Unexpected sedimentation patterns upstream and downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir:Future risks
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摘要
This paper summarizes the latest developments,future prospects,and proposed countermeasures of reservoir sedimentation and channel scour downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)on the Yangtze River in China.Three key results have been found.(1)The incoming sediment load to the TGR has been significantly lower than expected.(2)The accumulated volume of sediment deposition in the TGR is smaller than expected because the overall sediment delivery ratio is relatively low,and the deposition in the near-dam area of the TGR is still developing.(3)River bed scour in the river reaches downstream of the Gezhouba Dam is still occurring and channel scour has extended to reaches as far downstream as the Hukou reach.Significantly,sedimentation of the TGR is less problematic than expected since the start of operation of the TGR on the one hand;on the other hand,the possible increases in sediment risks from dependence on upstream sediment control,deposition in the reservoir,and scour along middle Yangtze River should be paid more attention.(1)Sediment trapped by dams built along the upper Yangtze River and billion tons of loose materials on unstable slopes produced by the Wenchuan Earthquake could be new sediment sources for the upper Yangtze River.More seriously,possible release of this sediment into the upper Yangtze River due to new earthquakes or extreme climate events could overwhelm the river system,and produce catastrophic consequences.(2)Increasing sediment deposition in the TGR is harmful to the safety and efficiency of project operation and navigation.(3)The drastic scour along the middle Yangtze River has intensified the down-cutting of the riverbed and erosion of revetment,it has already led to increasing risk to flood control structures and ecological safety.It is suggested to continue the Field Observation Program,to initiate research programs and to focus on risks of sedimentation.
This paper summarizes the latest developments,future prospects,and proposed countermeasures of reservoir sedimentation and channel scour downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)on the Yangtze River in China.Three key results have been found.(1)The incoming sediment load to the TGR has been significantly lower than expected.(2)The accumulated volume of sediment deposition in the TGR is smaller than expected because the overall sediment delivery ratio is relatively low,and the deposition in the near-dam area of the TGR is still developing.(3)River bed scour in the river reaches downstream of the Gezhouba Dam is still occurring and channel scour has extended to reaches as far downstream as the Hukou reach.Significantly,sedimentation of the TGR is less problematic than expected since the start of operation of the TGR on the one hand;on the other hand,the possible increases in sediment risks from dependence on upstream sediment control,deposition in the reservoir,and scour along middle Yangtze River should be paid more attention.(1)Sediment trapped by dams built along the upper Yangtze River and billion tons of loose materials on unstable slopes produced by the Wenchuan Earthquake could be new sediment sources for the upper Yangtze River.More seriously,possible release of this sediment into the upper Yangtze River due to new earthquakes or extreme climate events could overwhelm the river system,and produce catastrophic consequences.(2)Increasing sediment deposition in the TGR is harmful to the safety and efficiency of project operation and navigation.(3)The drastic scour along the middle Yangtze River has intensified the down-cutting of the riverbed and erosion of revetment,it has already led to increasing risk to flood control structures and ecological safety.It is suggested to continue the Field Observation Program,to initiate research programs and to focus on risks of sedimentation.
This paper summarizes the latest developments,future prospects,and proposed countermeasures of reservoir sedimentation and channel scour downstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)on the Yangtze River in China.Three key results have been found.(1)The incoming sediment load to the TGR has been significantly lower than expected.(2)The accumulated volume of sediment deposition in the TGR is smaller than expected because the overall sediment delivery ratio is relatively low,and the deposition in the near-dam area of the TGR is still developing.(3)River bed scour in the river reaches downstream of the Gezhouba Dam is still occurring and channel scour has extended to reaches as far downstream as the Hukou reach.Significantly,sedimentation of the TGR is less problematic than expected since the start of operation of the TGR on the one hand;on the other hand,the possible increases in sediment risks from dependence on upstream sediment control,deposition in the reservoir,and scour along middle Yangtze River should be paid more attention.(1)Sediment trapped by dams built along the upper Yangtze River and billion tons of loose materials on unstable slopes produced by the Wenchuan Earthquake could be new sediment sources for the upper Yangtze River.More seriously,possible release of this sediment into the upper Yangtze River due to new earthquakes or extreme climate events could overwhelm the river system,and produce catastrophic consequences.(2)Increasing sediment deposition in the TGR is harmful to the safety and efficiency of project operation and navigation.(3)The drastic scour along the middle Yangtze River has intensified the down-cutting of the riverbed and erosion of revetment,it has already led to increasing risk to flood control structures and ecological safety.It is suggested to continue the Field Observation Program,to initiate research programs and to focus on risks of sedimentation.
