Soil Properties and Plant Growth Response to Litter in a Prolonged Enclosed Grassland of Loess Plateau, China
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摘要
The enclosure and ungrazing practices for grassland management result in accumulation of plant litter on soil surface thus affecting the available soil water and nutrients for plant production. We experimentally investigated the effects of litter on soil properties and plant growth in a prolonged enclosure grassland of Loess Plateau, China. Three different litter manipulations were conducted including removal of all litter, an untreated in-situ control with original litter levels, and a double litter treatment. Litter treatment experiments demonstrated that plant litter affected the superficial soil water. Soil water content in plots with in-situ or double litter is generally higher than that with litter removal. The depletion of soil water up to five days post rainfall is fastest in litter removal plots for the top soil, but no evident difference for the deep ones. Different litter treatments have no significant impact on soil total carbon, nitrogen as well as carbon/nitrogen ratio for consecutive two years experiments. Both above-and below-ground biomasses in plots of litter removal were less than those in the plots of in-situ and double litter treatment. Litter affects plant production mainly through the mechanical barrier regulating root zone soil moisture. Therefore, prolonged litter manipulation experiments are desirable to understand the long-term response of plant growth on litter from nutrient aspect.
The enclosure and ungrazing practices for grassland management result in accumulation of plant litter on soil surface thus affecting the available soil water and nutrients for plant production. We experimentally investigated the effects of litter on soil properties and plant growth in a prolonged enclosure grassland of Loess Plateau, China. Three different litter manipulations were conducted including removal of all litter, an untreated in-situ control with original litter levels, and a double litter treatment. Litter treatment experiments demonstrated that plant litter affected the superficial soil water. Soil water content in plots with in-situ or double litter is generally higher than that with litter removal. The depletion of soil water up to five days post rainfall is fastest in litter removal plots for the top soil, but no evident difference for the deep ones. Different litter treatments have no significant impact on soil total carbon, nitrogen as well as carbon/nitrogen ratio for consecutive two years experiments. Both above-and below-ground biomasses in plots of litter removal were less than those in the plots of in-situ and double litter treatment. Litter affects plant production mainly through the mechanical barrier regulating root zone soil moisture. Therefore, prolonged litter manipulation experiments are desirable to understand the long-term response of plant growth on litter from nutrient aspect.
The enclosure and ungrazing practices for grassland management result in accumulation of plant litter on soil surface thus affecting the available soil water and nutrients for plant production. We experimentally investigated the effects of litter on soil properties and plant growth in a prolonged enclosure grassland of Loess Plateau, China. Three different litter manipulations were conducted including removal of all litter, an untreated in-situ control with original litter levels, and a double litter treatment. Litter treatment experiments demonstrated that plant litter affected the superficial soil water. Soil water content in plots with in-situ or double litter is generally higher than that with litter removal. The depletion of soil water up to five days post rainfall is fastest in litter removal plots for the top soil, but no evident difference for the deep ones. Different litter treatments have no significant impact on soil total carbon, nitrogen as well as carbon/nitrogen ratio for consecutive two years experiments. Both above-and below-ground biomasses in plots of litter removal were less than those in the plots of in-situ and double litter treatment. Litter affects plant production mainly through the mechanical barrier regulating root zone soil moisture. Therefore, prolonged litter manipulation experiments are desirable to understand the long-term response of plant growth on litter from nutrient aspect.
