Mechanical properties and associated seismic isolation effects of foamed concrete layer in rock tunnel
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摘要
Foamed concrete has a good energy absorption capability and can be used as seismic isolation material for tunnels. This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties and associated seismic isolation effects of foamed concrete layer in rock tunnel. For this, a series of uniaxial/triaxial compression tests was conducted to understand the effects of concrete density, confining stress and strain rate on the mechanical properties of foamed concrete. The direct shear tests were also performed to investigate the effects of concrete density and normal stress on the nonlinear behaviors of foamed concrete layer-lining interface. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of foamed concrete are significantly influenced by the concrete density. The foamed concrete also has high volumetric compressibility and strain-rate dependence. The peak stress. residual stress. shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer-lining interface are influenced by the foamed concrete density and normal stress applied. Then, a crushable foam constitutive model was constructed using ABAQUS software and a composite exponential model was also established to study the relationship between shear stress and shear displacement of the interface, in which their parameters were fitted based on the experimental results. Finally, a parametric analysis using the finite element method(FEM) was conducted to understand the influence of foamed concrete layer properties on the seismic isolation effect, including the density and thickness of the layer as well as the shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the interface. It was revealed that lower density and greater thickness in addition to smaller shear stiffness or residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer could yield better seismic isolation effect, and the influences of the first two tend to be more significant.
Foamed concrete has a good energy absorption capability and can be used as seismic isolation material for tunnels. This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties and associated seismic isolation effects of foamed concrete layer in rock tunnel. For this, a series of uniaxial/triaxial compression tests was conducted to understand the effects of concrete density, confining stress and strain rate on the mechanical properties of foamed concrete. The direct shear tests were also performed to investigate the effects of concrete density and normal stress on the nonlinear behaviors of foamed concrete layer-lining interface. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of foamed concrete are significantly influenced by the concrete density. The foamed concrete also has high volumetric compressibility and strain-rate dependence. The peak stress. residual stress. shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer-lining interface are influenced by the foamed concrete density and normal stress applied. Then, a crushable foam constitutive model was constructed using ABAQUS software and a composite exponential model was also established to study the relationship between shear stress and shear displacement of the interface, in which their parameters were fitted based on the experimental results. Finally, a parametric analysis using the finite element method(FEM) was conducted to understand the influence of foamed concrete layer properties on the seismic isolation effect, including the density and thickness of the layer as well as the shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the interface. It was revealed that lower density and greater thickness in addition to smaller shear stiffness or residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer could yield better seismic isolation effect, and the influences of the first two tend to be more significant.
Foamed concrete has a good energy absorption capability and can be used as seismic isolation material for tunnels. This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties and associated seismic isolation effects of foamed concrete layer in rock tunnel. For this, a series of uniaxial/triaxial compression tests was conducted to understand the effects of concrete density, confining stress and strain rate on the mechanical properties of foamed concrete. The direct shear tests were also performed to investigate the effects of concrete density and normal stress on the nonlinear behaviors of foamed concrete layer-lining interface. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of foamed concrete are significantly influenced by the concrete density. The foamed concrete also has high volumetric compressibility and strain-rate dependence. The peak stress. residual stress. shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer-lining interface are influenced by the foamed concrete density and normal stress applied. Then, a crushable foam constitutive model was constructed using ABAQUS software and a composite exponential model was also established to study the relationship between shear stress and shear displacement of the interface, in which their parameters were fitted based on the experimental results. Finally, a parametric analysis using the finite element method(FEM) was conducted to understand the influence of foamed concrete layer properties on the seismic isolation effect, including the density and thickness of the layer as well as the shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the interface. It was revealed that lower density and greater thickness in addition to smaller shear stiffness or residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer could yield better seismic isolation effect, and the influences of the first two tend to be more significant.
引文
Amran YHM, Farzadnia N, Ali AAA. Properties and applications of foamed concrete;A review. Construction and Building Materials 2015;101(1):990-1005.
ASTM C39/C39M-01. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International; 2001.
Bahaaddini M, Sharrock G, Hebblewhite BK. Numerical direct shear tests to model the shear behaviour of rock joints. Computers and Geotechnics 2013;51:101-15.
Bao XH, Xia ZF, Ye GL, Fu YB, Su D. Numerical analysis on the seismic behavior of a large metro subway tunnel in liquefiable ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2017;66:91-106.
Barton N, Bandis S. Review of predictive capabilities of JRC-JCS model in engineering practice. Publikasjon Norges Geotekniske Institutt 1991;182:1-8.
Barton N, Choubey V. The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mechanics 1977;10(1-2):1-54.
Chen ZY, Shen H. Dynamic centrifuge tests on isolation mechanism of tunnels subjected to seismic shaking. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology2014;42:67-77.
Chen CH, Wang TT, Jeng FS, Huang TH. Mechanisms causing seismic damage of tunnels at different depths. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology2012;28:31-40.
Cui CY, Wang MN, Yu L, Lin GJ. Model test study of shock absorption joint damping technology of crossing stick-slip fracture tunnel. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2013;32(8):1603-9(in Chinese).
Dassault Systemes. Abaqus analysis user's manual. Providence, RI, USA:Dassault Systemes; 2007.
Davis CA, Lee VW, Bardet JP. Transverse response of underground cavities and pipes to incident SV waves. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics2001;30(3):383-410.
Dowding CH, Rozan A. Damage to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 1978;104(2):175-91.
GB175-2007. Common Portland cement. Beijing:Standard Press of China; 2007(in Chinese).
Hamad AJ. Materials, production, properties and application of aerated lightweight concrete:Review. International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering2014;2(2):152-7.
Hibbitt K. Sorensen, Inc. ABAQUS theory manual and analysis user's manual. Pawtucket, USA:Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc.; 2002.
Huang S, Chen WZ, Yang JP, Guo XH, Qiao CJ. Research on earthquake-induced dynamic responses and aseismic measures for underground engineering. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2009;28(3):483-90(in Chinese).
Huang J, Du X, Zhao M, Zhao X. Impact of incident angles of earthquake shear(S)waves on 3-D non-linear seismic responses of long lined tunnels. Engineering Geology 2017;222:168-85.
Huo H, Bobet A, Fernandez G, Ramirez J. Load transfer mechanisms between underground structure and surrounding ground:evaluation of the failure of the Daikai station. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2005; 131(12):1522-33.
Kearsley EP, Wainwright PJ. The effect of porosity on the strength of foamed concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 2002;32(2):233-9.
Kim DS, Konagai K. Seismic isolation effect of a tunnel covered with coating material. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2000; 15(4):437-43.
Kim HK, Jeon JH, Lee HK. Workability, and mechanical, acoustic and thermal properties of lightweight aggregate concrete with a high volume of entrained air. Construction and Building Materials 2012;29:193-200.
Konagai K, Kim DS. Simple evaluation of the effect of seismic isolation by covering a tunnel with a thin flexible material. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2001;21(4):287-95.
Konagai K, Takatsu S, Kanai T, Fujita T, Ikeda T, Johansson J. Kizawa tunnel cracked on 23 October 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake:an example of earthquakeinduced damage to tunnels in active-folding zones. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2009;29(2):394-403.
Kontoe S, Zdravkovic L, Potts DM, Menkiti CO. Case study on seismic tunnel response. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2008;45(12):1743-64.
Kurz JH, Finck F, Grosse CU, Reinhardt H. Stress drop and stress redistribution in concrete quantified over time by the b-value analysis. Structural Health Monitoring 2006;5(1):69-81.
Li T. Damage to mountain tunnels related to the Wenchuan earthquake and some suggestions for aseismic tunnel construction. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2012;71(2):297-308.
Mydin MAO, Wang YC. Mechanical properties of foamed concrete exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials 2012;26(1):638-54.
Nambiar EKK, Ramamurthy K. Influence of filler type on the properties of foam concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 2006;28(5):475-80.
Park R, Paulay T. Reinforced concrete structures. John Wiley and Sons; 1975.
Park JW, Song JJ. Numerical simulation of a direct shear test on a rock joint using a bonded-particle model. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2009;46(8):1315-28.
Sharma S, Judd WR. Underground opening damage from earthquakes. Engineering Geology 1991;30(3-4):263-76.
Takeuchi M, Kameda S, Misawa T. The characteristics of asphalt-based material for the seismic isolation applied to the underground structure. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 2000;(658):93-106(in Japanese).
Tan XJ, Chen WZ, Tian HM, Cao JJ. Water flow and heat transport including ice/water phase change in porous media:numerical simulation and application. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2011;68(1):74-84.
Tan XJ, Chen WZ, Hao YG, Wang X. Experimental study of ultralight(<300 kg/m3)foamed concrete. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014.
Tian HM, Chen WZ, Yang DS, Yang JP. Experimental and numerical analysis of the shear behavior of cemented concrete-rock joints. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2015;48(1):213-22.
Viot P, Beani F, Lataillade JL. Polymeric foam behavior under dynamic compressive loading. Journal of Materials Science 2005;40(22):5829-37.
Wang SS, Gao B. Damping mechanism and shaking table test on mountain tunnel linings with buffer layers. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering2016;35(3):592-603(in Chinese).
Wang WL, Wang TT, Su JJ, Lin CH, Seng CR, Huang TH. Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2001;16(3):133-50.
Wang SS, Gao B, Sui CY. Mechanism of shock absorption layer and shaking table tests on shaking absorption technology of tunnel across fault. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2015;37(6):1086-92(in Chinese).
Xiao SS, Zhang J. Compressive damage experiment of concrete at different strain rates. China Civil Engineering Journal 2010;43(3):40-5(in Chinese).
Xu WJ, Xu Q, Hu RL. Study on the shear strength of soil-rock mixture by large scale direct shear test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2011;48(8):1235-47.
Zhang XB, Jiang QH, Wei W, Feng XX. Laboratory investigation on shear behavior of rock joints and a new peak shear strength criterion. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2016;49(9):3495-512.
Zhao WS, Chen WZ, Tan XJ, Huang S. Study on foamed concrete used as seismic isolation material for tunnels in rock. Materials Research Innovations2013;17(7):465-72.
Zhao WS, Chen WZ, Zhao K. Laboratory test on foamed concrete-rock joints in direct shear. Construction and Building Materials 2018a; 173:69-80.
Zhao WS, Chen WZ, Ma SS. Isolation effect of foamed concrete layer on the seismic responses of tunnel. Rock and Soil Mechanics 2018b;39(3):1027-36(in Chinese).
Zhao K, Chen WZ, Zhao WS. Direct shear test and numerical simulation for mechanical characteristics of contact surface between lining and shock absorption layer of underground engineering. Rock and Soil Mechanics2018c;39(7):2662-70(in Chinese).
ASTM C39/C39M-01. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM International; 2001.
Bahaaddini M, Sharrock G, Hebblewhite BK. Numerical direct shear tests to model the shear behaviour of rock joints. Computers and Geotechnics 2013;51:101-15.
Bao XH, Xia ZF, Ye GL, Fu YB, Su D. Numerical analysis on the seismic behavior of a large metro subway tunnel in liquefiable ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2017;66:91-106.
Barton N, Bandis S. Review of predictive capabilities of JRC-JCS model in engineering practice. Publikasjon Norges Geotekniske Institutt 1991;182:1-8.
Barton N, Choubey V. The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mechanics 1977;10(1-2):1-54.
Chen ZY, Shen H. Dynamic centrifuge tests on isolation mechanism of tunnels subjected to seismic shaking. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology2014;42:67-77.
Chen CH, Wang TT, Jeng FS, Huang TH. Mechanisms causing seismic damage of tunnels at different depths. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology2012;28:31-40.
Cui CY, Wang MN, Yu L, Lin GJ. Model test study of shock absorption joint damping technology of crossing stick-slip fracture tunnel. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2013;32(8):1603-9(in Chinese).
Dassault Systemes. Abaqus analysis user's manual. Providence, RI, USA:Dassault Systemes; 2007.
Davis CA, Lee VW, Bardet JP. Transverse response of underground cavities and pipes to incident SV waves. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics2001;30(3):383-410.
Dowding CH, Rozan A. Damage to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 1978;104(2):175-91.
GB175-2007. Common Portland cement. Beijing:Standard Press of China; 2007(in Chinese).
Hamad AJ. Materials, production, properties and application of aerated lightweight concrete:Review. International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering2014;2(2):152-7.
Hibbitt K. Sorensen, Inc. ABAQUS theory manual and analysis user's manual. Pawtucket, USA:Hibbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen, Inc.; 2002.
Huang S, Chen WZ, Yang JP, Guo XH, Qiao CJ. Research on earthquake-induced dynamic responses and aseismic measures for underground engineering. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2009;28(3):483-90(in Chinese).
Huang J, Du X, Zhao M, Zhao X. Impact of incident angles of earthquake shear(S)waves on 3-D non-linear seismic responses of long lined tunnels. Engineering Geology 2017;222:168-85.
Huo H, Bobet A, Fernandez G, Ramirez J. Load transfer mechanisms between underground structure and surrounding ground:evaluation of the failure of the Daikai station. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2005; 131(12):1522-33.
Kearsley EP, Wainwright PJ. The effect of porosity on the strength of foamed concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 2002;32(2):233-9.
Kim DS, Konagai K. Seismic isolation effect of a tunnel covered with coating material. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2000; 15(4):437-43.
Kim HK, Jeon JH, Lee HK. Workability, and mechanical, acoustic and thermal properties of lightweight aggregate concrete with a high volume of entrained air. Construction and Building Materials 2012;29:193-200.
Konagai K, Kim DS. Simple evaluation of the effect of seismic isolation by covering a tunnel with a thin flexible material. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering2001;21(4):287-95.
Konagai K, Takatsu S, Kanai T, Fujita T, Ikeda T, Johansson J. Kizawa tunnel cracked on 23 October 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake:an example of earthquakeinduced damage to tunnels in active-folding zones. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2009;29(2):394-403.
Kontoe S, Zdravkovic L, Potts DM, Menkiti CO. Case study on seismic tunnel response. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2008;45(12):1743-64.
Kurz JH, Finck F, Grosse CU, Reinhardt H. Stress drop and stress redistribution in concrete quantified over time by the b-value analysis. Structural Health Monitoring 2006;5(1):69-81.
Li T. Damage to mountain tunnels related to the Wenchuan earthquake and some suggestions for aseismic tunnel construction. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2012;71(2):297-308.
Mydin MAO, Wang YC. Mechanical properties of foamed concrete exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials 2012;26(1):638-54.
Nambiar EKK, Ramamurthy K. Influence of filler type on the properties of foam concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites 2006;28(5):475-80.
Park R, Paulay T. Reinforced concrete structures. John Wiley and Sons; 1975.
Park JW, Song JJ. Numerical simulation of a direct shear test on a rock joint using a bonded-particle model. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2009;46(8):1315-28.
Sharma S, Judd WR. Underground opening damage from earthquakes. Engineering Geology 1991;30(3-4):263-76.
Takeuchi M, Kameda S, Misawa T. The characteristics of asphalt-based material for the seismic isolation applied to the underground structure. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 2000;(658):93-106(in Japanese).
Tan XJ, Chen WZ, Tian HM, Cao JJ. Water flow and heat transport including ice/water phase change in porous media:numerical simulation and application. Cold Regions Science and Technology 2011;68(1):74-84.
Tan XJ, Chen WZ, Hao YG, Wang X. Experimental study of ultralight(<300 kg/m3)foamed concrete. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014.
Tian HM, Chen WZ, Yang DS, Yang JP. Experimental and numerical analysis of the shear behavior of cemented concrete-rock joints. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2015;48(1):213-22.
Viot P, Beani F, Lataillade JL. Polymeric foam behavior under dynamic compressive loading. Journal of Materials Science 2005;40(22):5829-37.
Wang SS, Gao B. Damping mechanism and shaking table test on mountain tunnel linings with buffer layers. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering2016;35(3):592-603(in Chinese).
Wang WL, Wang TT, Su JJ, Lin CH, Seng CR, Huang TH. Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2001;16(3):133-50.
Wang SS, Gao B, Sui CY. Mechanism of shock absorption layer and shaking table tests on shaking absorption technology of tunnel across fault. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2015;37(6):1086-92(in Chinese).
Xiao SS, Zhang J. Compressive damage experiment of concrete at different strain rates. China Civil Engineering Journal 2010;43(3):40-5(in Chinese).
Xu WJ, Xu Q, Hu RL. Study on the shear strength of soil-rock mixture by large scale direct shear test. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences2011;48(8):1235-47.
Zhang XB, Jiang QH, Wei W, Feng XX. Laboratory investigation on shear behavior of rock joints and a new peak shear strength criterion. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2016;49(9):3495-512.
Zhao WS, Chen WZ, Tan XJ, Huang S. Study on foamed concrete used as seismic isolation material for tunnels in rock. Materials Research Innovations2013;17(7):465-72.
Zhao WS, Chen WZ, Zhao K. Laboratory test on foamed concrete-rock joints in direct shear. Construction and Building Materials 2018a; 173:69-80.
Zhao WS, Chen WZ, Ma SS. Isolation effect of foamed concrete layer on the seismic responses of tunnel. Rock and Soil Mechanics 2018b;39(3):1027-36(in Chinese).
Zhao K, Chen WZ, Zhao WS. Direct shear test and numerical simulation for mechanical characteristics of contact surface between lining and shock absorption layer of underground engineering. Rock and Soil Mechanics2018c;39(7):2662-70(in Chinese).
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