引文
Boer,D.,&Campbell,l.(1989).Spatial scale dependence of sediment dynamics in a semi-arid badland drainage basin.Catena,16(3),277-290.
Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE)Periodic evaluation report of experimental impoundment of the Three Gorges Project,2013,China Water&Power Press Beijing.(In Chinese)
Church,M.,Ham,D., Hassan,M.,&Slaymaker,O.(1999).Fluvial clastic sediment yield in Canada:Scaled analysis.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,36(8),1267-1280.
Dai,M.L,Wang,J.,Zhang,M.B.,&Chen,X,(2017).Impact of the Three Gorges Project operation on the water exchange between Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River.International Journal of Sediment Research,32(4),506-514.
Duan,Y.C.,Li,D.X.,&Wang,X.K.(2015).Analysis of the sediment trapping by reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River,Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),47(06),15-23.(In Chinese)
Espinosa-Villegas,C.O.,&Schnoor,J.L.(2009).Comparison of long-term observed sediment trap efficiency with empirical equations for Coralville Reservoir,Iowa.Journal of Environmental Engineering,135(7),518-525.
Fang,H.W.,Han,D., He,G.J.,&Chen,M.H.(2012).Flood management selections for the Yangtze River midstream after the Three Gorges Project operation.Journal of Hydrology,432-433(8),1-11.
Fang,H.W.,&Rodi,W.(2003).Three-dimensional calculations of flow and suspended sediment transport in the neighborhood of the dam for the Three Gorges Project(TGP)reservoir in the Yangtze River.Journal of Hydraulic Research,41(4),379-394.
Fang,H.W.,&Wang,G.Q.(2000).Three-dimensional mathematical model of suspended-sediment transport Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,126(8),578-592.
Griffiths,R.E.,&Topping,D.J.(2017).Importance of measuring discharge and sediment transport in lesser tributaries when closing sediment budgets.Geomorphology,296(Supplement C),59-73.
Han,Q.W.(2006).Reducing in large amounts of incoming sediment to Three Gorge Reservoir-Response on “Discussion on the sediment load for the Three Gorges Reservoir”.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering 25(6),73-78.(In Chinese)
Han,Q.W.,&He,M.M.(1990).A mathematical model for reservoir sedimentation and fluvial processes.International Journal of Sediment Research,5(2),43-84.
Hotchkiss,R.H.,&Huang,X.(1994).Reservoir sediment removal:Hydrosuction dredging In:G.V.Cotroneo,&R.R.Rumer(Eds.),Hydraulic engineering,94(pp.1020-1024).New York:ASCE.
Hu,C.H.(2016).Development and practice of the operation mode of“Storing Clear water and discharging muddy flow”in sediment-laden rivers in China,Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,47(3),283-291.(In Chinese)
Hu,C.H.,&Wang,Y.G.(2014).Sediment problems and relationship between river and lakes since the operation of Three Gorges Project.Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,31(5),107-116.(In Chinese)
Huang,R.Q.,&Li,W.L(2009a).Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the 12May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,68(3),363-371.
Huang,R.Q.,&Li,W.L.(2009b).Fault effect anslysis of geo-harzard triggered by Wenchuan earthquakes.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(01),19-28.(In Chinese)
Huang,R.Q.,&Li,W.L.(2014).Post-earthquake landsliding and long-term impacts in the Wenchuan earthquake area,China.Engineering Geology,182,111-120.
Lai,X.J.,Jiang,J.H.,&Huang,Q.(2013).Effects of the normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir on wetland inundation in Dongting Lake,China:A modelling study.Hydrological Sciences Journal,58(7),1467-1477.
Li,Q,F.,Yu,M.X.,Lu,G.B.,Cai,T.,Bai,X.,&Xia,Z.Q,(2011).Impacts of the Gezhouba and Three Gorges reservoirs on the sediment regime in the Yangtze River,China.Journal of Hydrology,403(3),224-233.
