渤中凹陷深层砂砾岩气藏油气充注与储层致密化
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摘要
渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷砂砾岩储层致密化成因及其与晚期油气侵位的关系一直没有得到合理地解释。为此,以渤中凹陷西南部地区古近系砂砾岩气藏为研究对象,利用物性、热史、包裹体等分析资料,确定油气首次成藏时间、划分油气充注期次、恢复成藏期储层物性,进而模拟压实作用对储层的影响,并结合包裹体、铸体、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等实验手段明确油气侵位关系,分析石英加大、黏土矿物转化、碳酸盐胶结等关键致密化作用发生的序列,探究储层致密化作用机理及其与油气充注的关系。研究结果表明:①该区深层砂砾岩油气充注至少可分为3期,早期包裹体为重质油,晚期包裹体气油比高;②首次油气充注期为距今5Ma,储层埋深介于2500～2800m,以中孔、中渗储层为主,储集物性较好,成藏后盆地快速沉降、充填,上覆地层增加厚度超过1 000 m;③首次油气充注后砂砾岩进入成岩快速演化期,埋深介于2 500～3 200 m,是砂砾岩快速压实阶段,石英加大在油气充注后经历了两期强烈发育,减孔作用明显,压实减孔作用是储层致密化的重要机制;④埋深介于2 500～3 500 m为该区黏土矿物快速转化区间,花状及丝发状伊利石极其发育,对渗透率的大小产生了决定性的影响;⑤铁方解石及铁白云石沉淀于石英加大之后,使储层进一步致密化,以残余孔隙为主。结论认为,该区古近系砂砾岩气藏具有先成藏后致密的特点,尽管油气充注对储层成岩具有抑制作用,但后者仍然会导致储层的致密化。
The glutenite reservoirs in the Bozhong Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin are characterized by dense lithology, poor reservoir physical property and late-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. And so far, no reasonable explanation has been reached on the relationship between the reservoir densification and the late hydrocarbon emplacement. In this paper, a Paleogene glutenite gas reservoir in the southwest of Bozhong Sag was taken as a research object. Its initial hydrocarbon accumulation time was determined, its hydrocarbon charging period was divided and its reservoir physical properties in the period of hydrocarbon accumulation were restored by using the analysis data of physical property, thermal history and inclusion. Then, the effect of compaction on the reservoir was simulated by means of compaction simulation test, and the relationship of hydrocarbon emplacement was figured out by conducting the experiments of inclusions,casting, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Finally, the sequence of key densification effects was analyzed, including quartz enlargement, clay mineral transformation and carbonate cementation, and the reservoir densification mechanism and its relationship with hydrocarbon charging were investigated. And the following research results were obtained. First, hydrocarbon charging in the deep-seated glutenite reservoir of the study area can be divided into 3 periods. Inclusion in the early period is heavy oil and that in the late period is of high gas/oil ratio. Second, the first hydrocarbon charging to date from 5 Ma, when the burial depth of the reservoir was in the range of 2 500-2 800 m, the reservoir of medium porosity and medium permeability was dominant and the reservoir physical properties were better. After hydrocarbon accumulation, the basin subsided and was filled quickly and its overlying strata are over 1 000 m thick. Third, after the first hydrocarbon charging, glutenite experienced a rapid diagenetic evolution at the burial depth of 2 500-3 200 m, which is classified as the rapid compaction stage of glutenite. After hydrocarbon charging, quartz experienced violent overgrowth of two phases and porosity reduction was obvious. Therefore, compaction and porosity reduction are the main mechanisms of reservoir densification. Fourth, at the burial depth of 2 500 m to 3 500 m, it is the rapid transformation zone of clay mineral in the study area and flower-like and the silk-like illite is quite developed, which has a decisive influence on the permeability. Fifth, ferrocalcite and ferrodolomite are precipitated after the quartz overgrowth and filled the residual pores, resulting in further reservoir densification. In conclusion, the Paleogene glutenite gas reservoir in the study area became dense after hydrocarbon accumulation, and diagenesis can still lead to reservoir densification even though it is suppressed by hydrocarbon charging.
The glutenite reservoirs in the Bozhong Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin are characterized by dense lithology, poor reservoir physical property and late-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. And so far, no reasonable explanation has been reached on the relationship between the reservoir densification and the late hydrocarbon emplacement. In this paper, a Paleogene glutenite gas reservoir in the southwest of Bozhong Sag was taken as a research object. Its initial hydrocarbon accumulation time was determined, its hydrocarbon charging period was divided and its reservoir physical properties in the period of hydrocarbon accumulation were restored by using the analysis data of physical property, thermal history and inclusion. Then, the effect of compaction on the reservoir was simulated by means of compaction simulation test, and the relationship of hydrocarbon emplacement was figured out by conducting the experiments of inclusions,casting, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Finally, the sequence of key densification effects was analyzed, including quartz enlargement, clay mineral transformation and carbonate cementation, and the reservoir densification mechanism and its relationship with hydrocarbon charging were investigated. And the following research results were obtained. First, hydrocarbon charging in the deep-seated glutenite reservoir of the study area can be divided into 3 periods. Inclusion in the early period is heavy oil and that in the late period is of high gas/oil ratio. Second, the first hydrocarbon charging to date from 5 Ma, when the burial depth of the reservoir was in the range of 2 500-2 800 m, the reservoir of medium porosity and medium permeability was dominant and the reservoir physical properties were better. After hydrocarbon accumulation, the basin subsided and was filled quickly and its overlying strata are over 1 000 m thick. Third, after the first hydrocarbon charging, glutenite experienced a rapid diagenetic evolution at the burial depth of 2 500-3 200 m, which is classified as the rapid compaction stage of glutenite. After hydrocarbon charging, quartz experienced violent overgrowth of two phases and porosity reduction was obvious. Therefore, compaction and porosity reduction are the main mechanisms of reservoir densification. Fourth, at the burial depth of 2 500 m to 3 500 m, it is the rapid transformation zone of clay mineral in the study area and flower-like and the silk-like illite is quite developed, which has a decisive influence on the permeability. Fifth, ferrocalcite and ferrodolomite are precipitated after the quartz overgrowth and filled the residual pores, resulting in further reservoir densification. In conclusion, the Paleogene glutenite gas reservoir in the study area became dense after hydrocarbon accumulation, and diagenesis can still lead to reservoir densification even though it is suppressed by hydrocarbon charging.
