Evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka
|
摘要
The formation and evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka were reconstructed on the basis of large amount of paleo-permafrost remains and paleo-periglacial evidence, as well as paleo-glacial landforms, paleo-flora and paleofauna records. The results indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM) or local Last Permafrost Maximum(LLPMax), the extent of permafrost of China reached 5.3×106-5.4×106 km2, or thrice that of today, but permafrost shrank to only0.80×106-0.85×106 km2, or 50% that of present, during the local Holocene Megathermal Period(LHMP), or the local Last Permafrost Minimum(LLPMin). On the basis of the dating of periglacial remains and their distributive features, the extent of permafrost in China was delineated for the two periods of LLGM(LLPMax) and LHMP(LLPMin), and the evolution of permafrost in China was divided into seven periods as follows:(1) LLGM in Late Pleistocene(ca. 20000 to 13000-10800 a BP)with extensive evidence for the presence of intensive ice-wedge expansion for outlining its LLPMax extent;(2) A period of dramatically changing climate during the early Holocene(10800 to 8500-7000 a BP) when permafrost remained relatively stable but with a general trend of shrinking areal extent;(3) The LHMP in the Mid-Holocene(8500-7000 to 4000-3000 a BP)when permafrost degraded intensively and extensively, and shrank to the LLPMin;(4) Neoglaciation during the late Holocene(4000-3000 to 1000 a BP, when permafrost again expanded;(5) Medieval Warming Period(MWP) in the late Holocene(1000-500 a BP) when permafrost was in a relative decline;(6) Little Ice Age(LIA) in the late Holocene(500-100 a BP), when permafrost relatively expanded, and;(7) Recent warming(during the 20 th century), when permafrost continuously degraded and still is degrading. The paleo-climate, geography and paleopermafrost extents and other features were reconstructed for each of these seven periods.
The formation and evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka were reconstructed on the basis of large amount of paleo-permafrost remains and paleo-periglacial evidence, as well as paleo-glacial landforms, paleo-flora and paleofauna records. The results indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM) or local Last Permafrost Maximum(LLPMax), the extent of permafrost of China reached 5.3×106-5.4×106 km2, or thrice that of today, but permafrost shrank to only0.80×106-0.85×106 km2, or 50% that of present, during the local Holocene Megathermal Period(LHMP), or the local Last Permafrost Minimum(LLPMin). On the basis of the dating of periglacial remains and their distributive features, the extent of permafrost in China was delineated for the two periods of LLGM(LLPMax) and LHMP(LLPMin), and the evolution of permafrost in China was divided into seven periods as follows:(1) LLGM in Late Pleistocene(ca. 20000 to 13000-10800 a BP)with extensive evidence for the presence of intensive ice-wedge expansion for outlining its LLPMax extent;(2) A period of dramatically changing climate during the early Holocene(10800 to 8500-7000 a BP) when permafrost remained relatively stable but with a general trend of shrinking areal extent;(3) The LHMP in the Mid-Holocene(8500-7000 to 4000-3000 a BP)when permafrost degraded intensively and extensively, and shrank to the LLPMin;(4) Neoglaciation during the late Holocene(4000-3000 to 1000 a BP, when permafrost again expanded;(5) Medieval Warming Period(MWP) in the late Holocene(1000-500 a BP) when permafrost was in a relative decline;(6) Little Ice Age(LIA) in the late Holocene(500-100 a BP), when permafrost relatively expanded, and;(7) Recent warming(during the 20 th century), when permafrost continuously degraded and still is degrading. The paleo-climate, geography and paleopermafrost extents and other features were reconstructed for each of these seven periods.
The formation and evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka were reconstructed on the basis of large amount of paleo-permafrost remains and paleo-periglacial evidence, as well as paleo-glacial landforms, paleo-flora and paleofauna records. The results indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM) or local Last Permafrost Maximum(LLPMax), the extent of permafrost of China reached 5.3×106-5.4×106 km2, or thrice that of today, but permafrost shrank to only0.80×106-0.85×106 km2, or 50% that of present, during the local Holocene Megathermal Period(LHMP), or the local Last Permafrost Minimum(LLPMin). On the basis of the dating of periglacial remains and their distributive features, the extent of permafrost in China was delineated for the two periods of LLGM(LLPMax) and LHMP(LLPMin), and the evolution of permafrost in China was divided into seven periods as follows:(1) LLGM in Late Pleistocene(ca. 20000 to 13000-10800 a BP)with extensive evidence for the presence of intensive ice-wedge expansion for outlining its LLPMax extent;(2) A period of dramatically changing climate during the early Holocene(10800 to 8500-7000 a BP) when permafrost remained relatively stable but with a general trend of shrinking areal extent;(3) The LHMP in the Mid-Holocene(8500-7000 to 4000-3000 a BP)when permafrost degraded intensively and extensively, and shrank to the LLPMin;(4) Neoglaciation during the late Holocene(4000-3000 to 1000 a BP, when permafrost again expanded;(5) Medieval Warming Period(MWP) in the late Holocene(1000-500 a BP) when permafrost was in a relative decline;(6) Little Ice Age(LIA) in the late Holocene(500-100 a BP), when permafrost relatively expanded, and;(7) Recent warming(during the 20 th century), when permafrost continuously degraded and still is degrading. The paleo-climate, geography and paleopermafrost extents and other features were reconstructed for each of these seven periods.