Li,W.J.,Yang,S.F.,Hu,J.,Fu,X.H.,&Zhang,P.(2016).Field measurements of settling velocities of fine sediments in Three Gorges Reservoir using ADV.International Journal of Sediment Research,31(3),237-243.
Li,Y.T.,Sun,Z.H.,Liu,Y.,&Deng,J.Y.(2009).Channel degradation downstream from the Three Gorges Project and its impacts on flood level.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,135(9),718-728.
Lin, B.N.,Dou,G.R.,&Xie,J.H.(2009).Some sediment problems in the Three Gorges Project from the recent research results.In Proceedings of the Symposium on Safety Issues and Development of Urban and Rural Drinking Water Sources in China,29-37.(In Chinese)
Lin,B.N.,Dou,G.R.,Xie,J.H.,Dai,D.Z.,Chen,J.S.,Tang,R.C.,&Zhang,R.(1989).On some key sedimentation problems of Three Gorges Project(TCP),International Journal of Sediment Research,4(1),57-74.
Lin,B.N.,Zhang,R.,Dai,D.Z.,&Tan,Y.(2004).Sediment research for the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River since 1993.In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation,29-37.
Liu,C.,Sui,J.Y.,He,Y.,&Hirshfield,F.(2013).Changes in runoff and sediment load from major Chinese rivers to the Pacific Ocean over the period 1955-2010.International Journal of Sediment Research,28(4),486-495.
Lu,Y.J.,Zuo,L.Q.,Ji,R.Y.,&Liu,H.X.(2010).Deposition and erosion in the fluctuating backwater reach of the Three Gorges Project after upstream reservoir adjustment.International Journal of Sediment Research,25(1),64-80.
Morris,G.L.,&Fan,J.(1998).Reservoir sedimentation handbook:Design and management of dams,reservoirs,and watersheds for sustainable use.New York:McGraw-Hill.
Nordin.C.F.,Jr.(1991).J.C.Stevens and the silt problem a review.International Journal of Sediment Research.6(3),1-18.
Palmieri,A.,Shah,F.,&Dinar,A.(2001).Economics of reservoir sedimentation and sustainable management of dams.Journal of Environmental Management,61(2),149-163.
Pan,Q,S.(2015).Suggestions on the regulation of sediment discharging of the Three Gorges Reservoir.Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,32(12),1-7.(In Chinese)
Pan,Q.S.,&Hu,X.Y.(1997).Progress of sediment research in Three Gorges Project.Express Water Resources and Hydropower Information,18(17),1-5.(In Chinese)
Parker,R N.,Densmore,A.L,Rosser,N.J.,de Michele,M.,Li,Y.,Huang,R.Q.,Whadcoat,S.,&Petley,D.N.(2011).Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake is greater than orogenic growth.Nature Geoscience,4,449-452.
Pitt,J.D.,&Thompson,G.(1984).The impact of sediment on reservoir life.In Proceedings of the Harare Symposium on Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources,541-548.
Qian,N.,Zhang,R.,&Chen,Z.C.(1986).Several sediment problems of the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River.Yangtze River,11,1-15.(In Chinese)
Sedimentation Panel of TGR(SPT)(2013).Research on sedimentation of TGR(2006~2010).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press.(In Chinese)
Souza,L.B.S.,Schulz,H.E.,Villela,S.M.,&Gulliver,J.S.(2010).Experimental study and numerical simulation of sediment transport in a shallow reservoir.Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics,3(2),9-21.
Stevens,J.C.(1936).The silt problem.Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers,110,207-288.
Thompson,C.,Croke,J.,Grove,J.,&Khanal,G.(2013).Spatio-temporal changes in river bank mass failures in the Lockyer Valley,Queensland,Australia.Geomorphology,191,129-141.
Vente,J.D.,&Poesen,J.(2005).Predicting soil erosion and sediment yield at the basin scale:Scale issues and semi-quantitative models.Earth Science Reviews,71(1),95-125.
Walling,D.E.(1983).Sediment delivery problem.Journal of Hydrology,65(1-3),209-237.
Wang,X.Y.,Li,X.,Baiyinbaoligao,&Wu,Y.H.(2017).Maintaining the connected river-lake relationship in the middle Yangtze River reaches after completion of the Three Gorges Project.International Journal of Sediment Research,32(4),487-494.
