake was relatively low compared with other mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Moreover,parallel factor analysis was performed to assess CDOM composition from excitation-emission matrix spectra and four components were identified: two tyrosine-like components(C1 and C3),one tryptophan-like component(C2) and one humic-like component(C4). The percentage of fluorescent intensity of C1+C3 was 65.81% ±15.38%,and the proportion of C2+C4 was 34.19% ±15.38%. The fluorescence index(FI),humification index(HIX) and biological/autochthonous index(BIX) was 1.73 ± 0.14,1.02 ± 0.37 and 1.23 ± 0.27,respectively. These results demonstrated that the CDOM was primarily originated from endogenous microbes in this lake. The average values of a(254) in spring(March-May),summer(June-August),autumn(September-November) and winter(January,February and December)were 3.20±0.47,3.76±0.64,3.67±0.50 and 3.23±0.38 m-1 respectively,with significantly higher values in summer and autumn than those in winter and spring. The abundance and spatial distributions of autochthonous and allochthonous CDOM exhibited seasonal heterogeneity,which might be correlated with land-use pattern,input of terrestrial materials,rainfall,water temperature and irradiance.
Lakes are important in terrestrial carbon cycling. Source and optical composition of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) in oligotrophic and deep lakes can display distinct properties,because of deep light penetration and long water residence time in these lakes. In this study,the optical properties and spatiotemporal distributions of CDOM were analyzed through monthly field investigation in 2017 in Lake Fuxian,an oligotrophic deep lake in Yunnan Province,China. The results showed that the average value of a(254) was 3.47±0.57 m-1,with the range of 1.82-5.22 m-1,indicating that CDOM abundance in the lake was relatively low compared with other mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes. Moreover,parallel factor analysis was performed to assess CDOM composition from excitation-emission matrix spectra and four components were identified: two tyrosine-like components(C1 and C3),one tryptophan-like component(C2) and one humic-like component(C4). The percentage of fluorescent intensity of C1+C3 was 65.81% ±15.38%,and the proportion of C2+C4 was 34.19% ±15.38%. The fluorescence index(FI),humification index(HIX) and biological/autochthonous index(BIX) was 1.73 ± 0.14,1.02 ± 0.37 and 1.23 ± 0.27,respectively. These results demonstrated that the CDOM was primarily originated from endogenous microbes in this lake. The average values of a(254) in spring(March-May),summer(June-August),autumn(September-November) and winter(January,February and December)were 3.20±0.47,3.76±0.64,3.67±0.50 and 3.23±0.38 m-1 respectively,with significantly higher values in summer and autumn than those in winter and spring. The abundance and spatial distributions of autochthonous and allochthonous CDOM exhibited seasonal heterogeneity,which might be correlated with land-use pattern,input of terrestrial materials,rainfall,water temperature and irradiance.
引文
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[2] Yao X,Zhang Y,Zhu G et al. Resolving the variability of CDOM fluorescence to differentiate the sources and fate of DOM in Lake Taihu and its tributaries. Chemosphere,2011,82(2):145-155. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.049.
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[5] Cole JJ,Prairie YT,Caraco NF et al. Plumbing the global carbon cycle:Integrating inland waters into the terrestrial carbon budget. Ecosystems,2007,10(1):171-184. DOI:10.1007/s.
[6] Tranvik LJ,Downing JA,Cotner JB et al. Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate. Limnology and Oceanography,2009,54(6):2298-2314. DOI:10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298.
[7] Helms JR,Stubbins A,Ritchie JD et al. Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight,source,and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Limnology and Oceanography,2008,53(3):955-969. DOI:10.4319/lo.2008.53.3.0955.
[8] Zhang Y,Gao G,Shi K et al. Absorption and fluorescence characteristics of rainwater CDOM and contribution to Lake Taihu,China. Atmospheric Environment,2014,98:483-491. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.038.
[9] Zhou Y,Zhang Y,Shi K et al. Dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter influenced by hydrological conditions in a large,shallow,and eutrophic lake in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(17):12992-13003. DOI:10.1007/s11356-015-4556-x.
[10] Lu YH,Bauer JE,Canuel EA et al. Effects of land use on sources and ages of inorganic and organic carbon in temperate headwater streams. Biogeochemistry,2014,119(1/2/3):275-292. DOI:10.1007/s10533-014-9965-2.
[11] Prairie YT. Carbocentric limnology:Looking back,looking forward. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2008,65(3):543-548. DOI:10.1139/f08-011.
[12] Lapierre JF,Guillemette F,Berggren M et al. Increases in terrestrially derived carbon stimulate organic carbon processing and CO2emissions in boreal aquatic ecosystems. Nature Communications,2013,4:7. DOI:10.1038/ncomms3972.
[13] Seekell D,Lapierre JF,Ask J. The influence of dissolved organic carbon on primary production in northern lakes. Limnology and Oceanography,2015,60(4):1276-1285. DOI:10.1002/lno.10096.
[14] Thrane JE,Hessen DO,Andersen T. The absorption of li ght in lakes:Negative impact of dissolved organic carbon on primary productivity. Ecosystems,2014,17(6):1040-1052. DOI:10.1007/s10021-014-9776-2.
[15] Zhou Y,Jeppesen E,Zhang Y et al. Dissolved organic matter fluorescence at wavelength 275/342 nm as a key indicator for detection of point-source contamination in a large Chinese drinking water lake. Chemosphere,2016,144:503-509.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.027.
[16] Yamashita Y,Jaffe R,Maie N et al. Assessing the dynamics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in coastal environments by excitation emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC). Limnology and Oceanography,2008,53(5):1900-1908. DOI:10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1900.
[17] Zhao Y,Song K,Wen Z et al. Seasonal characterization of CDOM for lakes in semiarid regions of Northeast China using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC). Biogeosciences,2016,13(5):1635-1645. DOI:10.5194/bg-13-1635-2016.
[18] Margolin AR,Gonnelli M,Hansell DA et al. Black Sea dissolved organic matter dynamics:Insights from optical analyses.Limnology and Oceanography,2018,63(3):1425-1443. DOI:10.1002/lno.10791.
[19] Zhou Y,Yao X,Zhang Y et al. Response of dissolved organic matter optical properties to net inflow runoff in a large fluvial plain lake and the connecting channels. Science of the Total Environment,2018,639:876-887. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.180.
[20] Song K,Shang Y,Wen Z et al. Characterization of CDOM in saline and freshwater lakes across China using spectroscopic analysis. Water Research,2019,150:403-417. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.004.
[21] Cheng QL,Zheng BH,Wang SR et al. Optical signatures of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in water body of Tien Lake. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(3):698-703．[程庆霖，郑丙辉，王圣瑞等．滇池水体有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)三维荧光光谱特征．光谱学与光谱分析，2014,34(3):698-703.]
[22] Su Y,Chen F,Liu Z. Comparison of optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in alpine lakes above or below the tree line:Insights into sources of CDOM. Photochemical&Photobiological Sciences,2015,14(5):1047-1062. DOI:10.1039/c4pp00478g.
[23] Zhang Y,Yin Y,Liu X et al. Spatial-seasonal dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Taihu,a large eutrophic,shallow lake in China. Organic Geochemistry,2011,42(5):510-519. DOI:10. 1016/j. orggeochem. 2011.03.007.
[24] Zhou Q,Zhang Y,Li K et al. Seasonal and spatial distributions of euphotic zone and long-term variations in water transparency in a clear oligotrophic Lake Fuxian,China. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,72:185-197. DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.005.
[25] Zhou QC,Zhang YL,Zhou YQ et al. Spectral attenuation of ultraviolet and visible radiation and its relationship with chromophoric dissolved organic matter in autumn/winter in Lake Fuxian,China. J Lake Sci,2016,28(6):1316-1327. DOI:10.18307/2016.0617．[周起超，张运林，周永强等．抚仙湖秋、冬季光衰减特征及其与有色可溶性有机物的关系．湖泊科学，2016,28(6):1316-1327.]
[26] Gao W,Chen Y,Xu M et al. Trend and driving factors of water quality change in Lake Fuxian(1980-2011). J Lake Sci,2013,25(5):635-642. DOI:10.18307/2013.0503．[高伟，陈岩，徐敏等．抚仙湖水质变化(1980-2011年)趋势与驱动力分析．湖泊科学，2013,25(5):635-642.]
[27] Chen JX,Lv Y,Zhao ZF et al. Using the multidimensional synthesis methods with non-parameter test,multiple time scales analysis to assess water quality trend and its characteristics over the past 25 years in the Fuxian Lake,China. Science of the Total Environment,2019,655:242-254. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.144.
[28] Zhou Q,Wang W,Huang L et al. Spatial and temporal variability in water transparency in Yunnan Plateau lakes,China.Aquatic Sciences,2019,81(2):36. DOI:10.1007/s00027-019-0632-5.
[29] Wang S,Wang J,Li M et al. Six decades of changes in vascular hydrophyte and fish species in three plateau lakes in Yunnan,China. Biodiversity and Conservation,2013,22(13):3197-3221. DOI:10.1007/s10531-013-0579-0.
[30] Henderson RK,Baker A,Murphy KR et al. Fluorescence as a potential monitoring tool for recycled water systems:A review. Water Research,2009,43(4):863-81. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.027.
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