引文
Barsch D.1978.Rock glaciers as indicators of discontinuous alpine permafrost:An example from the Swiss Alps.In:Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Permafrost.Washington D C:National Academy Press.136-141
B?hner J,Lehmkuhl F.2005.Environmental change modelling for Central and High Asia:Pleistocene,present and future scenarios.Boreas,34:220-231
Chang X,Jin H,He R.2011.Formation and environmental evolution of sand wedges on the Tianshuihai North lakeshore in the western Kunlun Mountains(in Chinese).Quat Sci,31:112-119
Chang X L,Jin H J,Zhang Y L,He R X,Luo D L,Wang Y P,LüL Z.2015.Thermal impacts of boreal forest vegetation on active layer and permafrost soils in northern da Xing’Anling(Hinggan)Mountains,Northeast China.Arct Antarct Alp Res,47:267-279
Chang X L,Jin H L,Wang S L.2017.Evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impacts on aeolian environments.Sci Cold Arid Reg,9:1-19
Cheng G,Wang S.1982.On the zonation of high-altitude permafrost in China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Cryopedol(Geocryol),4:1-17
Cheng J,Zhang X,Tian M,Yu W,Tang D,Yue J.2006.Ice wedge casts discovered in the source area of Yellow River,northeast Tibetan Plateau and their paleoclimatic implications(in Chinese).Quat Sci,26:92-98
Cui Z.1980.Periglacial phenomena on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their environmental significance.In:Collection Papers for International Communications on Geology(5)(in Chinese).Beijing:Geology Press.109-122
Cui Z,Zhao L,Vandenberghe J,Zhang W.2002.Discovery of ice wedge and sand-wedge networks in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province and their environmental significance(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,24:708-717
Cui Z,Yang J L,Zhao L,Zhang W,Xie Y Y.2004.Discovery of a large area of ice-wedge networks in Ordos:Implications for the southern boundary of permafrost in the north of China as well as for the environment in the latest 20 ka BP.Chin Sci Bull,49:1177
Ding D,Guo D.1982.Preliminary discussions on the evolutionary history of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In:Geographical Society of China,ed.Proceedings of Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology(Geocryology Volume)(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.78-82
Du N,Kong Z,Shan F.1989.A preliminary investigation on the vegetational and climatic changes since 11000 yearsin Qinghai Lake-An analysis based on palynology in core QH85-14C(in Chinese).Acta Bot Sin-J Integrat Plant Biol,30:803-814+825-826
French H M.2018.The Periglaical Environment.4th Ed.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons.1-515
Gao F.1983.Ancient rock sea in Shennongjia Mountain(in Chinese).JGlaciol Cryopedol(Geocryol),5:67-69
Guo D,and Li Z.1981.Preliminary approach to the hisory and age of permafrost in Northeast China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Cryopedol(Geocryol),3:1-14
Guo D,Wang S,Lu G,Dai J,Li E.1981.Division of permafrost regions in Daxiao Hinggan Ling,Northeast China(in Chinese).J Glacilo Cryopedol(Geocryol),3:1-9
Harris S A,Jin H J.2012.Tessellons and sand wedges on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their palaeo-environmental implications.In:Proceedings10th International Conference on Permafrost.Salehard.149-154
Harris S A,Jin H J,He R X.2016.Very large cryoturbation structures of Last Permafrost Maximum age at the foot of Qilian Mountains(NETibet Plateau,China):A discussion.Permafrost Periglacial Process,28:757-762
Harris S A,Bruchkov A,Cheng G.2017.Geocryology-Characteristics and Use of frozen Ground and Permafrost Landforms.Boca Raton(FL):CRC Press.1-765
Harris S A,Jin H,He R.2018.Tessellons,topography,and glaciations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Sci Cold Arid Reg,10:187-206
Heyman J.2010.Paleoglaciology of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Doctoral Dissertation.Stockholm:Stockholm University.11
Heyman J,H?ttestrand C,Stroeven A P.2008.Glacial geomorphology of the Bayan Har sector of the NE Tibetan Plateau.J Maps,4:42-62
Heyman J,Stroeven A P,Alexanderson H,H?ttestrand C,Habor J,Li Y K,Caffee M W,Zhou L P,Veres D,Liu F,Machiedo M.2009.Palaeoglaciation of Bayan Har Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau:Glacial geology indicates maximum extents limited to ice cap and ice field scales.J Quat Sci,24:710-727
Jakob M.1992.Active rock glaciers and the lower limit of discontinuous alpine permafrost,Khumbu Himalaya,Nepal.Permafrost Periglacial Process,3:253-256
Jiao S,Wang L,Sun C,Yi C,Cui Z,Liu G.2015.Discussion about the variation of permafrost boundary in Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Megathermal,Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).Quat Sci,35:1-11
Jiao S,Wang L,Liu G.2016.Prediction of Tibetan Plateau permafrost distribution in global warming(in Chinese).Acta Sci Nat Universit Pekinen,52:249-256
Jin H,Zhao L,Wang S,Guo D.2006a.Evolution of permafrost and environmental changes of cold regions in eastern and interior QinghaiTibetan Plateau since the Holocene(in Chinese).Quat Sci,26:198-210
Jin H,Zhao L,Wang S,Jin R.2006b.Thermal regimes and degradation modes of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,49:1170-1183
Jin H J,Chang X L,Wang S L.2007a.Evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau since the end of the late Pleistocene.JGeophys Res,112:F02S09