Xu,C.,Xu,X.W.,Gorum,T.,Van Westen,C.J.,&Fan,X.M.(2014).Did the 2008Wenchuan Earthquake lead to a net volume loss?(Targeted Landslides).In:K.Sassa,P.Canuti,&Y.P.Yin(Eds.),Landslide science for a safer geoenvironment,3(pp.191-196).Switzerland:Springer International Publishing(,2014).
Yang,X.K.,&Lu,X.X.(2014).Estimate of cumulative sediment trapping by multiple reservoirs in large river basins:An example of the Yangtze River basin.Geomorphology,227(Supplement C),49-59.
Yao,L,Chen,P.P., Hu,L.L.,&Li,Y.Q,(2016).Research on the status and problems of the upper Yangtze River hydropower development.Journal of Mianyang Teachers'College(2),91-97.(In Chinese)
Yuan,W.H.,Yin,D.W.,Finlayson,B.,&Chen,Z.Y.(2012).Assessing the potential for change in the middle Yangtze River channel following impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam.Geomorphology,147-148(Supplement C),27-34.
Zhang,G.D.(1999).The Three Gorges Project in the Yangtze River.Engineering Sciences,1(1),78-80.(In Chinese)
Zhang,G.D.,&Pan,J.Z.(1994),Research on key scientific and technological problems of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,3,231-238.(In Chinese)
Zhang,R.(1995).Problems about sedimentation in Three Gorges Reservoir and its countermeasures.China Three Gorges Contruction,3,18-19.(In Chinese)
Zhang,R.(2007).Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir in Yangtze River China.China Three Gorges Contruction,1,5-10.(In Chinese)
Zhang,R.(2009).Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir.Journal of Water Power,12,10-11.(In Chinese)
Zhang,X.M.,Cao,W.H.,Guo,Q,C.,&Wu,S.H.(2010).Effects of landuse change on surface runoff and sediment yield at different watershed scales on the Loess Plateau.International Journal of Sediment Research,25(3),283-293.
Zhao Y. F.,Zou X.Q.,Liu Q,Yao Y.L.,Li Y.L.,Wu X.W.,...Wang T.(2017).Assessing natural and anthropogenic influences on water discharge and sediment load in the Yangtze River,China, Science of The Total Environment 607-608(Supplement C),920-932.
Zheng,S.R.(2016).Reflections on the Three Gorges Project since its operation.Engineering,2(4),389-397.
Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE)Periodic evaluation report of experimental impoundment of the Three Gorges Project,2013,China Water&Power Press Beijing.(In Chinese)
Church,M.,Ham,D., Hassan,M.,&Slaymaker,O.(1999).Fluvial clastic sediment yield in Canada:Scaled analysis.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,36(8),1267-1280.
Dai,M.L,Wang,J.,Zhang,M.B.,&Chen,X,(2017).Impact of the Three Gorges Project operation on the water exchange between Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River.International Journal of Sediment Research,32(4),506-514.
Duan,Y.C.,Li,D.X.,&Wang,X.K.(2015).Analysis of the sediment trapping by reservoirs in the upper Yangtze River,Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),47(06),15-23.(In Chinese)
Espinosa-Villegas,C.O.,&Schnoor,J.L.(2009).Comparison of long-term observed sediment trap efficiency with empirical equations for Coralville Reservoir,Iowa.Journal of Environmental Engineering,135(7),518-525.
Fang,H.W.,Han,D., He,G.J.,&Chen,M.H.(2012).Flood management selections for the Yangtze River midstream after the Three Gorges Project operation.Journal of Hydrology,432-433(8),1-11.
Fang,H.W.,&Rodi,W.(2003).Three-dimensional calculations of flow and suspended sediment transport in the neighborhood of the dam for the Three Gorges Project(TGP)reservoir in the Yangtze River.Journal of Hydraulic Research,41(4),379-394.
Fang,H.W.,&Wang,G.Q.(2000).Three-dimensional mathematical model of suspended-sediment transport Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,126(8),578-592.
Griffiths,R.E.,&Topping,D.J.(2017).Importance of measuring discharge and sediment transport in lesser tributaries when closing sediment budgets.Geomorphology,296(Supplement C),59-73.
Han,Q.W.(2006).Reducing in large amounts of incoming sediment to Three Gorge Reservoir-Response on “Discussion on the sediment load for the Three Gorges Reservoir”.Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering 25(6),73-78.(In Chinese)
Han,Q.W.,&He,M.M.(1990).A mathematical model for reservoir sedimentation and fluvial processes.International Journal of Sediment Research,5(2),43-84.