引文
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[2]王清斌,臧春艳,赖维成,王波,王雪莲,赵小娇.渤中坳陷古近系中深部碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结物分布特征及成因机制[J].石油与天然气地质,2009,30(4):438-443.Wang Qingbin,Zang Chunyan,Lai Weicheng,Wang Bo,Wang Xuelian&Zhao Xiaojiao.Distribution characteristics and origin of carbonate cements in the middle and deep clastic reservoirs of the Paleogene in the Bozhong Depression[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2009,30(4):438-443.
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[8]朱伟林,米立军,龚再升,夏庆龙,蔡东升,周心怀,等.渤海海域油气成藏与勘探[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Zhu Weilin,Mi Lijun,Gong Zaisheng,Xia Qinglong,Cai Dongsheng,Zhou Xinhuai,et al.Oil and gas accumulation and exploration of Bohai Sea[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.
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[10]徐长贵,侯明才,王粤川,陈安清,黄志发,罗小平,等.渤海海域前古近系深层潜山类型及其成因[J].天然气工业,2019,39(1):21-32.Xu Changgui,Hou Mingcai,Wang Yuechuan,Chen Anqing,Huang Zhifa,Luo Xiaoping,et al.Type and genesis of pre-Tertiary deep buried hills in the Bohai Sea area[J].Natural Gas Industry,2019,39(1):21-32.
[11]侯明才,曹海洋,李慧勇,陈安清,韦阿娟,陈扬,等.渤海海域渤中19-6构造带深层潜山储层特征及其控制因素[J].天然气工业,2019,39(1):33-44.Hou Mingcai,Cao Haiyang,Li Huiyong,Chen Anqing,Wei Ajuan,Chen Yang,et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of deep buried-hill reservoirs in the BZ19-6 structural belt,Bohai Sea area[J].Natural Gas Industry,2019,39(1):33-44.
[12]李慧勇,徐云龙,王飞龙,罗小平,于海波.渤海海域深层潜山油气地球化学特征及油气来源[J].天然气工业,2019,39(1):45-56.Li Huiyong,Xu Yunlong,Wang Feilong,Luo Xiaoping&Yu Haibo.Geochemical characteristics and sources of oil and gas in deep buried hills,Bohai Sea area[J].Natural Gas Industry,2019,39(1):45-56.
[13]李艳霞,刘洪军,袁东山,张枝焕,朱筱敏,钟大康,等.石油充注对储层成岩矿物的影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(3):274-280.Li Yanxia,Liu Hongjun,Yuan Dongshan,Zhang Zhihuan,Zhu Xiaomin,Zhong Dakang,et al.Effect of oil charging on reservoirs diagenetic mineral evolution[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2003,24(3):274-280.
[14]蔡进功,张枝焕,朱筱敏,谢忠怀,李艳霞,刘洪军,等.东营凹陷烃类充注与储集层化学成岩作用[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(3):79-83.Cai Jingong,Zhang Zhihuan,Zhu Xiaomin,Xie Zhonghuai,Li Yanxia,Liu Hongjun,et al.Hydrocarbon filling and chemical diagenesis evolution of the clastic reservoir of the Paleogene in Dongying Sag[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2003,30(3):79-83.
[15]王琪,史基安,肖力新,薛莲花.石油侵位对碎屑储集岩成岩作用序列的影响及其与孔隙演化的关系--以塔西南石炭系石英砂岩为例[J].沉积学报,1998,16(3):97-101.Wang Qi,Shi Ji'an,Xiao Lixin&Xue Lianhua.Influence of oil emplacement on diagenetic sequence of the clastic reservoir rock and its relationship to the porosity evolution:Taking the carboniferous quartz sandstone in Southwest Tarim Depression as an example[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1998,16(3):97-101.
[16]Hancock NJ.Possible causes of Rotliegend sandstone diagenesis in Northwest Germany[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1978,135(4):35-40.
[17]蔡春芳,顾家裕,蔡洪美.塔中地区志留系烃类侵位对成岩作用的影响[J].沉积学报,2001,19(1):60-65.Cai Chunfang,Gu Jiayu&Cai Hongmei.Effect of hydrocarbon emplacement on diagenesis of Silurian sand stone of Central Tarim Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2001,19(1):60-65.
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