Jin H J,Yu Q H,LüL Z,Guo D X,Li Y W.2007b.Degradation of permafrost in the Xing’anling Mountains,northeastern China.Permafrost Periglacial Process,18:245-258
Jin H J,He R X,Cheng G D,Wu Q B,Wang S L,LüL Z,Chang X L.2009.Change in frozen ground and eco-environmental impacts in the Sources Area of the Yellow River(SAYR)on the northeastern QinghaiTibet Plateau,China.Environ Res Lett,4:045206
Jin H J,Luo D L,Wang S L,LüL Z,Wu J C.2011a.Spatiotemporal variability of permafrost degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Sci Cold Arid Reg,3:281-305
Jin H,Chang X,Guo D,Yang S,He R.2011b.Holocene sand soil wedges on the south-central Hunlun Buir High Plain in Northeast China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,31:765-779
Jin H J,Chang X L,He R X,Guo D X.2016.Evolution of permafrost and periglacial environments in Northeast China since the Last Glaciation Maximum.Sci Cold Arid Reg,8:269-296
Ju L X,Wang H K,Jiang D B.2007.Simulation of the last glacial maximum climate over East Asia with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,248:376-390
Li B Y,Li J J,Cui Z J,Zheng B X,Zhang Q S,Wang F B,Zhou S Z,Shi ZH,Jiao K Q,Kang J C.1991.Quaternary Glacial Distribution Map of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.Beijing:Science Press
Li F.1990.Features of paleo-periglacial strucutures on the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China and their environmental implications.In:Formation and Evolution of Quaternary Natural Environment on NE China Plain,China(in Chinese).Harbin:Harbin Cartography Press.202-208
Li S,Jiao K.1990.Glacier variations on the south slope of West Kunlun Mountains since 30000 years(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,12:311-318
Li S,He Y.1990.Basic features of permafrost in the West Kunlun Mountains.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Collection Papers 4th Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology(Geocryology Volume).Beijing:Science Press.1-8
Li X.1982.14C dating of humus layer in the Damxung and Yangbajing basins,Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region,China and its significance.In:Editorial Committee of the Collection Papers for the Geology of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau,Ministry of Geology and Minerals,PRC,ed.Collection Papers for Geology of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(4):Quaternary Glacial Geology(in Chinese).Beijing:Geology Press.131-136
Liang F,Cheng G.1984.Polygon-veins along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,6:51-60
Liu J,Yu G,Chen X.2002.Palaeoclimate simulation of 21 ka for the Tibetan Plateau and eastern Asia.Clim Dyn,19:575-583
Luo D L,Jin H J,Jin R,Yang X G,LüL Z.2014.Spatiotemporal variations of climate warming in northern Northeast China as indicated by freezing and thawing indices.Quat Int,349:187-195
Ma H.1996.Studies on terraces of the Chaidam basin,and Huangshui and Huanghe(Yellow)rivers.Doctoral Dissertation(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Lanzhou University.32-33
Mark B G,Harrison S P,Spessa A,New M,Evans D J A,Helmens K F.2005.Tropical snowline changes at the last glacial maximum:A global assessment.Quat Int,138-139:168-201
Murton J B,Kolstrup E.2003.Ice-wedge casts as indicators of paleotemperatures:Precise proxy or wishful thinking?Prog Phys Geogr,27:155-170
Owen L A,England J.1998.Observations on rock glaciers in the Himalayas and Karakoram Mountains of northern Pakistan and India.Geomorphology,26:199-213
Owen L A,Finkel R C,Haizhou M,Spencer J Q,Derbyshire E,Barnard PL,Caffee M W.2003.Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in northeastern Tibet.Geo Soc Am Bull,115:1356-1364
Owen L A,Finkel R C,Ma H Z,Barnard P L.2006.Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin,Northern Tibet:A framework for examining the links between glaciation,lake level changes and alluvial fan formation.Quat Int,73:154-155
Pan B,Chen F.1997.Permafrost evolution in the northeastern QinghaiTibetan Plateau during the last 150000 years(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,19:124-132
Qi B,Hu D,Zhao X,Zhang X,Zhang Y,Yang X,Zhao Z,Gao X.2014.Fossil sand wedges in the northern shore of Qinghai Lake:Discovery and paleoclimatic implications(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,36:1412-1419
Qiu G,Cheng G.1995.Permafrost in China:Past and present(in Chinese).Quat Sci,15:13-22
Qiu S.1985.Basic features of natural environments in Northeast China Plain during the Pleistocene.In:Collection of Papers presented in the Conference on Quaternary Glacial and Periglacial Landforms in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.208-211
Ran Y H,Li X,Cheng G D,Zhang T J,Jin H J.2012.Distribution of permafrost in China:An overview of existing permafrost maps.Permafrost Periglacial Process,23:322-333
Romanovskii N N.1977.Formation of Polygonal-Wedge Structures.Novosibirsk:Science Press.70-85
Schmid M O,Baral P,Gruber S,Shahi S,Shrestha T,Stumm D,Wester P.2015.Assessment of permafrost distribution maps in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using rock glaciers mapped in Google Earth.Cryosphere,9:2089-2099
Shen C,Tang L,Wang S.1996.Vegetation and climate during the last250000 years in Zoigêregion(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,13:401-406
Shi Y.1998.Evolution of the cryosphere in the Tibetan Plateau,China and its relationship with the global change in the Mid Quaternary(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,20:197-208
