High resolution facies architecture and digital outcrop modeling of the Sandakan formation sandstone reservoir, Borneo:Implications for reservoir characterization and flow simulation
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摘要
Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolithic sandstone(wavy-to flaser-bedded and bioturbated sandstone), lateral variations in permeability show spatially non-correlated patterns over centimeters to tens of meters with mostly of low quality sandstone(porosity 3.4%-12.31% and permeability < 1 mD to 3.21 mD). These variations reflect the lateral juxtaposition in flow dynamics. It has also been resulted that the vertical connectivity and heterogeneities in terms of flow are mostly pragmatic due to the interconnected sandstone rather than the quality of sandstone.
Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolithic sandstone(wavy-to flaser-bedded and bioturbated sandstone), lateral variations in permeability show spatially non-correlated patterns over centimeters to tens of meters with mostly of low quality sandstone(porosity 3.4%-12.31% and permeability < 1 mD to 3.21 mD). These variations reflect the lateral juxtaposition in flow dynamics. It has also been resulted that the vertical connectivity and heterogeneities in terms of flow are mostly pragmatic due to the interconnected sandstone rather than the quality of sandstone.
Advances in photogrammetry have eased the acquisition of high-resolution digital information from outcrops, enabling faster, non-destructive data capturing and improved reservoir modeling. Geocellular models for flow dynamics with in the virtual outcrop in siliciclastic deposits at different sets of sandstone facies architecture remain, however, a challenge. Digital maps of bedding, lithological contrast, spatial-temporal variations of bedding and permeability characteristics make it more easy to understand flow tortuosity in a particular architecture. An ability to precisely model these properties can improve reservoir characterization and flow modeling at different scales. Here we demonstrate the construction of realistic 2 D sandstone facies based models for a pragmatic simulation of flow dynamics using a combination of digital point clouds dataset acquired from LiDAR and field investigation of the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, Borneo.Additionally, we present methods for enhancing the accuracy of outcrop digital datasets for producing high resolution flow simulation. A well-exposed outcrop from the Sandakan Formation, Sabah, northwest Borneo having a lateral extent of 750 m was chosen in order to implement our research approach. Sandstone facies and its connectivity are well constrained by outcrop observations, data from air-permeability measurements, bilinear interpolation of permeability, grid construction and water vector analysis for flow dynamics.These proportions were then enumerated in terms of static digital outcrop model(DOM) and facies model based on sandstone facies bedding characteristics. Flow simulation of water vector analysis through each of the four sandstone facies types show persistent spatial correlation of permeability that align with either cross-bedded orientation or straight with more dispersion high quality sandstone(porosity 21.25%-41.2%and permeability 1265.20-5986.25 mD) and moderate quality sandstone(porosity 10.44%-28.75% and permeability 21.44-1023.33 mD). Whereas, in more heterolithic sandstone(wavy-to flaser-bedded and bioturbated sandstone), lateral variations in permeability show spatially non-correlated patterns over centimeters to tens of meters with mostly of low quality sandstone(porosity 3.4%-12.31% and permeability < 1 mD to 3.21 mD). These variations reflect the lateral juxtaposition in flow dynamics. It has also been resulted that the vertical connectivity and heterogeneities in terms of flow are mostly pragmatic due to the interconnected sandstone rather than the quality of sandstone.
引文
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Falivene, 0., Arbus, P., Gardiner, A., Pickup, G., Muoz, J.A., Cabrera, L, 2006. Best practice stochastic facies modeling from a channel-fill turbidite sandstone analog(the Quarry outcrop, Eocene Ainsa basin, northeast Spain). AAPG Bulletin 90,1003-1029.
Franke, D., Savva, D., Pubellier, M., Steuer, S., Mouly, B., Auxietre, J.-L, Meresse, F.,Chamot-Rooke, N., 2014. The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology 58, 704-720.
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Graham, G.H.. Jackson, M.D., Hampson, C.J., 2015. Three-dimensional modeling of clinoforms in shallow-marine reservoirs:Part 2. Impact on fluid flow and hydrocarbon recovery in fluvial-dominated deltaic reservoirs. AAPG Bulletin99(6). 1049-1080.
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Bellian,J.A., Kerans, C., Jennette, D.C., 2005. Digital outcrop models:applications of terrestrial scanning lidar technology in stratigraphic modeling. Journal of Sedimentary Research 75,166-176.
Brandster, I., Mcllroy, D., Lia, O., Ringrose, P., Nss, A., 2005. Reservoir modelling and simulation of Lajas Formation outcrops(Argentina)to constrain tidal reservoirs of the Halten Terrace(Norway). Petroleum Geoscience 11, 37-46.
Buckley, S.J., Howell, J.. Enge, H., Kurz, T., 2008. Terrestrial laser scanning in geology:data acquisition, processing and accuracy considerations. Journal of the Geological Society 165, 625-638.
Buckley, S.J., Kurz, T.H., Howell, J.A., Schneider, D., 2013. Terrestrial lidar and hyperspectral data fusion products for geological outcrop analysis. Computers&Geosciences 54, 249-258.