Hotchkiss,R.H.,&Huang,X.(1994).Reservoir sediment removal:Hydrosuction dredging In:G.V.Cotroneo,&R.R.Rumer(Eds.),Hydraulic engineering,94(pp.1020-1024).New York:ASCE.
Hu,C.H.(2016).Development and practice of the operation mode of“Storing Clear water and discharging muddy flow”in sediment-laden rivers in China,Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,47(3),283-291.(In Chinese)
Hu,C.H.,&Wang,Y.G.(2014).Sediment problems and relationship between river and lakes since the operation of Three Gorges Project.Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,31(5),107-116.(In Chinese)
Huang,R.Q.,&Li,W.L(2009a).Analysis of the geo-hazards triggered by the 12May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,68(3),363-371.
Huang,R.Q.,&Li,W.L.(2009b).Fault effect anslysis of geo-harzard triggered by Wenchuan earthquakes.Journal of Engineering Geology,17(01),19-28.(In Chinese)
Huang,R.Q.,&Li,W.L.(2014).Post-earthquake landsliding and long-term impacts in the Wenchuan earthquake area,China.Engineering Geology,182,111-120.
Lai,X.J.,Jiang,J.H.,&Huang,Q.(2013).Effects of the normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir on wetland inundation in Dongting Lake,China:A modelling study.Hydrological Sciences Journal,58(7),1467-1477.
Li,Q,F.,Yu,M.X.,Lu,G.B.,Cai,T.,Bai,X.,&Xia,Z.Q,(2011).Impacts of the Gezhouba and Three Gorges reservoirs on the sediment regime in the Yangtze River,China.Journal of Hydrology,403(3),224-233.
Li,W.J.,Yang,S.F.,Hu,J.,Fu,X.H.,&Zhang,P.(2016).Field measurements of settling velocities of fine sediments in Three Gorges Reservoir using ADV.International Journal of Sediment Research,31(3),237-243.
Li,Y.T.,Sun,Z.H.,Liu,Y.,&Deng,J.Y.(2009).Channel degradation downstream from the Three Gorges Project and its impacts on flood level.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,135(9),718-728.
Lin, B.N.,Dou,G.R.,&Xie,J.H.(2009).Some sediment problems in the Three Gorges Project from the recent research results.In Proceedings of the Symposium on Safety Issues and Development of Urban and Rural Drinking Water Sources in China,29-37.(In Chinese)
Lin,B.N.,Dou,G.R.,Xie,J.H.,Dai,D.Z.,Chen,J.S.,Tang,R.C.,&Zhang,R.(1989).On some key sedimentation problems of Three Gorges Project(TCP),International Journal of Sediment Research,4(1),57-74.
Lin,B.N.,Zhang,R.,Dai,D.Z.,&Tan,Y.(2004).Sediment research for the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River since 1993.In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on River Sedimentation,29-37.
Liu,C.,Sui,J.Y.,He,Y.,&Hirshfield,F.(2013).Changes in runoff and sediment load from major Chinese rivers to the Pacific Ocean over the period 1955-2010.International Journal of Sediment Research,28(4),486-495.
Lu,Y.J.,Zuo,L.Q.,Ji,R.Y.,&Liu,H.X.(2010).Deposition and erosion in the fluctuating backwater reach of the Three Gorges Project after upstream reservoir adjustment.International Journal of Sediment Research,25(1),64-80.
Morris,G.L.,&Fan,J.(1998).Reservoir sedimentation handbook:Design and management of dams,reservoirs,and watersheds for sustainable use.New York:McGraw-Hill.
Nordin.C.F.,Jr.(1991).J.C.Stevens and the silt problem a review.International Journal of Sediment Research.6(3),1-18.
Palmieri,A.,Shah,F.,&Dinar,A.(2001).Economics of reservoir sedimentation and sustainable management of dams.Journal of Environmental Management,61(2),149-163.