Shi Y.2006.Quaternary Glaciers in China and Environmental Changes(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.134-138
Shi Y.2011.New Theories on Quaternary Glaciation(in Chinese).Shanghai:Shanghai Science Outreach Press.130-135
Shi Y,Zheng B,Li S.1990.Last glaciation and the maximum glaciation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,12:1-16
Shi Y,Kong Z,Wang S,Tang L,Wang F,Yao T,Zhao X,Zhang P,Shi S.1992.Basic features of Climate and Environment in China during the Holocene Megathermal Period.In:Shi Y,Kong Z,eds.Climate and Environment in China during the Holocene Megathermal Period(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1-18
Shi Y,Zheng B,Li S,Ye B.1995.Studies on altitude and climatic environment in the middle and east parts of Tibetan Plateau during Quaternary maximum glaciation(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,17:99-112
Shi Y,Zheng B,Yao T.1997.Glaciers and environments during the last glacial maximum(LGM)on the Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,19:97-113
Shi Y,Zheng B,Su Z.2000.Quaternary glaciations,glaciation periods,and interglacial cycles and environmental changes.In:Shi Y,ed.Glaciers and Environment in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.320-355
Song H,Xia Y.1990.Pingo scars and peatlands on the Sanjiang Plain.In:Formation and Evolution of Natural Environment in the NE China Plain,China(in Chinese).Harbin:Harbin Cartography Press.209-216
Stroeven A P,H?ttestrand C,Heyman J,Harbor J,Li Y K,Zhou L P,Caffee M W,Alexanderson H,Kleman J,Ma H Z,Liu G N.2009.Landscape analysis of the Huang He headwaters,NE Tibetan PlateauPatterns of glacial and fluvial erosion.Geomorphology,103:212-226
Sun G.1998.Marshes and Peat in the Hengduan Mountains(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.220-224
Sun J,Wang S,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Lin Z,Zhang Q,Chen S.1985.Paleoenvironment in Northeast China during the Last Glaciations(in Chinese).Quat Sci,6:82-89
Tang L,Shen C.1996.Progress in the study of vegetation and climate change since Pliocene in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,11:198-203
Tang L,Shen C,Kong Z,Wang F,Liu K.1998.Pollen evidence of climate during the Last Glaciation Maximum in eastern Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,20:42-44
Tian Z.1981.A study about the traces of Quaternary glaciations of Mount Taibaishan,Shaanxi Province(in Chinese).J Northwest Univ,(3):67-69
Tong B.1993.Ice wedges in Northeast China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,15:41-46
Vandenberghe J.1992.Cryoturbations:A sediment structural analysis.Permafrost Periglacial Process,3:343-351
Vandenberghe J,Pissart A.1993.Permafrost changes in Europe during the Last Glacial.Permafrost Periglacial Process,4:121-135
Vandenberghe J,Cui Z J,Zhao L,Zhang W.2004.Thermal-contractioncrack networks as evidence for late-Pleistocene permafrost in Inner Mongolia,China.Permafrost Periglacial Process,15:21-29
Vandenberghe J,Wang X,Vandenberghe D.2016.Very large cryoturbation structures of Last Permafrost Maximum age at the foot of the Qilian Mountains(NE Tibet Plateau,China).Permafrost Periglacial Process,27:138-143
Wang P X,Sun J J.1994.Last glacial maximum in China:Comparison between land and sea.Catena,23:341-353
Wang S.1989.Formation and evolution of permafrost on the QinghaiXizang Plateau since the Late Pleistocene(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,11:67-75
Wang S,Bian C.1993.The involutions and their palaeoclimatic significance in the Nachitai region along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway(in Chinese).Geogr Res,132:94-100
Wang X Y,Vandenberghe D,Yi S W,Vandenberghe J,Lu H Y,Van B R,Van H P.2013.Late Quaternary paleoclimatic and geomorphological evolution at the interface between the Menyuan basin and the Qilian Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Quat Res,80:534-544
Wei G B,Hu S M,Yu K F,Hou Y M,Li X,Jin C Z,Wang Y,Zhao J X,Wang W H.2010.New materials of the steppe mammoth,Mammuthus trogontherii,with discussion on the origin and evolutionary patterns of mammoths.Sci China Earth Sci,53:956-963
Xing Z,Ou R.1983.Study on the permafrost table from the changes in contents of salt and clay minerals.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Proceedings of the2nd Chinese Conference on Geocryology(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Press.15-164
Xu S,Pan B.1990.Periglacial wedge structures on eastern Qinghai Plateau and their formation environments.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Proceedings of the4th Chinese Conference on Glaciolology and Geocryology(Geocryology Volume)(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,17-24
Xu S,Zhang W,Xu D,Xu Q,Shi S.1984.Discussion on the periglacial development in the northeast margin regional of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,6:15-24
Xu Z W,Lu H Y,Yi S W,Vandenberghe J,Mason J A,Zhou Y L,Wang XY.2015.Climate-driven changes to dune activity during the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation in the Mu Us dune field,northcentral China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,427:149-159
Yang S Z,Jin H J.2010.δ18O andδD records of inactive ice wedge in Yitulihe,Northeastern China and their paleoclimatic implications.Sci China Earth Sci,54:119-126
Yang S Z,Cao X,Jin H J.2015.Validation of ice-wedge isotopes at Yituli’he,northeastern China as climate proxy.Boreas,44:502-510
