战略性关键金属矿产资源:现状与问题
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摘要
以稀有、稀散和稀土元素为主体的战略性关键金属矿产资源,在新材料、新能源和信息技术等新兴产业具有不可替代的重大用途。近年来,美欧等发达经济体先后制定了各自的关键矿产资源发展战略。未来几十年,世界主要国家将会为这些资源的持续安全供给进行不懈努力。本文扼要总结了战略性关键金属矿产资源的基本特征为"稀"、"伴"和"细";提出关键金属矿床的五种主要类型,即花岗岩-伟晶岩型、碱性岩-碳酸岩型、镁铁质-超镁铁质岩型、热液贱金属硫化物型和风化-沉积型;建议应重点关注的关键科学问题为关键金属元素多圈层循环与超常富集机理以及关键金属元素赋存状态与高效清洁利用。
The strategic critical mineral resources,which are mainly rare metals,rare disperse elements and rare earth elements,have irreplaceable and significant uses in emerging industries such as new materials,new energy and information technology.In recent years,developed economies such as the United States and Europe have successively formulated their own critical mineral resources development strategies.In the coming decades,the worlds major countries will make unremitting efforts for the continued and safe supply of these critical resources.This paper summarizes the basic characteristics of strategic critical mineral resources as "thin","companion"and "fine".Five major ore deposit types are proposed,including the granite-pegmatite type,alkaline rock-carbonate type,mafic-ultramafic rock type,hydrothermal base metal sulfide type and weathering-sedimentary type.The key scientific issues that should be focused on include the multiple earth sphere cycling and super-enrichment mechanism of the critical metal elements,as well as the occurrence and clean utilization of the critical metal elements.
The strategic critical mineral resources,which are mainly rare metals,rare disperse elements and rare earth elements,have irreplaceable and significant uses in emerging industries such as new materials,new energy and information technology.In recent years,developed economies such as the United States and Europe have successively formulated their own critical mineral resources development strategies.In the coming decades,the worlds major countries will make unremitting efforts for the continued and safe supply of these critical resources.This paper summarizes the basic characteristics of strategic critical mineral resources as "thin","companion"and "fine".Five major ore deposit types are proposed,including the granite-pegmatite type,alkaline rock-carbonate type,mafic-ultramafic rock type,hydrothermal base metal sulfide type and weathering-sedimentary type.The key scientific issues that should be focused on include the multiple earth sphere cycling and super-enrichment mechanism of the critical metal elements,as well as the occurrence and clean utilization of the critical metal elements.
引文
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[14]Naldrett AJ.Secular variation of magmatic sulfide deposits and their source magmas.Economic Geology,2010,105:669—688.
[15]Song XY,Yi JN,Chen LM,She YW,Liu CZ,Dang XY,Yang QA, Wu SK.The giant Xiarihamu Ni-Co sulfide deposit in the east Kunlun orogenic belt,northern Tibet Plateau,China.Economic Geology,2016,111:29—55.
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[17]Benson TR,Coble MA,Rytuba JJ,Mahood GA,Lithium enrichment in intracontinental rhyolite magmas leads to Li deposits in caldera basins.Nature Communications,2017,8:270,DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-00234-y.
[18]Xu C,Kynicky J,Smith MP,et al.Origin of heavy rare earthmineralizationinSouthChina. Nature Communications, 2017, 8:4598, DOI:10.1038/ncomms14598.
[19]Kato Y,Fujinaga K,Nakamura K,Takaya Y,Kitamura K,Ohta J,Toda R,Nakashima T,Iwamori H.Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements.Nature Geoscience,2011,4(8):535—539.
[20]韦振权,何高文,邓希光,姚会强,刘永刚,杨永,任江波.大洋富钴结壳资源调查与研究进展.中国地质,2017,44(3):460—472.
[21] Hou ZQ,Liu Y,Tian SH,Yang ZM,Xie YL.Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare earth element deposits by the recycling of marine sediments.Scientific Reports,2015,5:10231.
[22]Schwarz-Schampera U, HerzigPM. Indium:Geology,Mineralogy,and Economics.Berlin:Springer,2002.1—257.
[23]Dill HG,Garrido MM,Melcher F,Gomez MC,Weber B,Luna LI.Sulfidic and non-sulfidic indium mineralization of the epithermal Au—Cu—Zn—Pb—Ag deposit in San Roque(Provincia Rio Negro,Se Argentina)—with special reference to the “indium window”in zinc sulfide. Ore Geology Reviews,2013,51:103—128.