Pan,Q,S.(2015).Suggestions on the regulation of sediment discharging of the Three Gorges Reservoir.Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,32(12),1-7.(In Chinese)
Pan,Q.S.,&Hu,X.Y.(1997).Progress of sediment research in Three Gorges Project.Express Water Resources and Hydropower Information,18(17),1-5.(In Chinese)
Parker,R N.,Densmore,A.L,Rosser,N.J.,de Michele,M.,Li,Y.,Huang,R.Q.,Whadcoat,S.,&Petley,D.N.(2011).Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake is greater than orogenic growth.Nature Geoscience,4,449-452.
Pitt,J.D.,&Thompson,G.(1984).The impact of sediment on reservoir life.In Proceedings of the Harare Symposium on Challenges in African Hydrology and Water Resources,541-548.
Qian,N.,Zhang,R.,&Chen,Z.C.(1986).Several sediment problems of the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River.Yangtze River,11,1-15.(In Chinese)
Sedimentation Panel of TGR(SPT)(2013).Research on sedimentation of TGR(2006~2010).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press.(In Chinese)
Souza,L.B.S.,Schulz,H.E.,Villela,S.M.,&Gulliver,J.S.(2010).Experimental study and numerical simulation of sediment transport in a shallow reservoir.Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics,3(2),9-21.
Stevens,J.C.(1936).The silt problem.Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers,110,207-288.
Thompson,C.,Croke,J.,Grove,J.,&Khanal,G.(2013).Spatio-temporal changes in river bank mass failures in the Lockyer Valley,Queensland,Australia.Geomorphology,191,129-141.
Vente,J.D.,&Poesen,J.(2005).Predicting soil erosion and sediment yield at the basin scale:Scale issues and semi-quantitative models.Earth Science Reviews,71(1),95-125.
Walling,D.E.(1983).Sediment delivery problem.Journal of Hydrology,65(1-3),209-237.
Wang,X.Y.,Li,X.,Baiyinbaoligao,&Wu,Y.H.(2017).Maintaining the connected river-lake relationship in the middle Yangtze River reaches after completion of the Three Gorges Project.International Journal of Sediment Research,32(4),487-494.
Xu,C.,Xu,X.W.,Gorum,T.,Van Westen,C.J.,&Fan,X.M.(2014).Did the 2008Wenchuan Earthquake lead to a net volume loss?(Targeted Landslides).In:K.Sassa,P.Canuti,&Y.P.Yin(Eds.),Landslide science for a safer geoenvironment,3(pp.191-196).Switzerland:Springer International Publishing(,2014).
Yang,X.K.,&Lu,X.X.(2014).Estimate of cumulative sediment trapping by multiple reservoirs in large river basins:An example of the Yangtze River basin.Geomorphology,227(Supplement C),49-59.
Yao,L,Chen,P.P., Hu,L.L.,&Li,Y.Q,(2016).Research on the status and problems of the upper Yangtze River hydropower development.Journal of Mianyang Teachers'College(2),91-97.(In Chinese)
Yuan,W.H.,Yin,D.W.,Finlayson,B.,&Chen,Z.Y.(2012).Assessing the potential for change in the middle Yangtze River channel following impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam.Geomorphology,147-148(Supplement C),27-34.
Zhang,G.D.(1999).The Three Gorges Project in the Yangtze River.Engineering Sciences,1(1),78-80.(In Chinese)
Zhang,G.D.,&Pan,J.Z.(1994),Research on key scientific and technological problems of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,3,231-238.(In Chinese)
Zhang,R.(1995).Problems about sedimentation in Three Gorges Reservoir and its countermeasures.China Three Gorges Contruction,3,18-19.(In Chinese)
Zhang,R.(2007).Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir in Yangtze River China.China Three Gorges Contruction,1,5-10.(In Chinese)
Zhang,R.(2009).Sedimentation of the Three Gorges Reservoir.Journal of Water Power,12,10-11.(In Chinese)
Zhang,X.M.,Cao,W.H.,Guo,Q,C.,&Wu,S.H.(2010).Effects of landuse change on surface runoff and sediment yield at different watershed scales on the Loess Plateau.International Journal of Sediment Research,25(3),283-293.
Zhao Y. F.,Zou X.Q.,Liu Q,Yao Y.L.,Li Y.L.,Wu X.W.,...Wang T.(2017).Assessing natural and anthropogenic influences on water discharge and sediment load in the Yangtze River,China, Science of The Total Environment 607-608(Supplement C),920-932.
Zheng,S.R.(2016).Reflections on the Three Gorges Project since its operation.Engineering,2(4),389-397.
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