Yang X,Du S,Zhang F.2006.Evolution of palaeoclimate in Hulunbeir Plateau since the Late Pleistocene(in Chinese).J Nat Disast,15:157-159
Yang Y,Wang F.1983.Pleistocene Glaciations and paleoclimate in Xizang(Tibet).In:Quaternary Geology in Xizang(Tibet)(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.91-99
Yao T,Shi Y.1992.Changes of Holocene Climate recorded in the Dunde Ice-cores in the Qilian Mountains.In:Shi Y,ed.Clim Environ in China during the Holocene Megathermal Period(in Chinese).Beijing:Ocean Press.206-211
Yu K,Lu H,Lehmkuhl F,Nottebaum V.2013.A preliminary quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction of the dune fields of North China during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Optimum(in Chinese).Quat Sci,33:293-302
Zhang H.2009.A review of the study of environmental changes and extinction of the Mamuthus-Colelodonta Fauna during the Middle-Late Pleistocene in NE China(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,24:49-60
Zhang W.1983.Charcteristics of sand wedges along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Highway and their formation time.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology(Geocryology),Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Proceedings of the 2nd Chinese Conference on Geocryology(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Press.52-57
Zhao L,Jin H J,Li C C,Cui Z J,Chang X L,Marchenko S S,Vandenberghe J,Zhang T J,Luo D L,Guo D X,Liu G N,Yi C L.2013.The extent of permafrost in China during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM).Boreas,43:688-698
Zheng B.1990.The glacier,environment and its changes since the Last Glaciation in West China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,10:101-110
Zheng Z,Yuan B Y,Petit-Maire N N.1998.Paleoenvironments in China during the Last Glaciation Maximum and the Holocene Optimum.Episodes,21:152-158
Zhou T.2007.Evolution of permafrost boundaries in China since the Penultimate Glaciation.Dissertation for Master Degree(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Lanzhou Unviersity.1-59
Zhou T,Pan B,Liu X,Su H,Hu Z.2008.The discovery of ice-wedge casts in Erdos:Rebuilding the permafrost boundary during the Penultimate Glaciation in China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,30:108-112
Zhou Y.1965.Permafrost along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Highway.In:Collective Papers on Permafrost Expeditions along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Highway(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1-10
Zhou Y W,Qiu G Q,Guo D X.1991.Quaternary permafrost in China.Quat Sci Rev,10:511-517
Zhou Y,Qiu G,Cheng G,Guo D,Li S.2000.Geocryology in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.366-388
Zhu K.1972.Preliminary discussion on climate evolution in China during the last 5000 years(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,(1):15-38
B?hner J,Lehmkuhl F.2005.Environmental change modelling for Central and High Asia:Pleistocene,present and future scenarios.Boreas,34:220-231
Chang X,Jin H,He R.2011.Formation and environmental evolution of sand wedges on the Tianshuihai North lakeshore in the western Kunlun Mountains(in Chinese).Quat Sci,31:112-119
Chang X L,Jin H J,Zhang Y L,He R X,Luo D L,Wang Y P,LüL Z.2015.Thermal impacts of boreal forest vegetation on active layer and permafrost soils in northern da Xing’Anling(Hinggan)Mountains,Northeast China.Arct Antarct Alp Res,47:267-279
Chang X L,Jin H L,Wang S L.2017.Evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impacts on aeolian environments.Sci Cold Arid Reg,9:1-19
Cheng G,Wang S.1982.On the zonation of high-altitude permafrost in China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Cryopedol(Geocryol),4:1-17
Cheng J,Zhang X,Tian M,Yu W,Tang D,Yue J.2006.Ice wedge casts discovered in the source area of Yellow River,northeast Tibetan Plateau and their paleoclimatic implications(in Chinese).Quat Sci,26:92-98
Cui Z.1980.Periglacial phenomena on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their environmental significance.In:Collection Papers for International Communications on Geology(5)(in Chinese).Beijing:Geology Press.109-122
Cui Z,Zhao L,Vandenberghe J,Zhang W.2002.Discovery of ice wedge and sand-wedge networks in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province and their environmental significance(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,24:708-717
Cui Z,Yang J L,Zhao L,Zhang W,Xie Y Y.2004.Discovery of a large area of ice-wedge networks in Ordos:Implications for the southern boundary of permafrost in the north of China as well as for the environment in the latest 20 ka BP.Chin Sci Bull,49:1177
Ding D,Guo D.1982.Preliminary discussions on the evolutionary history of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In:Geographical Society of China,ed.Proceedings of Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology(Geocryology Volume)(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.78-82
Du N,Kong Z,Shan F.1989.A preliminary investigation on the vegetational and climatic changes since 11000 yearsin Qinghai Lake-An analysis based on palynology in core QH85-14C(in Chinese).Acta Bot Sin-J Integrat Plant Biol,30:803-814+825-826
French H M.2018.The Periglaical Environment.4th Ed.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons.1-515
Gao F.1983.Ancient rock sea in Shennongjia Mountain(in Chinese).JGlaciol Cryopedol(Geocryol),5:67-69