引文
Baer,S.G.,Blair,J.M.,2008.Grassland Establishment under Varying Resource Availability:A Test of Positive and Negative Feedback.Ecology,89(7):1859-1871.https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0417.1
Ball,B.A.,Carrillo,Y.,Molina,M.,2014.The Influence of Litter Composition across the Litter-Soil Interface on Mass Loss,Nitrogen Dynamics and the Decomposer Community.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,69:71-82.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.048
Bansal,S.,Sheley,R.L.,Blank,B.,et al.,2014.Plant Litter Effects on Soil Nutrient Availability and Vegetation Dynamics:Changes that Occur When Annual Grasses Invade Shrub-Steppe Communities.Plant Ecology,215(3):367-378.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0307-1
Boeken,B.,Orenstein,D.,2001.The Effect of Plant Litter on Ecosystem Properties in a Mediterranean Semi-Arid Shrubland.Journal of Vegetation Science,12(6):825-832.https://doi.org/10.2307/3236870
Borgen,S.K.,Molstad,L.,Bruun,S.,et al.,2011.Estimation of Plant Litter Pools and Decomposition-Related Parameters in a Mechanistic Model.Plant and Soil,338(1/2):205-222.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0404-4
Carrera,A.L.,Bertiller,M.B.,2010.Relationships among Plant Litter,Fine Roots,and Soil Organic C and N Across an Aridity Gradient in Northern Patagonia,Argentina.écoscience,17(3):276-286.https://doi.org/10.2980/17-3-3359
Carrillo,Y.,Ball,B.A.,Strickland,M.S.,et al.,2012.Legacies of Plant Litter on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics and the Role of the Soil Community.Pedobiologia,55(4):185-192.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.02.002
Chang,X.F.,Chai,Q.L.,Wu,G.L.,et al.,2017.Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation in Abandoned Croplands on the Loess Plateau.Land Degradation&Development,28(5):1519-1527.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2679
Chen,Y.P.,Wang,K.B.,Lin,Y.S.,et al.,2015.Balancing Green and Grain Trade.Nature Geoscience,8(10):739-741.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2544
Deutsch,E.S.,Bork,E.W.,Willms,W.D.,2010.Soil Moisture and Plant Growth Responses to Litter and Defoliation Impacts in Parkland Grasslands.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,135(1/2):1-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.08.002
Dormaar,J.F.,Adams,B.W.,Willms,W.D.,1997.Impacts of Rotational Grazing on Mixed Prairie Soils and Vegetation.Journal of Range Management,50(6):647-651.https://doi.org/10.2307/4003461
Facelli,J.M.,Pickett,S.T.A.,1991a.Plant Litter:Its Dynamics and Effects on Plant Community Structure.The Botanical Review,57(1):1-32.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02858763
Facelli,J.M.,Pickett,S.T.A.,1991b.Plant Litter:Light Interception and Effects on an Old-Field Plant Community.Ecology,72(3):1024-1031.https://doi.org/10.2307/1940602
Freschet,G.T.,Cornwell,W.K.,Wardle,D.A.,et al.,2013.Linking Litter Decomposition of Above-and Below-Ground Organs to Plant-Soil Feedbacks Worldwide.Journal of Ecology,101(4):943-952.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12092
Fu,B.J.,Liu,Y.,Lü,Y.H.,et al.,2011.Assessing the Soil Erosion Control Service of Ecosystems Change in the Loess Plateau of China.Ecological Complexity,8(4):284-293.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2011.07.003
Gao,Y.,Cheng,J.M.,2013.Spatial and Temporal Variations of Grassland Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Following Grazing Exclusion in Semiarid Loess Plateau,Northwest China.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section B:Soil&Plant Science,63(8):704-711.https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2013.854828
Guretzky,J.A.,Schacht,W.H.,Wingeyer,A.,et al.,2014.Litter Deposition and Nitrogen Return in Rotationally Stocked Smooth Bromegrass Pastures.Agronomy Journal,106(1):175-184.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0282
Horton,R.,Kluitenberg,G.,Vristow,K.,et al.,1994.Surface Crop Residue Effects on the Soil Surface Energy Balance.Managing Agricultural Residues,1:143-162
Knapp,A.K.,Seastedt,T.R.,1986.Detritus Accumulation Limits Productivity of Tallgrass Prairie.Bio Science,36(10):662-668.https://doi.org/10.2307/1310387
Leff,J.W.,Wieder,W.R.,Taylor,P.G.,et al.,2012.Experimental Litterfall Manipulation Drives Large and Rapid Changes in Soil Carbon Cycling in a Wet Tropical Forest.Global Change Biology,18(9):2969-2979.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02749.x
Li,J.P.,Zheng,Z.R.,Xie,H.T.,et al.,2017.Increased Soil Nutrition and Decreased Light Intensity Drive Species Loss after Eight Years Grassland Enclosures.Scientific Reports,7(1):44525.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44525
Liu,W.G.,Wei,J.,Cheng,J.M.,et al.,2014.Profile Distribution of Soil Inorganic Carbon along a Chronosequence of Grassland Restoration on a 22-Year Scale in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Catena,121:321-329.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.019