[2] European Union,Report on critical raw materials and the circular economy.2018.
[3] U.S.Department of the Interior and U.S.Geological Survey.Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply.USGS Professional Paper 1802.,2017.
[4]涂光炽,高振敏,胡瑞忠,等.分散元素地球化学及成矿机制,北京:地质出版社.2004.
[5] London D.Rare-element Granitic Pegmatites.In:Verplanck PL,Hitzman MW,Eds.Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Major Deposit Types, Reviews in Economic Geology.Society of Economic Geologists,2016,18:165—193.
[6] Zhou MF,Gao JF,Zhao Z,Zhao WW.Introduction to the special issue of Mesozoic W-Sn deposits in South China.Ore Geology Reviews,2018,101:432—436.
[7]吴福元,刘小驰,纪伟强,王佳敏,杨雷.高分异花岗岩的识别与研究.中国科学:地球科学,2017,47(7):745—765.
[8] Hu RZ,Zhou MF.Multiple Mesozoic mineralization events in South China—an introduction to the thematic issue.Mineralium Deposita,2012,47(6):579—588.
[9] Mao JW,Cheng YB,Chen MH,Pirajno F.Major types and time-space distribution of Mesozoic ore deposits in South China and their geodynamic settings.Mineralium Deposita,2013.48:267—294.
[10]Guo NX,Zhao Z,Gao JF,Chen W,Wang DH,Chen YC.Magmatic evolution and W-Sn-U-Nb-Ta mineralization of the Mesozoic Jiulongnao granitic complex, Nanling Range,South China.Ore Geology Reviews,2018,94:414—434.
[11] Wang RC,Che XD,Zhang WL,Zhang AC,Zhang H.Geochemical evolution and late re-equilibration of Na-Cs-rich beryl from the Koktokay#3pegmatite(Altai,NW China).European Journal of Mineralogy,2009,21:795—809.
[12]Song WL,Xu C,Smith MP,Chakhmouradian AR,Brenna M,Kynicky J,Chen W,Yang YH,Deng M,Tang HY.Genesis of the worlds largest rare earth element deposit,Bayan Obo,China:Protracted mineralization evolution over similar to 1b.y.Geology,2018,46:323—326.
[13]Kynicky J,Smith MP,Xu C.Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits:The Key Example of China.Elements,2012,8:361—367.
[14]Naldrett AJ.Secular variation of magmatic sulfide deposits and their source magmas.Economic Geology,2010,105:669—688.
[15]Song XY,Yi JN,Chen LM,She YW,Liu CZ,Dang XY,Yang QA, Wu SK.The giant Xiarihamu Ni-Co sulfide deposit in the east Kunlun orogenic belt,northern Tibet Plateau,China.Economic Geology,2016,111:29—55.
[16]陈艳虹,杨经绥.豆荚状铬铁矿床研究回顾与展望.地球科学,2018,43(4):991—1010.
[17]Benson TR,Coble MA,Rytuba JJ,Mahood GA,Lithium enrichment in intracontinental rhyolite magmas leads to Li deposits in caldera basins.Nature Communications,2017,8:270,DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-00234-y.
[18]Xu C,Kynicky J,Smith MP,et al.Origin of heavy rare earthmineralizationinSouthChina. Nature Communications, 2017, 8:4598, DOI:10.1038/ncomms14598.
[19]Kato Y,Fujinaga K,Nakamura K,Takaya Y,Kitamura K,Ohta J,Toda R,Nakashima T,Iwamori H.Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements.Nature Geoscience,2011,4(8):535—539.
[20]韦振权,何高文,邓希光,姚会强,刘永刚,杨永,任江波.大洋富钴结壳资源调查与研究进展.中国地质,2017,44(3):460—472.
[21] Hou ZQ,Liu Y,Tian SH,Yang ZM,Xie YL.Formation of carbonatite-related giant rare earth element deposits by the recycling of marine sediments.Scientific Reports,2015,5:10231.
[22]Schwarz-Schampera U, HerzigPM. Indium:Geology,Mineralogy,and Economics.Berlin:Springer,2002.1—257.
[23]Dill HG,Garrido MM,Melcher F,Gomez MC,Weber B,Luna LI.Sulfidic and non-sulfidic indium mineralization of the epithermal Au—Cu—Zn—Pb—Ag deposit in San Roque(Provincia Rio Negro,Se Argentina)—with special reference to the “indium window”in zinc sulfide. Ore Geology Reviews,2013,51:103—128.
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