Guo D,and Li Z.1981.Preliminary approach to the hisory and age of permafrost in Northeast China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Cryopedol(Geocryol),3:1-14
Guo D,Wang S,Lu G,Dai J,Li E.1981.Division of permafrost regions in Daxiao Hinggan Ling,Northeast China(in Chinese).J Glacilo Cryopedol(Geocryol),3:1-9
Harris S A,Jin H J.2012.Tessellons and sand wedges on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their palaeo-environmental implications.In:Proceedings10th International Conference on Permafrost.Salehard.149-154
Harris S A,Jin H J,He R X.2016.Very large cryoturbation structures of Last Permafrost Maximum age at the foot of Qilian Mountains(NETibet Plateau,China):A discussion.Permafrost Periglacial Process,28:757-762
Harris S A,Bruchkov A,Cheng G.2017.Geocryology-Characteristics and Use of frozen Ground and Permafrost Landforms.Boca Raton(FL):CRC Press.1-765
Harris S A,Jin H,He R.2018.Tessellons,topography,and glaciations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Sci Cold Arid Reg,10:187-206
Heyman J.2010.Paleoglaciology of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Doctoral Dissertation.Stockholm:Stockholm University.11
Heyman J,H?ttestrand C,Stroeven A P.2008.Glacial geomorphology of the Bayan Har sector of the NE Tibetan Plateau.J Maps,4:42-62
Heyman J,Stroeven A P,Alexanderson H,H?ttestrand C,Habor J,Li Y K,Caffee M W,Zhou L P,Veres D,Liu F,Machiedo M.2009.Palaeoglaciation of Bayan Har Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau:Glacial geology indicates maximum extents limited to ice cap and ice field scales.J Quat Sci,24:710-727
Jakob M.1992.Active rock glaciers and the lower limit of discontinuous alpine permafrost,Khumbu Himalaya,Nepal.Permafrost Periglacial Process,3:253-256
Jiao S,Wang L,Sun C,Yi C,Cui Z,Liu G.2015.Discussion about the variation of permafrost boundary in Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Megathermal,Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).Quat Sci,35:1-11
Jiao S,Wang L,Liu G.2016.Prediction of Tibetan Plateau permafrost distribution in global warming(in Chinese).Acta Sci Nat Universit Pekinen,52:249-256
Jin H,Zhao L,Wang S,Guo D.2006a.Evolution of permafrost and environmental changes of cold regions in eastern and interior QinghaiTibetan Plateau since the Holocene(in Chinese).Quat Sci,26:198-210
Jin H,Zhao L,Wang S,Jin R.2006b.Thermal regimes and degradation modes of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,49:1170-1183
Jin H J,Chang X L,Wang S L.2007a.Evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau since the end of the late Pleistocene.JGeophys Res,112:F02S09
Jin H J,Yu Q H,LüL Z,Guo D X,Li Y W.2007b.Degradation of permafrost in the Xing’anling Mountains,northeastern China.Permafrost Periglacial Process,18:245-258
Jin H J,He R X,Cheng G D,Wu Q B,Wang S L,LüL Z,Chang X L.2009.Change in frozen ground and eco-environmental impacts in the Sources Area of the Yellow River(SAYR)on the northeastern QinghaiTibet Plateau,China.Environ Res Lett,4:045206
Jin H J,Luo D L,Wang S L,LüL Z,Wu J C.2011a.Spatiotemporal variability of permafrost degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Sci Cold Arid Reg,3:281-305
Jin H,Chang X,Guo D,Yang S,He R.2011b.Holocene sand soil wedges on the south-central Hunlun Buir High Plain in Northeast China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,31:765-779
Jin H J,Chang X L,He R X,Guo D X.2016.Evolution of permafrost and periglacial environments in Northeast China since the Last Glaciation Maximum.Sci Cold Arid Reg,8:269-296
Ju L X,Wang H K,Jiang D B.2007.Simulation of the last glacial maximum climate over East Asia with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,248:376-390
Li B Y,Li J J,Cui Z J,Zheng B X,Zhang Q S,Wang F B,Zhou S Z,Shi ZH,Jiao K Q,Kang J C.1991.Quaternary Glacial Distribution Map of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau.Beijing:Science Press
Li F.1990.Features of paleo-periglacial strucutures on the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China and their environmental implications.In:Formation and Evolution of Quaternary Natural Environment on NE China Plain,China(in Chinese).Harbin:Harbin Cartography Press.202-208
Li S,Jiao K.1990.Glacier variations on the south slope of West Kunlun Mountains since 30000 years(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,12:311-318
Li S,He Y.1990.Basic features of permafrost in the West Kunlun Mountains.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Collection Papers 4th Chinese Conference on Glaciology and Geocryology(Geocryology Volume).Beijing:Science Press.1-8
Li X.1982.14C dating of humus layer in the Damxung and Yangbajing basins,Xizang(Tibet)Autonomous Region,China and its significance.In:Editorial Committee of the Collection Papers for the Geology of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau,Ministry of Geology and Minerals,PRC,ed.Collection Papers for Geology of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(4):Quaternary Glacial Geology(in Chinese).Beijing:Geology Press.131-136
Liang F,Cheng G.1984.Polygon-veins along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,6:51-60
Liu J,Yu G,Chen X.2002.Palaeoclimate simulation of 21 ka for the Tibetan Plateau and eastern Asia.Clim Dyn,19:575-583
Luo D L,Jin H J,Jin R,Yang X G,LüL Z.2014.Spatiotemporal variations of climate warming in northern Northeast China as indicated by freezing and thawing indices.Quat Int,349:187-195