Naeth,M.A.,Bailey,A.W.,Chanasyk,D.S.,et al.,1991.Water Holding Capacity of Litter and Soil Organic Matter in Mixed Prairie and Fescue Grassland Ecosystems of Alberta.Journal of Range Management,44(1):13-17.https://doi.org/10.2307/4002630
Qiu,L.P.,Wei,X.R.,Zhang,X.C.,et al.,2012.Soil Organic Carbon Losses Due to Land Use Change in a Semiarid Grassland.Plant and Soil,355(1/2):299-309.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1099-x
Sakaguchi,K.,Zeng,X.B.,2009.Effects of Soil Wetness,Plant Litter,and Under-Canopy Atmospheric Stability on Ground Evaporation in the Community Land Model(CLM3.5).Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,114(D1):010834.https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010834
Sayer,E.J.,2006.Using Experimental Manipulation to Assess the Roles of Leaf Litter in the Functioning of Forest Ecosystems.Biological Reviews,81(1):1-31.https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793105006846
Villalobos-Vega,R.,Goldstein,G.,Haridasan,M.,et al.,2011.Leaf Litter Manipulations Alter Soil Physicochemical Properties and Tree Growth in a Neotropical Savanna.Plant and Soil,346(1/2):385-397.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0860-5
Wang,J.,Zhao,M.L.,Willms,W.D.,et al.,2011.Can Plant Litter Affect Net Primary Production of a Typical Steppe in Inner Mongolia?.Journal of Vegetation Science,22(2):367-376.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01257.x
Weber,K.T.,Gokhale,B.S.,2011.Effect of Grazing on Soil-Water Content in Semiarid Rangelands of Southeast Idaho.Journal of Arid Environments,75(5):464-470.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.12.009
Wei,J.,Liu,W.G.,Cheng,J.M.,et al.,2011.Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon Storage Following Restoration of Grassland on Yunwu Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(5):271-275.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.06.009
Wickings,K.,Grandy,A.S.,Reed,S.C.,et al.,2012.The Origin of Litter Chemical Complexity during Decomposition.Ecology Letters,15(10):1180-1188.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01837.x
Willms,W.D.,Mc Ginn,S.M.,Dormaar,J.F.,1993.Influence of Litter on Herbage Production in the Mixed Prairie.Journal of Range Management,46(4):320-324.https://doi.org/10.2307/4002466
Xiong,S.J.,Nilsson,C.,1999.The Effects of Plant Litter on Vegetation:AMeta-Analysis.Journal of Ecology,87(6):984-994.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00414.x
Xu,S.,Liu,L.L.,Sayer,E.J.,2013.Variability of Above-Ground Litter Inputs Alters Soil Physicochemical and Biological Processes:A MetaAnalysis of Litterfall-Manipulation Experiments.Biogeosciences,10(11):7423-7433.https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7423-2013
Ball,B.A.,Carrillo,Y.,Molina,M.,2014.The Influence of Litter Composition across the Litter-Soil Interface on Mass Loss,Nitrogen Dynamics and the Decomposer Community.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,69:71-82.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.048
Bansal,S.,Sheley,R.L.,Blank,B.,et al.,2014.Plant Litter Effects on Soil Nutrient Availability and Vegetation Dynamics:Changes that Occur When Annual Grasses Invade Shrub-Steppe Communities.Plant Ecology,215(3):367-378.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0307-1
Boeken,B.,Orenstein,D.,2001.The Effect of Plant Litter on Ecosystem Properties in a Mediterranean Semi-Arid Shrubland.Journal of Vegetation Science,12(6):825-832.https://doi.org/10.2307/3236870
Borgen,S.K.,Molstad,L.,Bruun,S.,et al.,2011.Estimation of Plant Litter Pools and Decomposition-Related Parameters in a Mechanistic Model.Plant and Soil,338(1/2):205-222.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0404-4
Carrera,A.L.,Bertiller,M.B.,2010.Relationships among Plant Litter,Fine Roots,and Soil Organic C and N Across an Aridity Gradient in Northern Patagonia,Argentina.écoscience,17(3):276-286.https://doi.org/10.2980/17-3-3359
Carrillo,Y.,Ball,B.A.,Strickland,M.S.,et al.,2012.Legacies of Plant Litter on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics and the Role of the Soil Community.Pedobiologia,55(4):185-192.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.02.002
Chang,X.F.,Chai,Q.L.,Wu,G.L.,et al.,2017.Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation in Abandoned Croplands on the Loess Plateau.Land Degradation&Development,28(5):1519-1527.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2679
Chen,Y.P.,Wang,K.B.,Lin,Y.S.,et al.,2015.Balancing Green and Grain Trade.Nature Geoscience,8(10):739-741.https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2544
Deutsch,E.S.,Bork,E.W.,Willms,W.D.,2010.Soil Moisture and Plant Growth Responses to Litter and Defoliation Impacts in Parkland Grasslands.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,135(1/2):1-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2009.08.002
Dormaar,J.F.,Adams,B.W.,Willms,W.D.,1997.Impacts of Rotational Grazing on Mixed Prairie Soils and Vegetation.Journal of Range Management,50(6):647-651.https://doi.org/10.2307/4003461
Facelli,J.M.,Pickett,S.T.A.,1991a.Plant Litter:Its Dynamics and Effects on Plant Community Structure.The Botanical Review,57(1):1-32.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02858763
Facelli,J.M.,Pickett,S.T.A.,1991b.Plant Litter:Light Interception and Effects on an Old-Field Plant Community.Ecology,72(3):1024-1031.https://doi.org/10.2307/1940602
Freschet,G.T.,Cornwell,W.K.,Wardle,D.A.,et al.,2013.Linking Litter Decomposition of Above-and Below-Ground Organs to Plant-Soil Feedbacks Worldwide.Journal of Ecology,101(4):943-952.https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12092
Fu,B.J.,Liu,Y.,Lü,Y.H.,et al.,2011.Assessing the Soil Erosion Control Service of Ecosystems Change in the Loess Plateau of China.Ecological Complexity,8(4):284-293.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2011.07.003
Gao,Y.,Cheng,J.M.,2013.Spatial and Temporal Variations of Grassland Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Following Grazing Exclusion in Semiarid Loess Plateau,Northwest China.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,Section B:Soil&Plant Science,63(8):704-711.https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2013.854828
Guretzky,J.A.,Schacht,W.H.,Wingeyer,A.,et al.,2014.Litter Deposition and Nitrogen Return in Rotationally Stocked Smooth Bromegrass Pastures.Agronomy Journal,106(1):175-184.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0282
Horton,R.,Kluitenberg,G.,Vristow,K.,et al.,1994.Surface Crop Residue Effects on the Soil Surface Energy Balance.Managing Agricultural Residues,1:143-162
Knapp,A.K.,Seastedt,T.R.,1986.Detritus Accumulation Limits Productivity of Tallgrass Prairie.Bio Science,36(10):662-668.https://doi.org/10.2307/1310387
Leff,J.W.,Wieder,W.R.,Taylor,P.G.,et al.,2012.Experimental Litterfall Manipulation Drives Large and Rapid Changes in Soil Carbon Cycling in a Wet Tropical Forest.Global Change Biology,18(9):2969-2979.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02749.x
Li,J.P.,Zheng,Z.R.,Xie,H.T.,et al.,2017.Increased Soil Nutrition and Decreased Light Intensity Drive Species Loss after Eight Years Grassland Enclosures.Scientific Reports,7(1):44525.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44525
Liu,W.G.,Wei,J.,Cheng,J.M.,et al.,2014.Profile Distribution of Soil Inorganic Carbon along a Chronosequence of Grassland Restoration on a 22-Year Scale in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Catena,121:321-329.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.019
Naeth,M.A.,Bailey,A.W.,Chanasyk,D.S.,et al.,1991.Water Holding Capacity of Litter and Soil Organic Matter in Mixed Prairie and Fescue Grassland Ecosystems of Alberta.Journal of Range Management,44(1):13-17.https://doi.org/10.2307/4002630
Qiu,L.P.,Wei,X.R.,Zhang,X.C.,et al.,2012.Soil Organic Carbon Losses Due to Land Use Change in a Semiarid Grassland.Plant and Soil,355(1/2):299-309.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1099-x
Sakaguchi,K.,Zeng,X.B.,2009.Effects of Soil Wetness,Plant Litter,and Under-Canopy Atmospheric Stability on Ground Evaporation in the Community Land Model(CLM3.5).Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,114(D1):010834.https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010834
Sayer,E.J.,2006.Using Experimental Manipulation to Assess the Roles of Leaf Litter in the Functioning of Forest Ecosystems.Biological Reviews,81(1):1-31.https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793105006846
Villalobos-Vega,R.,Goldstein,G.,Haridasan,M.,et al.,2011.Leaf Litter Manipulations Alter Soil Physicochemical Properties and Tree Growth in a Neotropical Savanna.Plant and Soil,346(1/2):385-397.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0860-5
Wang,J.,Zhao,M.L.,Willms,W.D.,et al.,2011.Can Plant Litter Affect Net Primary Production of a Typical Steppe in Inner Mongolia?.Journal of Vegetation Science,22(2):367-376.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01257.x
Weber,K.T.,Gokhale,B.S.,2011.Effect of Grazing on Soil-Water Content in Semiarid Rangelands of Southeast Idaho.Journal of Arid Environments,75(5):464-470.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.12.009
Wei,J.,Liu,W.G.,Cheng,J.M.,et al.,2011.Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon Storage Following Restoration of Grassland on Yunwu Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(5):271-275.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.06.009
Wickings,K.,Grandy,A.S.,Reed,S.C.,et al.,2012.The Origin of Litter Chemical Complexity during Decomposition.Ecology Letters,15(10):1180-1188.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01837.x
Willms,W.D.,Mc Ginn,S.M.,Dormaar,J.F.,1993.Influence of Litter on Herbage Production in the Mixed Prairie.Journal of Range Management,46(4):320-324.https://doi.org/10.2307/4002466
Xiong,S.J.,Nilsson,C.,1999.The Effects of Plant Litter on Vegetation:AMeta-Analysis.Journal of Ecology,87(6):984-994.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00414.x
Xu,S.,Liu,L.L.,Sayer,E.J.,2013.Variability of Above-Ground Litter Inputs Alters Soil Physicochemical and Biological Processes:A MetaAnalysis of Litterfall-Manipulation Experiments.Biogeosciences,10(11):7423-7433.https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7423-2013
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