Caers, J., Zhang, T., 2004. Multiple-point Geostatistics:a Quantitative Vehicle for Integrating Geologic Analogs into Multiple Reservoir Models, pp. 383-394.
Caers, J.K., Srinivasan, S., Journel, A.G., 2000. Geostatistical quantification of geological information for a fluvial-type North Sea reservoir. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering 3, 457-467.
Chung, K.W., Sum, C.W., Rahman, A.H., 2015. Stratigraphic succession and depositional framework of the Sandakan formation, Sabah. Sains Malaysiana 44(7),931-940.
Clemetsen, R., Hurst, A., Knarud, R., Omre, H., 1990. A computer program for evaluation of fluvial reservoirs. In:North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs-11. Springer,pp. 373-385.
Comexco, Inc, 1993. Hydrocarbon potential of the Sibutu block(GSEC-70). The philodrill coporation, report No. Bdi. Philodrill 5,1-93.
Daidu, F., Yuan, W., Min, L, 2013. Classifications, sedimentary features and facies associations of tidal flats. Journal of Palaeogeography 2, 66-80.
Egeland, T., Georgsen, F., Knarud, R., Omre, H., 1993. Multifacies modelling of fluvial reservoirs. In:Presented at 68th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers Held in Houston, Texas. https://doi.org/10.2118/26502-MS.
Enge, H.D., Buckley, S.J., Rotevatn, A., Howell, J.A., 2007. From outcrop to reservoir simulation model:workflow and procedures. Geosphere 3, 469-490.
Fabuel-Perez, I., Hodgetts, D., Redfern, J., 2009a. A new approach for outcrop characterization and geostatistical analysis of a low-sinuosity fluvial-dominated succession using digital outcrop models:upper Triassic Oukaimeden Sandstone Formation, central High Atlas, Morocco. AAPG Bulletin 93, 795-827.
Fabuel-Perez, I., Redfern, J, Hodgetts, D., 2009b. Sedimentology of an intra-montane riftcontrolled fluvial dominated succession:the upper Triassic Oukaimeden sandstone formation, central high Atlas, Morocco. Sedimentary Geology 218,103-140.
Fabuel-Perez, I., Hodgetts, D., Redfern, J., 2010. Integration of digital outcrop models(DOMs)and high resolution sedimentology-workflow and implications for geological modelling:Oukaimeden Sandstone Formation, High Atlas(Morocco).Petroleum Geoscience 16,133-154.
Falivene, 0., Arbus, P., Gardiner, A., Pickup, G., Muoz, J.A., Cabrera, L, 2006. Best practice stochastic facies modeling from a channel-fill turbidite sandstone analog(the Quarry outcrop, Eocene Ainsa basin, northeast Spain). AAPG Bulletin 90,1003-1029.
Franke, D., Savva, D., Pubellier, M., Steuer, S., Mouly, B., Auxietre, J.-L, Meresse, F.,Chamot-Rooke, N., 2014. The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology 58, 704-720.
Futalan, K., Mitchell. A.. Amos, K., Backe, G., 2012. Seismic facies analysis and structural interpretation of the Sandakan Sub-Basin, Sulu Sea, Philippines.AAPG Search and Discovery Article 30254.
Graham, G.H.. Jackson, M.D., Hampson, C.J., 2015. Three-dimensional modeling of clinoforms in shallow-marine reservoirs:Part 2. Impact on fluid flow and hydrocarbon recovery in fluvial-dominated deltaic reservoirs. AAPG Bulletin99(6). 1049-1080.
Graves, J.E., Swauger, D.A., 1997. Petroleum Systems of the Sandakan Basin,Philippines, pp. 799-813.
Hall, R., 1996. Reconstructing cenozoic SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 106.153-184.
Hall, R., 2002. Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific:computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 353-431.
Hall, R., 2013. Contraction and extension in northern Borneo driven by subduction rollback. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 76, 399-411.
Hall. R., Morley, C.K., 2004. Sundaland basins. In:Continent-Ocean Interactions Within East Asian Marginal Seas. AGU, Washington DC, pp. 55-85.
Hamilton, W.B., 1979. Tectonics of the Indonesian Region. US Govt. Print. Off,pp. 34-88.
Hamilton, D., 1991. Reservoir heterogeneity at seventy-six west field Texas:an opportunity for increased Oil recovery from barrier/Strandplain reservoirs of the Jackson-Yegua trend by geologically targeted infill drilling. In:Paper Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. https://doi.org/10.2118/22672-MS.
Higgs, K.E., Arnot, M.J., Browne, G.H., Kennedy, E.M., 2010. Reservoir potential of Late Cretaceous terrestrial to shallow marine sandstones, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Marine and Petroleum Geology 27,1849-1871.
Hodgetts, D., 2013. Laser scanning and digital outcrop geology in the petroleum industry:a review. Marine and Petroleum Geology 46, 335-354.
Howell, J.A., Martinius, A.W., Good, T.R., 2015. The application of outcrop analogues in geological modelling:a review, present status and future outlook. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 387.1-25.
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