Ma H.1996.Studies on terraces of the Chaidam basin,and Huangshui and Huanghe(Yellow)rivers.Doctoral Dissertation(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Lanzhou University.32-33
Mark B G,Harrison S P,Spessa A,New M,Evans D J A,Helmens K F.2005.Tropical snowline changes at the last glacial maximum:A global assessment.Quat Int,138-139:168-201
Murton J B,Kolstrup E.2003.Ice-wedge casts as indicators of paleotemperatures:Precise proxy or wishful thinking?Prog Phys Geogr,27:155-170
Owen L A,England J.1998.Observations on rock glaciers in the Himalayas and Karakoram Mountains of northern Pakistan and India.Geomorphology,26:199-213
Owen L A,Finkel R C,Haizhou M,Spencer J Q,Derbyshire E,Barnard PL,Caffee M W.2003.Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in northeastern Tibet.Geo Soc Am Bull,115:1356-1364
Owen L A,Finkel R C,Ma H Z,Barnard P L.2006.Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin,Northern Tibet:A framework for examining the links between glaciation,lake level changes and alluvial fan formation.Quat Int,73:154-155
Pan B,Chen F.1997.Permafrost evolution in the northeastern QinghaiTibetan Plateau during the last 150000 years(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,19:124-132
Qi B,Hu D,Zhao X,Zhang X,Zhang Y,Yang X,Zhao Z,Gao X.2014.Fossil sand wedges in the northern shore of Qinghai Lake:Discovery and paleoclimatic implications(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,36:1412-1419
Qiu G,Cheng G.1995.Permafrost in China:Past and present(in Chinese).Quat Sci,15:13-22
Qiu S.1985.Basic features of natural environments in Northeast China Plain during the Pleistocene.In:Collection of Papers presented in the Conference on Quaternary Glacial and Periglacial Landforms in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.208-211
Ran Y H,Li X,Cheng G D,Zhang T J,Jin H J.2012.Distribution of permafrost in China:An overview of existing permafrost maps.Permafrost Periglacial Process,23:322-333
Romanovskii N N.1977.Formation of Polygonal-Wedge Structures.Novosibirsk:Science Press.70-85
Schmid M O,Baral P,Gruber S,Shahi S,Shrestha T,Stumm D,Wester P.2015.Assessment of permafrost distribution maps in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region using rock glaciers mapped in Google Earth.Cryosphere,9:2089-2099
Shen C,Tang L,Wang S.1996.Vegetation and climate during the last250000 years in Zoigêregion(in Chinese).Acta Micropalaeontol Sin,13:401-406
Shi Y.1998.Evolution of the cryosphere in the Tibetan Plateau,China and its relationship with the global change in the Mid Quaternary(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,20:197-208
Shi Y.2006.Quaternary Glaciers in China and Environmental Changes(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.134-138
Shi Y.2011.New Theories on Quaternary Glaciation(in Chinese).Shanghai:Shanghai Science Outreach Press.130-135
Shi Y,Zheng B,Li S.1990.Last glaciation and the maximum glaciation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,12:1-16
Shi Y,Kong Z,Wang S,Tang L,Wang F,Yao T,Zhao X,Zhang P,Shi S.1992.Basic features of Climate and Environment in China during the Holocene Megathermal Period.In:Shi Y,Kong Z,eds.Climate and Environment in China during the Holocene Megathermal Period(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1-18
Shi Y,Zheng B,Li S,Ye B.1995.Studies on altitude and climatic environment in the middle and east parts of Tibetan Plateau during Quaternary maximum glaciation(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,17:99-112
Shi Y,Zheng B,Yao T.1997.Glaciers and environments during the last glacial maximum(LGM)on the Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,19:97-113
Shi Y,Zheng B,Su Z.2000.Quaternary glaciations,glaciation periods,and interglacial cycles and environmental changes.In:Shi Y,ed.Glaciers and Environment in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.320-355
Song H,Xia Y.1990.Pingo scars and peatlands on the Sanjiang Plain.In:Formation and Evolution of Natural Environment in the NE China Plain,China(in Chinese).Harbin:Harbin Cartography Press.209-216
Stroeven A P,H?ttestrand C,Heyman J,Harbor J,Li Y K,Zhou L P,Caffee M W,Alexanderson H,Kleman J,Ma H Z,Liu G N.2009.Landscape analysis of the Huang He headwaters,NE Tibetan PlateauPatterns of glacial and fluvial erosion.Geomorphology,103:212-226
Sun G.1998.Marshes and Peat in the Hengduan Mountains(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.220-224
Sun J,Wang S,Wang Y,Zhou Y,Lin Z,Zhang Q,Chen S.1985.Paleoenvironment in Northeast China during the Last Glaciations(in Chinese).Quat Sci,6:82-89
Tang L,Shen C.1996.Progress in the study of vegetation and climate change since Pliocene in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,11:198-203
Tang L,Shen C,Kong Z,Wang F,Liu K.1998.Pollen evidence of climate during the Last Glaciation Maximum in eastern Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,20:42-44
Tian Z.1981.A study about the traces of Quaternary glaciations of Mount Taibaishan,Shaanxi Province(in Chinese).J Northwest Univ,(3):67-69
Tong B.1993.Ice wedges in Northeast China(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,15:41-46
Vandenberghe J.1992.Cryoturbations:A sediment structural analysis.Permafrost Periglacial Process,3:343-351
Vandenberghe J,Pissart A.1993.Permafrost changes in Europe during the Last Glacial.Permafrost Periglacial Process,4:121-135
Vandenberghe J,Cui Z J,Zhao L,Zhang W.2004.Thermal-contractioncrack networks as evidence for late-Pleistocene permafrost in Inner Mongolia,China.Permafrost Periglacial Process,15:21-29
Vandenberghe J,Wang X,Vandenberghe D.2016.Very large cryoturbation structures of Last Permafrost Maximum age at the foot of the Qilian Mountains(NE Tibet Plateau,China).Permafrost Periglacial Process,27:138-143
Wang P X,Sun J J.1994.Last glacial maximum in China:Comparison between land and sea.Catena,23:341-353
Wang S.1989.Formation and evolution of permafrost on the QinghaiXizang Plateau since the Late Pleistocene(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,11:67-75
Wang S,Bian C.1993.The involutions and their palaeoclimatic significance in the Nachitai region along the Qinghai-Xizang Highway(in Chinese).Geogr Res,132:94-100
Wang X Y,Vandenberghe D,Yi S W,Vandenberghe J,Lu H Y,Van B R,Van H P.2013.Late Quaternary paleoclimatic and geomorphological evolution at the interface between the Menyuan basin and the Qilian Mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Quat Res,80:534-544
Wei G B,Hu S M,Yu K F,Hou Y M,Li X,Jin C Z,Wang Y,Zhao J X,Wang W H.2010.New materials of the steppe mammoth,Mammuthus trogontherii,with discussion on the origin and evolutionary patterns of mammoths.Sci China Earth Sci,53:956-963
Xing Z,Ou R.1983.Study on the permafrost table from the changes in contents of salt and clay minerals.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Proceedings of the2nd Chinese Conference on Geocryology(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Press.15-164
Xu S,Pan B.1990.Periglacial wedge structures on eastern Qinghai Plateau and their formation environments.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Proceedings of the4th Chinese Conference on Glaciolology and Geocryology(Geocryology Volume)(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,17-24
Xu S,Zhang W,Xu D,Xu Q,Shi S.1984.Discussion on the periglacial development in the northeast margin regional of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese).J Glaciol Geocryol,6:15-24
Xu Z W,Lu H Y,Yi S W,Vandenberghe J,Mason J A,Zhou Y L,Wang XY.2015.Climate-driven changes to dune activity during the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation in the Mu Us dune field,northcentral China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,427:149-159
Yang S Z,Jin H J.2010.δ18O andδD records of inactive ice wedge in Yitulihe,Northeastern China and their paleoclimatic implications.Sci China Earth Sci,54:119-126
Yang S Z,Cao X,Jin H J.2015.Validation of ice-wedge isotopes at Yituli’he,northeastern China as climate proxy.Boreas,44:502-510
Yang X,Du S,Zhang F.2006.Evolution of palaeoclimate in Hulunbeir Plateau since the Late Pleistocene(in Chinese).J Nat Disast,15:157-159
Yang Y,Wang F.1983.Pleistocene Glaciations and paleoclimate in Xizang(Tibet).In:Quaternary Geology in Xizang(Tibet)(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.91-99
Yao T,Shi Y.1992.Changes of Holocene Climate recorded in the Dunde Ice-cores in the Qilian Mountains.In:Shi Y,ed.Clim Environ in China during the Holocene Megathermal Period(in Chinese).Beijing:Ocean Press.206-211
Yu K,Lu H,Lehmkuhl F,Nottebaum V.2013.A preliminary quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction of the dune fields of North China during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Optimum(in Chinese).Quat Sci,33:293-302
Zhang H.2009.A review of the study of environmental changes and extinction of the Mamuthus-Colelodonta Fauna during the Middle-Late Pleistocene in NE China(in Chinese).Adv Earth Sci,24:49-60
Zhang W.1983.Charcteristics of sand wedges along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Highway and their formation time.In:Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology(Geocryology),Chinese Academy of Sciences,ed.Proceedings of the 2nd Chinese Conference on Geocryology(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Gansu People’s Press.52-57
Zhao L,Jin H J,Li C C,Cui Z J,Chang X L,Marchenko S S,Vandenberghe J,Zhang T J,Luo D L,Guo D X,Liu G N,Yi C L.2013.The extent of permafrost in China during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM).Boreas,43:688-698
Zheng B.1990.The glacier,environment and its changes since the Last Glaciation in West China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,10:101-110
Zheng Z,Yuan B Y,Petit-Maire N N.1998.Paleoenvironments in China during the Last Glaciation Maximum and the Holocene Optimum.Episodes,21:152-158
Zhou T.2007.Evolution of permafrost boundaries in China since the Penultimate Glaciation.Dissertation for Master Degree(in Chinese).Lanzhou:Lanzhou Unviersity.1-59
Zhou T,Pan B,Liu X,Su H,Hu Z.2008.The discovery of ice-wedge casts in Erdos:Rebuilding the permafrost boundary during the Penultimate Glaciation in China(in Chinese).Quat Sci,30:108-112
Zhou Y.1965.Permafrost along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Highway.In:Collective Papers on Permafrost Expeditions along the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Highway(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.1-10
Zhou Y W,Qiu G Q,Guo D X.1991.Quaternary permafrost in China.Quat Sci Rev,10:511-517
Zhou Y,Qiu G,Cheng G,Guo D,Li S.2000.Geocryology in China(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press.366-388
Zhu K.1972.Preliminary discussion on climate evolution in China during the last 5000 years(in Chinese).Acta Archaeol Sin,(1):15-38
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |